NSRRC, Hsinchu
Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) is a low emittance third-generation light source which is currently under construction in the NSRRC site in Taiwan. TPS consists of 24 double-bend cells and its circumference is 518.4 m. A 496.8-m booster with multi-bend structure is designed. The alternative lattices, such as high/low betax, chicanes with double-vertical-waists in the long straights, and short bunches with low momentum compactions, etc., are investigated. Orbit and coupling corrections and stability issues are studied. Touschek lifetime and effects due to insertion devices are simulated. Works on impedance estimation and instability simulations are performed.
RadiaBeam, Marina del Rey
Self-contained irradiators are used for a number of applications, such as blood irradiation to prevent Graft-Versus-Host-Disease, biomedical and radiation research, and detector calibration. They typically use a sealed Cs-137 source to irradiate an item within a treatment compartment. The US National Research Council has identified as a priority the replacement of such high-activity sources with alternative technologies, in order to prevent them from falling into the hands of terrorists for use in a Radiological Dispersal Device ("dirty bomb"). RadiaBeam Technologies is developing a novel, compact, low-cost linear accelerator "the MicroLinac" for use in self-contained irradiators in order to effectively replace Cs-137 in such devices. A previous version of the MicroLinac, originally developed at SLAC, was designed to produce 1 MeV electron energy and 10 μA of average current. RadiaBeam has redesigned the linac to produce 1.5 MeV and 20 μA current, in order to match the penetration and dose rate of a typical blood irradiator. This paper describes the new design of the MicroLinac and our future development plans.
SAMEER, Mumbai
Sokendai, Ibaraki
A successful development of a 6 MeV electron radiotherapy machine at SAMEER, India was reported earlier*. Now a 15 MeV electron linac prototype is designed, developed and tested at our site. We have measured a beam current of 80 mA at the X-ray target attached to the linac. Energy gained by electrons in a cavity chain of about 1.2 m length is measured to be more than 15 MeV using a 6 MW klystron power source. An RF window capable of handling 12kW average power is attached to the linac tube and it is cooled by water. The final linac parameters measured were at par with the designed values. A high voltage modulator and control console for the linac are designed and developed in house. This paper will describe key aspects of the design and development process of the complete system. Also future applications are planned like-dual energy dual mode linac for radiotherapy, cargo scanning system and compact compton X-ray source using this technology is briefed in this paper.
* R.Krishnan et. al. "S band linac tube developmental work in SAMEER", FR5REP083, PAC09, Vancouver, Canada.
CERN, Geneva
Linac 4 is the injector upgrade currently under construction at CERN to improve luminosity and reliability for the whole accelerator chain. This machine will include about 120 high-gradient, 20 mm aperture Halbach-array permanent quadrupoles (PMQ) housed in the Drift Tube tanks, as well as about 80 electromagnetic quadrupoles (EMQ) with power cycles approx. 2 ms long. This paper is concerned with the magnetic measurements carried out at CERN on the first batch of PMQ, including several prototypes from different manufacturers, as well as those done on several spare Linac 2 EMQs reused in Linac 4's 3 MeV test stand. We first describe the test setup, focusing our attention on a prototype test bench based on technology developed for the LHC and able to carry out high-precision harmonic measurements in both continuously-rotating and stepping-coil mode (FAME*). Next we present the results obtained in terms of integral field strength and quality, with special emphasis on the analysis of very fast eddy current transients in the EMQs. Finally, we discuss the expected impact of these findings on the operation of the machine.
* N. R. Brooks et al, "Estimation Of Mechanical Vibration Of The LHC Fast Magnetic Measurement System", IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, vol. 18, No. 2 , 2008.
RCNP, Osaka
KT Science Ltd., Akashi
NIRS, Chiba-shi
CYRIC, Sendai
A scanning magnet using high-temperature superconductor (HTS) wire was designed, fabricated, and tested for its suitability as beam scanner. After successful cooling tests, the magnet performance was studied using DC and AC currents. With DC current the magnet was successfully operated to generate designed field distributions and effective length. In AC mode, the magnet was operated at frequencies of 30-59 Hz and a temperature of 77 K as well as 10-20 Hz and 20K. The power loss dissipated in the coils was measured and compared with the model calculations. The observed loss per cycle was independent of the frequency and the scaling law of the excitation current was consistent with theoretical predictions for hysteretic losses in HTS wires.
LBNL, Berkeley, California
ICST, Harbin
Tests of the spectrometer solenoids have taught us some important lessons. The spectrometer magnet lessons learned fall into two broad categories that involve the two stages of the coolers that are used to cool the magnets. On the first spectrometer magnet, the problems were centered on the connection of the cooler 2nd-stage to the magnet cold mass. On the second spectrometer magnet, the problems were centered on the cooler 1st-stage temperature and the connections between leads, the cold mass support intercept, and the shields to the cooler first-stage. If the cooler 1st-stage temperature is too high, the refrigerator will not produce full 2nd stage cooling. If the 1st-stage temperature is too high, the temperature of the top of the HTS leads. As a result, more heat goes into the 4 K cold mass and the temperature margin of the top of the HTS leads is too small, which are in a magnetic field. The parameters that affect the magnet cooling are compared for the MICE coupling magnet and the spectrometer magnet.
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
Crab cavities are proposed for the LHC upgrade to improve the luminosity. There are two possible crab cavity installations for the LHC upgrade: the global scheme at Interaction Region (IR) 4 where the beam-beam separation is about 420-mm, and the local scheme at the IR5 where the beam-beam separation is only 194-mm. One of the design requirements as the result of a recent LHC-Crab cavity workshop is to develop a 400-MHz cavity design that can be utilized for either the global or local schemes at IR4 or IR5. Such a design would offer more flexibility for the final upgrade installation, as the final crabbing scheme is yet to be determined, and save R&D cost. The cavity size of such a design, however, is limited by the beam-beam separation at IR5 which can only accommodate a cavity with a horizontal size of about 145-mm, which is a design challenge for a 400-MHz cavity. To meet the new design requirements, we have developed a compact 400-MHz half-wave spoke resonator (HWSR) crab cavity that can fit into the tight spaces available at either IR4 or IR5. In this paper, we present the optimization of the HWSR cavity shape and the design of HOM, LOM, and SOM couplers for wakefield damping.
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
Precision measurement and control of the betatron tunes and betatron coupling in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) are required for establishing and maintaining both good operating conditions and, particularly during the ramp to high beam energies, high proton beam polarization. While the proof-of-principle for simultaneous tune and coupling feedback was successfully demonstrated earlier, routine application of these systems has only become possible recently. Following numerous modifications for improved measurement resolution and feedback control, the time required to establish full-energy beams with the betatron tunes and coupling regulated by feedback was reduced from several weeks to a few hours. A summary of these improvements, select measurements benefitting from the improved resolution and a review of system performance are the subject of this report.
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
Chromaticity feedback during the ramp to high beam energies has been demonstrated in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). In this report we review the feedback design and measurement technique. Commissioning experiences including interaction with existing tune and coupling feedback are presented together with supporting experimental data.
CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette
CIEMAT, Madrid
TTI, Santander
FZJ, Jülich
The driver of the International Fusion Material Irradiation Facility (IFMIF) consists of two 125 mA, 40 MeV CW deuteron accelerators. A superconducting option for the 5 to 40 MeV linac based on Half-Wave Resonators (HWR) has been chosen. The first cryomodule houses 8 HWR's supplied by high power RF couplers; each of them should be able to operate at 200 kW in CW. This paper will give an overview of the RF design of the 175 MHz CW power coupler. The detailled mechanical studies and the realization will be performed by the Industry. Global approach of the contract with the Industry and the organization of the intermediate validation tests will be discussed. In a second part, the choices and the last advances concerning the couplers RF power test stand will be described.
INFN- Sez. di Padova, Padova
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD)
INFN-Torino, Torino
In the framework of the IFMIF/EVEDA project, the RFQ is a 9.8 m long cavity, with very challenging mechanicals specification. In the base line design, the accelerator tank is composed of 18 modules that are flanged together. The construction procedure of each module foresees the horizontal brazing of the four electrodes and then the vertical brazing of the flanges. A RFQ prototype, composed of 2 modules, aimed at testing all the mechanical construction procedure is under construction. In this article, the progress of the prototype construction and the progresses in the design and engineering phase, as well the description of all the fabrication phases is reported.
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD)
Torino University, ., Torino
INFN-Torino, Torino
In order to validate the tuning and stabilization procedures established for the IFMIF RFQ, a campaign of low power tests on an aluminum real-scale RFQ built on purpose has been carried out. Such campaign consisted of the determination of mode spectra, the measurements of the electric field distribution with bead pulling technique, and the implementation of the tuning procedure. The main outcomes and results obtained are reported in the article.
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD)
An important issue for high intensity RFQs (tenth of mA beam current and more) is the necessity of keeping the beam losses as low as possible, in order to allow reliable and safe maintenance of the machine. Typically, beam dynamics outcomes driven by these constraints result both in a RFQ length that is considerably higher than the wavelength and in an intra-vane voltage admitted variation with respect to the design value that must not exceed a few percent. Therefore an analytical tool is needed in order to foresee the effect of geometric perturbations on the voltage profile, in order to give an indication on the permitted ranges of geometrical errors in the RFQ construction. In this article a five conductors transmission line equivalent circuit for the four-vane RFQ is presented and the effects of geometrical perturbations on the voltage profile are analyzed in some particular cases. The case study is the IFMIF RFQ (125 mA deuteron current, 9.8 m length, 175 MHz frequency), whose features are particularly suitable for this kind of analysis.
JAEA/LINAC, Ibaraki-ken
JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken
JAEA, Ibaraki-ken
KEK, Ibaraki
RAS/INR, Moscow
J-PARC, KEK & JAEA, Ibaraki-ken
The mass production of the ACS (Annular Coupled Structure) cavity started from March 2009 for the J-PARC Linac energy upgrade from 181 MeV to 400 MeV. This upgrade project requires 18 ACS accelerating modules and two debunchers additionally within three years. The construction schedule is so tight that we have to optimize the fabrication process. For example the geometrical beta is varied for each accelerating module, thus the several test cells were fabricated and for the all beta before the mass production to confirm the initial design and the frequency tuning procedure. This paper describes our approach for the mass production and the current status and results.
CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette
The RF design of a RFQ should satisfied several conditions, namely: voltage profile required by beam dynamics, a tunable structure, RF stability and reasonable sensitivity to possible perturbations induced by power operation. Voltage profile may be obtained either by a dedicated profiling of 2D cross-section and/or slug tuner adjustment. Tunability is directly related to spatial distribution of tuners. RF stability requires sufficient separation between accelerating quadrupole mode and (i) adjacent quadrupole modes, or (ii) adjacent dipole modes. Quadrupole modes separation is directly related to RFQ length, and can be increased if necessary via segmentation; position of dipole modes spectrum w.r.t. quadrupole spectrum may be adjusted using rod stabilizers inserted at RFQ ends and on either side of coupling circuits. We present a thorough comparison of these two options for a 6-meter long structure at 352 MHz, and show they both lead to a tunable structure. The design includes 3D electromagnetic simulation and application of transmission line to tuning. The sensitivity of both designs to perturbations is also evaluated.
IAP, Frankfurt am Main
GSI, Darmstadt
For the research program with cooled antiprotons at FAIR a dedicated 70 MeV, 70 mA proton injector is required. The main acceleration of this room temperature linac will be provided by six coupled CH-cavities operated at 325 MHz. Each cavity will be powered by a 3 MW klystron. For the second acceleration unit from 11.7 to 24.3 MeV a 1:2 scaled model has been built. Low level RF measurements have been performed to determine the main parameters and to prove the concept of coupled CH-cavities. For this second tank technical and mechanical investigations have been done in 2009 to prepare a complete technical concept for manufacturing. Recently, the construction of the prototype has started. The main components of this second cavity will be ready for measurements in spring 2010. At that time the cavity will be tested with dummy stems (made from aluminum) wich will allow precise frequency and field tuning. This paper reports on the technical development and achievements during the last year. It will outline the main fabrication steps towards that novel type of proton DTL.
Kyoto ICR, Uji, Kyoto
Kyoto IAE, Kyoto
NIRS, Chiba-shi
In order to achieve three dimensional crystal beam, laser cooling forces are required not only in the longitudinal direction, but also in the transverse directions. With the resonance coupling method*, transverse temperature is transmitted into longitudinal direction, and we have already demonstrated horizontal laser cooling experimentally **. In the present paper, we describe an approach to extend this result to three dimensional cooling. The vertical cooling requires that the horizontal oscillation couples with the vertical oscillation. For achieving horizontal-vertical coupling, a solenoid in electron beam cooling apparatus is utilized with an experiment (Qx=2.07,Qy=1.07). For various solenoidal magnetic fields from 0 to 40Gauss, horizontal and vertical betatron tunes are measured by beam transfer function. For a certain region of the solenoidal magnetic field, these tunes are mixed up each other. By optimization of such a coupling, we aim to proceed to three dimensional laser cooling.
* H. Okamoto Phys. Rev. E 50, 4982 (1994)
** H. Souda et.al.,contribution to this conference
Kyoto ICR, Uji, Kyoto
MPI-K, Heidelberg
Kyoto IAE, Kyoto
HU/AdSM, Higashi-Hiroshima
NIRS, Chiba-shi
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region
Experiments of transverse laser cooling for 24Mg+ beam have been performed at the small ion storage and cooler ring, S-LSR. It is predicted that the longitudinal cooling force is transmitted to the horizontal direction with synchro-betatron coupling at the resonant condition*. The laser system consists of a 532nm pumping laser, a ring dye laser with variable wavelength around 560nm, and a frequency doubler. The horizontal beam size and the longitudinal momentum spread were optically measured by a CCD and a PAT (Post Acceleration Tube) respectively**, ***. The CCD measures the beam size by observing spontaneous emission from the beam and records in sequence of 100ms time windows the development of the beam profile. The time variation of the beam size after beam injection indicates the transverse cooling time. The initial horizontal beam size, which was about 1mm, was decreased by 0.13mm in 1.5s. The longitudinal momentum spread measured by PAT is increased at the resonant condition. This suggests transverse temperature was transferred to longitudinal direction by synchro-betatron coupling. Both measurements denote the horizontal cooling occurred only in the resonant condition ****.
* H. Okamoto, Phys. Rev. {E50}, 4982 (1994)
** M. Tanabe et. al, Appl. Phys. Express 1 (2008) 028001
*** T. Ishikawa Master Thesis, Kyoto Univ.(2008)
**** H. Souda et. al., contribution to IPAC10.
Kyoto ICR, Uji, Kyoto
MPI-K, Heidelberg
Kyoto IAE, Kyoto
HU/AdSM, Higashi-Hiroshima
NIRS, Chiba-shi
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region
Transverse laser cooling with the use of a synchro-betatron coupling is experimentally demonstrated at the ion storage/cooler ring S-LSR. Bunched 40keV 24Mg+ beams are cooled by a co-propagating laser with a wavelength of 280nm. Synchrotron oscillation and horizontal betatron oscillation are coupled by an RF drifttube at a finite dispersive section (D = 1.1m) in order to transmit longitudinal cooling force to the horizontal degree of freedom*. Time evolution of horizontal beam size during laser cooling was measured by a CCD camera**. Horizontal beam sizes were reduced by 0.13mm within 1.5s after injection when the tune values satisfy a difference resonance condition, νs - νh = integer, at the operating tunes of (νh, νv, νs)=(2.067, 1.104, 0.067) and (2.058, 1.101, 0.058). Without resonance condition, the size reduction was negligibly small. The momentum spread was 1.7x10-4 on the resonance otherwise 1.2x10-4. These results show that the horizontal heats are transferred to the longitudinal direction through the synchro-betatron coupling with the resonance condition and are cooled down by a usual longitudinal bunched beam laser cooling.
* H. Okamoto, Phys. Rev. E 50, 4982 (1994).
** M. Nakao et. al., contribution to this conference.
Monash University, Faculty of Science, Victoria
ASCo, Clayton, Victoria
A new arrangement for the synchrotron radiation interferometer was proposed - as far as is known, it is unique in the world. The Young's-type interferometer is composed of two independent and optically identical paths, each with a single slit on a motorised translating stage. These two single slit patterns are interfered to produce a double slit diffraction pattern. This arrangement permits rapid scanning of the profile of fringe visibility as a function of slit separation. The interferometer was used on two beamlines at the Australian Synchrotron, the optical diagnostic and infrared beamlines. The interferometer was used to measure the coherence of the photon beam created by the electron beam source, for normal and low emittance couplings. A large change in fringe visibility was observed, proving the experimental arrangement. The interferometer was validated in the measurement of the width of a hard-edged single slit, akin to Thompson and Wolf's diffractometer. Optical simulations and measurements inform proposed modifications to the optical diagnostic beamline, so as to implement the interferometer as a regular diagnostic tool.
RIKEN/SPring-8, Hyogo
The x-ray FEL facility at SPring-8 produces a very short-bunch beam by using bunch compressors (BC) consisting of magnetic chicanes. Since the bunch compression ratio is strongly depends on the beam energy and the energy chirp, we need to monitor the energy from the beam position at the dispersive part of the BC with a 0.1% resolution. However, a beam profile at the dispersive part is horizontally flat and wide, maximally 50 mm, due to the large energy chirp of the beam. Therefore, we designed a multi-stripline beam position monitor. This monitor has a flat rectangular duct with a 70 mm width and a 10 mm height. Six stripline electrodes at individual intervals of 10 mm are equipped on each of the top and the bottom surface. Due to the small height of the monitor, each electrode is sensitive to the electron position within 10 mm in the horizontal. Therefore, the monitor provides a rough charge profile and the beam position which is calculated from the gravity center of the signals. We prepared a prototype of the monitor and tested it at the SCSS test accelerator. We confirmed that the position sensitivity was better than 0.1 mm, which corresponds to 0.1 % energy resolution.
USTC/NSRL, Hefei, Anhui
The energy spread measurement by use the energy spectrum analysis system at HLS LINAC now is an intercepting measurement which can't measure the real injection beam. To achieve the non-intercepting measurement, a new Beam position monitor (BPM) with eight stripline electrodes in four-axis symmetry is designed, which can measure the energy spread at HLS LINAC in real time. This paper has introduced the physical structure of this new BPM which include eight 20 degree opening angle, 1/4 wavelength (26.2mm) length Stripline electrodes in detail, analyzed and calculated the electrode response and picking up the quadrupole component, and got the theoretical sensitivities of different methods. The BPM is simulated and calculated by CST Microwave Studio Program. The results shows the parameters such as characteristic impedance, electrode coupling degree, time-domain response and frequency-domain response etc are all meet the requirement of HLS LINAC and transfer line.
USTC/NSRL, Hefei, Anhui
An s-band re-entrant cavity BPM system is designed for new high brightness injector at HLS. A prototype cavity BPM system was manufactured for off-line test, which is also called cold test. According to the results of computer simulation, wire scanning off-line test method can be used to calibrate the BPM and estimate the performance of the on-line BPM system. Cross-talk problem was detected during the cold test. Ignoring nonlinear effect, transformation matrix is a way to correct cross-talk. Analysis of cold test results showed that position resolution of prototype BPM is better than 3 μm.
JAI, Oxford
We report on the possible utilisation of Smith-Purcell radiation to measure the longitudinal profile of 50-femtoseconds electron bunches. This length is typical for the bunches currently produced by Laser Wakefield Acceleration and is at the limit of what is achievable by alternative techniques, such as Electro-Optic sampling.
Fermilab, Batavia
CERN, Geneva
A common-mode free cavity BPM is currently under development at Fermilab within the ILC-CLIC collaboration. This monitor will be operated in a CLIC Main Linac multi-bunch regime, and needs to provide both, high spatial and time resolution. We present the design concept, numerical analysis, investigation on tolerances and error effects, as well as simulations on the signal response applying a multi-bunch stimulus.
CERN, Geneva
PSI, Villigen
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
Optics stability during all phases of operation is crucial for the LHC. The optical properties of the machine have been optimized based on a detailed magnetic model of the SC magnets and on their sorting. Tools and procedures have been developed for rapid checks of beta beating, dispersion, and linear coupling, as well as for prompt optics correction. Initial optics errors, correction performance and optics stability from the first LHC run will be reported, and compared with expectations. Possible implications for the collimation cleaning efficiency and LHC machine protection will be discussed.
CERN, Geneva
EPFL, Lausanne
Chalmers University of Technology, Chalmers Tekniska Högskola, Gothenburg
Electron cloud is a limitation to increasing the beam current in the CERN SPS in the frame of an intensity upgrade of the LHC complex. Coating the vacuum chamber with a thin amorphous carbon layer is expected to reduce the electron cloud build-up. Three SPS straight sections have been coated to study the performance of this carbon coating. The microwave transmission method is one possible way to monitor electron cloud and hence to test the effect of the coating. In this paper the evolution of the experimental setup for measurements of the electron cloud using LHC type beams with different bunch spacing will be described. Due to the low revolution frequency of about 43 kHz serious electromagnetic compatibility problems and intermodulation have been found. These effects and their mitigation are described. Finally we present the measurement results illustrating the possible reduction due to the carbon coating.
INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma)
Metallic clearing electrodes have been designed to absorb the photo-electrons in the DAΦNE positron ring. They have been inserted in the wigglers and dipoles vacuum chambers and have been connected to external high voltage generators. In the paper we present the design of the devices and the results of the electromagnetic simulations related to both the transfer and longitudinal beam coupling impedances. We also present the results of the RF measurements and the first results with the DAΦNE circulating positron beam.
INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma)
An innovatory interaction region has been recently conceived and realized on the Frascati DAΦNE lepton collider. The concept of tight focusing and small crossing angle adopted until now to achieve high luminosity in multibunch collisions has evolved towards enhanced beam focusing at the interaction point with large horizontal crossing angle, thanks to a new compensation mechanism for the beam-beam resonances. The novel configuration has been tested with a small detector without solenoidal field yielding a remarkable improvement in term of peak as well as integrated luminosity. The high luminosity interaction region has now been modified to host a large detector with a strong solenoidal field integral which significantly perturbs the beam optics introducing new design challenges in terms of interaction region optics design, beam transverse coupling control and beam stay clear requirements.
University of Pisa and INFN, Pisa
INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma)
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
SuperB is an international project for an asymmetric 2 rings collider at the B mesons cm energy to be built in the Rome area in Italy. The two rings will have very small beam sizes at the Interaction Point and very small emittances, similar to the Linear Collider Damping Rings ones. In particular, the ultra low vertical emittances, 7 pm in the LER and 4 pm in the HER, need a careful study of the misalignment errors effects on the machine performances. Studies on the closed orbit, vertical dispersion and coupling corrections have been carried out in order to specify the maximum allowed errors and to provide a procedure for emittance tuning. A new tool which combines MADX and Matlab routines has been developed, allowing for both corrections and tuning. Results of these studies are presented.
KEK, Ibaraki
A new set of magnets, skew sextupole magnets, were designed, manufactured, measured and installed during the winter shutdown of 2009. Twenty magnets were installed in the HER and eight magnets were installed in the LER. It was a challenging job for the magnet group to design, manufacture, measure the magnetic field and install them in the tunnel in just three months. Much effort to finish the installation in time and reduce the production cost was made at every step of the entire process. With these newly installed skew sextupole magnets, a significant luminosity boost was achieved. The production and installation of the skew sextupole magnets are described in this report.
KEK, Ibaraki
Optics parameters at the interaction point, beta, x-y coupling, dispersion and their chromatic aberrations, seriously affect the beam-beam performance as is shown in experiments and simulations. The control of the optics parameters is essential to maintain the high luminosity in KEKB. They drift day by day, or before and after the beam abort. They were often monitored at intervals of the operation with taking the study time. They are recently measured during the physics run using a pilot bunch without collision. We show the measured the optics parameters and their variations and discuss the relation to the luminosity.
KEK, Ibaraki
Using a weak-strong beam-beam code, in which the symplectic maps for the linear coupling and chromatic aberrations were implemented, the luminosity degradation caused by the linear and chromatic X-Y couplings at the interaction point (IP) were evaluated for the SuperKEKB project under design. The linear and chromatic X-Y couplings were estimated through modeling the machine errors using random seeds, based on a baseline design of the SuperKEKB rings. It was found that the linear and chromatic X-Y couplings can potentially degrade the luminosity performance.
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
We present an approach for compensating adverse effects of the detector solenoid in the SuperB Interaction Region (IR). We place compensating solenoids around the IR quadrupole magnets to reduce the magnetic fields nearly to zero. This allows more operational headroom for superconducting IR magnets and avoids saturation of ferric IR magnets. We place stronger compensating solenoids between IR magnets to reverse the magnetic field direction. This allows adjusting the total integrated solenoid field to zero, which eliminates coordinate plane rotation and reduces vertical beam displacements in the IR.
CERN, Geneva
The tilt mismatch between the LHC and its transfer lines arises from the use of combined horizontal and vertical bends. The mismatch gives rise to several subtle optical effects, including a coupling at injection into the LHC which depends on the phase of the oscillation amplitude at the injection point. This coupling was observed for the first time in 2008, and in 2009 dedicated measurements were made. The results are described and compared with the expectations, and the operational implications detailed.
RRCAT, Indore (M.P.)
BARC, Mumbai
Four and eight cell Plane Wave Transformer (PWT) linac structures have been developed as part of the injector development for the Compact Ultrafast Terahertz Free Electron Laser (CUTE-FEL) at RRCAT. In this paper, we discuss the tuning of resonant frequency and waveguide-cavity coupling coefficient for these structures, and compare results obtained from cold tests with those predicted by RF simulations. We also compare energy gain and RF properties of these structures, determined from transient and steady state behavior of the structure during recent high power tests, with those predicted by cold tests.
TUB, Beijing
In this paper, we present the preliminary structure design and optimization of a C-band photocathode RF gun for a compact electron diffraction facility. It will work at 5.712GHz. A dual coupler and elliptical iris between half-cell and full-cell are adopt in this gun for lower emittance and larger mode separation. A detailed 3D simulation of the C-band RF gun with coupler is performed. This paper likewise presents the beam dynamics parameters and analysis of this gun.
POSTECH, Pohang, Kyungbuk
PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk
A Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) type S-band photocathode RF gun is used at Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL) to produce femtosecond tera hertz (fs-THz) radiation. In order to upgrade the fs-THz Facility at PAL, we need to develop the performance of the RF gun. The requirements for new RF gun are following: 1 nC beam charge, 60 Hz repetition frequency and 1 mm mrad normalized rms transverse emittance. A dual feed photocathode RF gun is designed satisfy these requirements. Two additional pumping ports are used to remove the field asymmetry. A large radius and short length of the iris increases the mode separation. The coupling scheme is changed to make the fabrication simpler. The RF gun structure had been modeled using 3D field solver to provide the desired RF parameters and to obtain the field profile. In this paper the new RF gun design and the cold test results will be presented.
TEMF, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt
GSI, Darmstadt
Beam coupling impedances have been identified as an appropriate quantity to describe collective instabilities caused through beam-induced fields in heavy ion synchrotron accelerators such as the SIS-18 and the SIS-100 at the GSI facility. The impedance contributions caused by the multiple types of beamline components need to be determined to serve as input condition for later stability studies. This paper will discuss different approaches to calculate the Coupling Impedance contribution of ferrite devices, exploiting the abilities of both commercial codes such as CST STUDIO SUITE® and specific extensions of this code to address kicker related problems in particular. Before addressing actual beamline devices, benchmark problems with cylindrical and rectangular geometry will be simulated and the results will be compared with the corresponding analytical formulations.
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
SimTrack is a simple C++ library designed for numeric particle tracking in high energy accelerators. It adopts a 4th order symplectic integrator for optical transportat in the magnetic elements. 4-D and 6-D weak-strong beam-beam treatments are included for beam-beam studies. It provides versatile functions to manage elements and lines. New type of elements can be easily created in the library. It calculates Twiss and coupling, fits tunes and chromaticities, and corrects closed orbits. During tracking, the parameters of elements can be changed or modulated on the fly.
IAP, Frankfurt am Main
GSI, Darmstadt
For high current synchrotrons and for the SIS18 operation as booster of the projected SIS100 it is important to improve the multi-turn injection efficiency. This can be achieved by coupling the transverse planes with skew quadrupoles, which can move the particles away from the septum. Linear betatron coupling by skew quadrupole components in SIS18 including space charge effect was studied in an experiment using different diagnostic methods during the crossing of the difference coupling resonance. The beam loss was measured using a fast current transformer, the transverse emittance exchange was observed using a residual gas monitor and the coupled tunes were obtained from the Schottky noise spectrum. We compared the experimental results with simulation using PARMTRA which is a code developed at GSI.
KEK, Ibaraki
J-PARC, KEK & JAEA, Ibaraki-ken
During the early J-PARC Main Ring commissioning and the machine operation with the moderate beam power the 'fast extraction' bare working point has been chosen to provide the machine operation in the safe regime. We discuss main experimental results obtained so far and compare with the results of the computational model of the machine, including the first experimental approach to minimize the effect of the 'sum' linear coupling resonance. The strategy to increase the beam power without changing the operational working point is presented by keeping the moderate space-charge detuning. The advantage of the second harmonic MR RF cavity, including the estimation of the beam losses during the injection and acceleration processes, is discussed.
ASCo, Clayton, Victoria
Melbourne
The Australian Synchrotron storage ring must maintain a stable electron beam for user operations. The impedance characteristics of the storage ring can give rise to instabilities that adversely affect the beam quality and need to be well understood. Collective effects driven by the resistive wall impedance are particularly relevant at the Australian synchrotron and their strengths are enhanced by small gap insertion devices, such as IVUs. This study will explore the impedance issues identified in the Australian Synchrotron storage ring and current mitigation techniques.
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe
KIT, Karlsruhe
FZK, Karlsruhe
LNLS, Campinas
We present results of a series of measurements aimed at characterizing the beam coupling impedances in the ANKA electron storage ring. The measurements include transverse coherent tune shifts, bunch lengthening and synchronous phase shift as a function of single bunch current. These were performed under a variety of conditions in the ANKA ring, including injection energy (500 MeV), nominal operating energy (2.5 GeV) as well as at 1.3 GeV and in the low alpha mode and are part of a longer term effort to understand the ANKA impedance over a wide frequency range.
CERN, Geneva
The effects of direct space charge forces on the Transverse Mode Coupling Instability (TMCI) are studied using numerical techniques. We have implemented a third order symplectic integrator for the equation of motion, taking into account non linear space charge forces coming from a Gaussian shaped bunch. We performed numerical simulation for the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) bunch at 26 GeV of kinetic energy, using either resistive wall or broad band transverse wake fields. In both cases the result of applying direct space charge, leads to an intensity threshold increase by almost 20% before the TMCI appears. Far above the TMCI intensity threshold, the growth rate is almost 10% higher if no space charge forces are applied.
EPFL, Lausanne
CERN, Geneva
The exact formalism from B. Zotter to compute beam coupling impedances has been fully developed only in the case of an infinitely long circular beam pipe. For other two dimensional geometries, some form factors are known only in the ultrarelativistic case and under certain assumptions of conductivity and frequency of the pipe material. We present here a new and exact formalism to compute the beam coupling impedances in the case of a collimator-like geometry where the jaws are made of two infinite plates of any linear material. It is shown that the impedances can be computed theoretically without any assumptions on the beam speed, material conductivity or frequency range. The final formula involves coefficients in the form of integrals that can be calculated numerically. This way we obtain new generalized form factors between the circular and the flat chamber cases, which eventually reduce to the so-called Yokoya factors under certain conditions.
CERN, Geneva
EPFL, Lausanne
The kickers are major contributors to the CERN SPS beam coupling impedance. As such, they may represent a limitation to increasing the SPS bunch current in the frame of an intensity upgrade of the LHC. In this paper, CST Particle Studio time domain electromagnetic simulations are performed to obtain the longitudinal and transverse impedances/wake potentials of simplified models of ferrite loaded kickers. The simulation results have been successfully compared with some existing analytical expressions. In the transverse plane, the dipolar and quadrupolar contributions to the wake potentials have been estimated from the results of these simulations. For some cases, simulations have also been benchmarked against measurements on PS kickers. It turns out that the large simulated quadrupolar contributions of these kickers could explain both the negative total (dipolar+quadrupolar) horizontal impedance observed in bench measurements and the positive horizontal tune shift measured with the SPS beam.
EPFL, Lausanne
CERN, Geneva
In this study B. Zotter's formalism is applied to a circular infinitely long beam pipe made of a conductor of infinite thickness where an offset point-charge travels at any given speed. Simple formulae are found for the impedances and electromagnetic fields both at intermediate frequencies (recovering Chao's results) and in the low frequency regime where the usual classic thick wall impedance formula does not apply anymore due to the large skin depth compared to the pipe radius.
EPFL, Lausanne
CERN, Geneva
The SPS kickers are major contributors to the SPS transverse beam coupling impedance. The current "flat chamber" impedance model for a kicker is obtained by applying form factors to the theoretical impedance of an axisymmetric ferrite beam pipe. This model was believed to be acceptable for the vertical dipolar impedance, as two-wire measurements on SPS kickers revealed a satisfactory agreement. However, one-wire measurements on PS kickers suggested that this model underestimates the kickers' transverse quadrupolar (detuning) impedance. The longitudinal and transverse dipolar impedances of another kicker model that accounts for the metallic plates on each side of the ferrite were derived in the past by H. Tsutsui. The same formalism is used in this paper to derive the quadrupolar impedance. These formulae were then successfully benchmarked to electromagnetic simulations. Finally, simulating the interaction of an SPS bunch with the improved kickers' model results in a positive horizontal tune shift, which is very close to the tune shift measured with the SPS beam.
CBS, Mumbai
BARC, Mumbai
The stability of free-electron laser (FEL) resonators differs from that of resonators of conventional lasers, because of the nature of the FEL interaction. Therefore the stability diagram is modified, and near-concentric configurations are preferred to near-confocal. We study the stability of FEL resonators (especially for g1 =/ g2) using simulations, as well as using a simple thin-lens model, and show that the near-concentric configuration is indeed preferable, while the confocal configuration becomes unstable. Also, since FELs can be widely tuned in wavelength, we investigate the stability of the resonator as a function of the wavelength.
Kanazawa University, Kanazawa
In the Cherenkov free electron laser, the interacted electron with the electromagnetic (EM) wave can be represented as a point particle or as a spatially spreading electron wave in the classical or quantum mechanical framework, respectively. In our previous theoretical analysis for the optical region, the electron is described by a plane wave with finite spreading length. This electron wave model was successfully implied for the optical region whereas the spreading length of the electron wave is greater than the wavelength of the optical wave. In this work, when the EM wavelength is sufficiently greater than the spreading length of the electron wave, such as in the microwave region, the electron is assumed to be a spatially localized point particle. This classical analysis is performed using same parameters used in the quantum electron wave model, such as a coupling coefficient between the electron beam and the EM field and the electron relaxation time. Also, we present analytical expressions to describe the stimulated and spontaneous emissions. We show that the classical treatment is consistent with the quantum analysis applied in the optical regime.
KEK, Ibaraki
KEKB is an e-/e+ collider for the study of B physics and is also used for machine studies for future machines. The peak luminosity of KEKB, which is the world-highest value, has been still increasing. This report summarizes recent progress at KEKB.
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
IHEP Beijing, Beijing
LAL, Orsay
IN2P3-LAPP, Annecy-le-Vieux
ICEPP, Tokyo
University of Tokyo, Tokyo
KEK, Ibaraki
CERN, Geneva
The primary aim of the ATF2 research accelerator is to test a scaled version of the final focus optics planned for use in next-generation linear lepton colliders. ATF2 consists of a 1.3 GeV linac, damping ring providing low-emittance electron beams (<12pm in the vertical plane), extraction line and final focus optics. The design details of the final focus optics and implementation at ATF2 are presented elsewhere* . The ATF2 accelerator is currently being commissioned, with a staged approach to achieving the design IP spot size. It is expected that as we implement more demanding optics and reduce the vertical beta function at the IP, the tuning becomes more difficult and takes longer. We present here a description of the implementation of the overall tuning algorithm and describe operational experiences and performances
* Beam-Based Alignment, Tuning and Beam Dynamics Studies for the ATF2 Extraction Line and Final Focus System. Glen R. White , S. Molloy, M. Woodley, (SLAC). EPAC08-MOPP039, SLAC-PUB-13303.
SINAP, Shanghai
The SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) storage ring consisting of 20 Double Bend Achromatic cells with four super-periods is designed with a low emittance of 3.9nm.rad on 3.5GeV beam energy. Commissioning of the storage ring began on Dec. 21st 2007, and the beam was stored within sixty hours. After one and a half years commissioning, all specifications of the storage ring were reached in 2009. In this paper, study of beam dynamics in the SSRF storage ring is presented. Results of the measurement are given in detail, such as model calibration, orbit stability, etc.
NSRRC, Hsinchu
Touschek scattering is an important beam lifetime limiting effect for the TPS storage ring due to several challenges such as low emittance, small physical aperture and large second-order momentum compaction factor (nonlinear longitudinal motion). The Touschek relevant energy acceptance is determined by these challenges, therefore a reliable estimate of the Touschek lifetime is essential. We obtained Touschek induced betatron oscillation amplitudes in three sections (LS, SS and ARC) and RF bucket acceptance analytically and with simulations. In this paper, we present the energy acceptance and Touschek lifetime calculations for the TPS storage ring in the cases for different chromaticity settings, ID chamber limitations, magnet multipole field errors and optics correction effects.
SOLEIL, Gif-sur-Yvette
JASRI/SPring-8, Hyogo-ken
In this paper we introduce and discuss the recent developments made in our digital transverse bunch by bunch feedback system at SOLEIL, which is routinely in service since the first user operation in both the high average current and high bunch current modes. The above includes installation of a third chain with a dedicated 4-electrode stripline intended to operate in the horizontal plane, an attempt to sample the BPM signal directly at the RF frequency without down-converting to the baseband following the success at SPring-8, a refined tuning procedure by measuring the feedback damping times as a function of the band frequency, as well as exploration of different digital filters ensuring a larger working range in terms of betatron tunes or a faster response against single bunch instabilities. The achieved performance and results are described. The observed evolution of the machine impedance and instabilities shall also be presented.
INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma)
CERN, Geneva
In the two beam acceleration scheme the Main Beam must be precisely synchronized with respect to the RF power produced by the Drive Beam. Timing errors would have an impact on the collider performances. The Drive Beam phase errors should be controlled, by means of a feed forward system, within 0.1° (23fs @ 12GHz) to avoid a luminosity reduction larger than 2%. A beam phase arrival monitor is an essential component of the system. Its design has been based on the following main requirements: resolution of the order of 20fs, very low coupling impedance due to the very high beam current and integrated filtering elements to reject RF noise and weak fields in the beam pipe that could otherwise affect the measurements.
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
CERN, Geneva
The SPS exponential coupler stripline are used to study single bunch instabilities. An accurate description of the response of the pickup is required to obtain high resolution measurements of the bunch vertical motion along the longitudinal axis. In this study we present the results of the comparison between dedicated beam experiments and electromagnetic simulations of a geometrical model of the stripline.
CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette
Coaxial power couplers capable of handling 1MW peak power have been developped for high intensity superconducting proton linacs. They have been conditioned in travelling wave up to the maximum power available on the Saclay test bench, 1.2 MW forward peak power, up to 10% duty cycle. One coupler has been assembled on a 5-cell medium beta cavity in the class 10 area of the clean room, and installed in our horizontal test cryostat CryHoLab. This paper focusses on the RF operation of the coupler in this cryogenic environment and thermal aspects.
Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Elektronen-Speicherring BESSY II, Berlin
The HoBiCaT facility has been has been set-up and operated at the Helmholtz-Zentrum-Berlin and BESSY since 2005. Its purpose is testing superconducting cavities horizontally in CW mode of operation and it was successfully demonstrated, that TESLA pulsed technology can be used for CW mode of operation with only minor changes. A specific topic is addressed in this paper: elevated dynamic thermal losses in the cavity walls due to trapped magnetic flux.
Rostock University, Faculty of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Rostock
Beam energy deposited in Higher-Order-Modes may affect both beam stability and cryo power requirements of the planned CERN Superconducting Proton Linac SPL. We report on numerical studies of the high-beta cavity type, analyzing it's HOM spectrum. The most dangerous modes are identified and different possibilities of appropriate damping are discussed.
University of Delhi, Delhi
Fermilab, Batavia
A superconducting rf cavity is designed for acceleration of particles travelling at 81% the speed of light. The cavity will operate at 1.3 GHz & is to be used in SILC section of the proposed high intensity proton linac at Fermilab. At present cavity will serve to accelerate the particles for energy range 466 MeV to 1.2 GeV. The cavity will be shorter than 9 cell beta =1 cavity but nearly same ratio of surface magnetic field to surface electric field. Cell to cell coupling coefficient is also optimized to get the good field flatness. The cavity is studied for monopole modes and higher order modes. The shapes of end cells are optimized to avoid dangerous modes with keeping same field flatness & same operating frequency.
KEK, Ibaraki
Cryomodule tests of four Tesla-like cavities is under preparation for S1-global project at KEK. An average maximum accelerating gradient (Eacc,max) of four cavities in the vertical tests at 2 K was reached to approximately 25 MV/m. Conditioning of four STF-2 input couplers was carried out at a high power test stand with a 5MW-pulsed klystron. Two types of frequency tuning system with a slide-jack tuner and a piezo tuner is installed at the center or end position of the He jacket. String asssembly of the four cavities will be started in March, and the first cool-down test of the cryomodule is scheduled in June, 2010.
Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
The Superconducting Proton Linac (SPL) is part of the proposed upgrade of the LHC injection chain, intended to significantly improve the characteristics of the beam circulating in the collider. SPL will rely on two classes of superconducting cavities; beta=0.65 and beta=1; each containing 5-cells resonant at 704 MHz. Presented here are the results of some initial simulations of the beta=1 design, performed at the NERSC supercomputing facility with the highly-parallelised ACE3P codes released by the Advanced Computations Department at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. The HOM spectrum in the baseline design has been calculated, and dangerous modes identified by their high R/Q value. In addition, perturbations due to the location of the various couplers, and the structure of the beampipes have been investigated, and are presented here.
KIT, Karlsruhe
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe
CERN, Geneva
The monochromaticity and intensity of synchrotron light emitted by undulators strongly depend on the undulator field quality. For the particular case of superconductive undulators it was shown recently that their field quality can be significantly improved by an array of coupled high temperature superconductor loops attached to the surface of the superconductive undulator. Local field errors induce currents in the coupled closed superconducting loops and, as a result, the hereby generated magnetic field minimizes the field errors. In previous papers the concept was described theoretically and a proof-of-principle experiment was reported. This paper reports results of the first quantitative measurement of the phase error reduction in a 12-period short model undulator equipped with a full-scale induction shimming system.
KIT, Karlsruhe
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe
CERN, Geneva
In the superconductive undulator SCU14, installed at ANKA, time dependent drifts in the magnetic fields were observed*. Simulations with the software OPERA 3D showed, that the cause of these drifts might be leak and eddy currents in the iron body of the undulator caused by the time-varying currents and fields during current ramps, which slowly decay by ohmic losses. This assumption was crosschecked by measurements at different mockup bodies. This contribution discusses the results of the simulations and measurements and the consequential strategies for avoiding this effect.
* S. Ehlers et. al. "Magnetic field transients in superconductive undulators", in Proceedings of the Particle Accelerator Conference, Vancouver, 2009, to be published.
SAGA, Tosu
An APPLE-II type variably polarized undulator was installed in the SAGA-LS storage ring in 2008. Following the installation, we have investigated influence of the undulator on the electron beam. Based on the measurements, we have developed a feedforward correction system to minimize the effects of the undulator. The correction system successfully compensates for closed orbit distortion (COD), betatron tune shift and a weak change in the betatron coupling. The standard deviation of the COD variation relative to the reference orbit and the tune shift are suppressed to less than 4 micron and 0.001, respectively, when the pole gap is changed at a fixed phase. The observed tune shift is interpreted in terms of a second order focusing effect evaluated by RADIA code. The simulated tune shift fairly agrees with the measurements. To minimize the effects on the betatron coupling, a wire-type skew quadrupole magnet mounted on the undulator duct is utilized. The skew field required for the coupling compensation is consistent with those predicted by field integral measurements. The feedforward correction reduces the effect to a relative change in the vertical beamsize of 5%.
JASRI/SPring-8, Hyogo-ken
RIKEN/SPring-8, Hyogo
Low electro-magnetic noise interference (EMI) is required to the klystron modulator power supply for XFEL/SPring-8 project in order to realize the highly stable beam operation with aid of various feedback loops using high-performance beam monitors. The dominant noise source is the thyratron switching noise, associated with its rapid voltage swing of 50 kV maximum. To suppress the noise leakage, special care was taken to the enclosure design of klystron modulator, i.e., using thick steel plates a monocoque enclosure was fabricated, in which all of the high power circuits was installed. The rapid image current flows on the inner surface, thus EMI was minimized. A special co-axial feed-though was developed for filtering the conducted noise on power line for thyratron and klystron heaters. In this presentation, we will report the details of the devices and the results of the noise suppression.
RCNP, Osaka
The ordinary electric circuits produce and receive electromagnetic noise. The noise is a problem for stable operation of synchrotron accelerators. We do not know the origin of the noise generation due to the lack of electric circuit theory, which takes into account the noise sources. The proper treatment of electric circuit together with noise requires a proper knowledge of multiconductor transmission-line theory. We have developed a new multiconductor transmission-line theory in which we are able to describe the performance of multiconductor transmission-line system*. In this theory, it is essential to use the coefficients of potential instead of capacities and the introduction of the normal and common modes. After understanding the multiconductor transmission-line theory, we propose the introduction of the middle line (three lines) and symmetric arrangements of electric loads**. The use of this concept made the J-PARC MR successful in operation.
* H. Toki and K. Sato, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn 78 (2009) 094201.
** K. Sato and H. Toki, Nucl. Inst. Methods A565 (2006) 351.
CERN, Geneva
The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) study is exploring the scheme for an electron-positron collider with high luminosity (1034 - 1035 cm2/s) and a nominal centre-of-mass energy of 3 TeV: CLIC would complement LHC physics in the multi-TeV range. The CLIC design relies on the presence of Pre-Damping Rings (PDR) and Damping Rings (DR) to achieve the very low emittance, through synchrotron radiation, needed for the luminosity requirements of CLIC. In order to limit the beam emittance blow-up due to oscillations the combined flat-top ripple and droop of the field pulse, for the DR extraction kickers, must be less than 0.015%. In addition, the allowed beam coupling impedance for the kicker systems is also very low: a few Ohms longitudinally and a few MΩ/m transversally. This paper discusses initial ideas for achieving the extremely demanding requirements for the PDR and DR kickers.
CERN, Geneva
University of Applied Sciences Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe
In many particle accelerators considerable amounts of RF power reaching the megawatt level are converted into heat in dummy loads. After an overview of RF power in the range 200 MHz to 1 GHz dissipated at CERN we discuss several developments that had come up in the past using vacuum tube technology for RF-DC conversion. Amongst those the developments the cyclotron wave converter CWC appears most suitable. With the availability of powerful Schottky diodes the solid state converter aspect has to be addressed as well. One of the biggest problems of Schottky diode based structures is the junction capacity. GaAs and GaN Schottky diodes show a significant reduction of this junction capacity as compared to silicon. Small rectenna type converter units which had been already developed for microwave powered helicopters can be used in waveguides or with coaxial power dividers.
CERN, Geneva
The vertical beam dump system of the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) uses two matched magnets with an impedance of 2 Ω and combined kick strength of 1.152 Tm at 60 kV supply voltage. For historical reasons the two magnets are powered from three 3 Ω pulse forming networks (PFN) through three thyratron-ignitron switches. Recently flashovers were observed at the entry of one of the magnets, which lead, because of the electrical coupling between the kickers, to a simultaneous breakdown of the pulse in both magnets. To improve the reliability an upgrade of the system was started. In a first step the radii of surfaces at the entry of the weak magnet were increased, and the PFN voltage was reduced by 4 %; the kick strength could be preserved by reducing the magnet termination resistance by 10 %. The PFNs were protected against negative voltage reflections and their last cells were optimised. In a second step the two magnets will be electrically separated and powered individually by new 2 Ω PFNs with semiconductor switches.
CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette
The International Linear Collider reference design is based on a collision scheme with a 14 mrad crossing angle. Consequently, the detector solenoid and the machine axis do not coincide. It provokes a position offset of the beam at the Interaction Point in addition to a beam size growth. These effects are modified by the insertion of the anti-DID (Detector Integrated Dipole) aiming at reducing background in the detector. Furthermore a crab cavity is necessary to restore a 'head on' like collision, leading to higher luminosity. This introduces new beam distortions. In this paper, optics studies and simulations of beam transport in the Interaction Region taking these elements into account are presented. Correction schemes of the beam offset and beam size growth are exposed and their associated tolerances are evaluated.
Kyoto ICR, Uji, Kyoto
KEK, Ibaraki
A prototype of a permanent magnet quadrupole lens for ILC final focus doublet is fabricated. In order to demonstrate the feasibility, it will be tested in a real beam line. Such practical experiences include its shipping, storage, handling, installation, alignment technique, and so on. Because permanent magnets cannot be switched off in contradistinction to electromagnets, they should be evacuated from beam lines when no interference is desired and the process should be quick with enough reproducibility. The magnetic center and strength stability including reproducibility are also important issues during the beam test. In order to reduce interferences with current ongoing testing items at ATF2, the magnet will be installed at a further upstream position of the ATF2 beam line. The installation and test plan will be described.
CERN, Geneva
The main detector solenoid and associated magnets can have an important impact on the CLIC luminosity. These effects are discussed for different solenoid designs. In particular, the luminosity loss due to incoherent synchrotron radiation in the experiment solenoid and QD0 overlap is evaluated. The impact of the AntiDiD (Anti Detector integrated Dipole) on luminosity and compensated techniques on beam optic distortion are also discussed.
LLNL, Livermore, California
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
The realization of a photon collider option at a future TeV scale electron linear collider requires the generation of high average power picosecond laser pulses. Recirculating cavities have been proposed to reduce the amount of laser power that needs to be generated, however, these cavities impose stringent limits on the wavefront quality and stability of the laser architecture. We report on a design study of a high average power laser amplifier architecture which can produce the required laser time structure and stability to drive these recirculating cavities.
KEK, Ibaraki
A damping ring of positron beams is under consideration for the upgrade of KEKB (SuperKEKB) because low emittance of beams injected to the main rings is required by the SuperKEKB optics in the nano-beam scheme. We present the design of the RF accelerating structure, especially on the higher-order-mode (HOM) damped structure. This structure is based on the normal-conducting accelerating cavity system ARES, which has successful records of the long-term stable operations so far with low trip rates at KEKB. All the HOM absorbers are made of silicon carbide, bullet-shaped, and to be directly water cooled, so that the structure presented in this paper can be also a prototype for accelerating beams of the order of 10A in the SuperKEKB main ring in the high-current scheme.
PSI, Villigen
The application of various optics correction techniques at the SLS allows to reduce the vertical emittance to <3 pm.rad corresponding to an emittance coupling of <0.05 %. Beam sizes can be measured with a resolution of ~0.5 um allowing to resolve vertical beam sizes close to the quantum radiation limit of 0.55 pm.rad. The application of beam-based alignment/ calibration techniques on magnet girders (remotely controlled), quadrupoles and sextupoles can be used to center the beam in all relevant optical elements at a minimum expense of vertical dipole corrector strength. Furthermore a fast orbit feedback based on a high resolution digital BPM system allows to stabilize the closed orbit up to ~90 Hz and to perform precise orbit manipulations within this bandwidth. Furthermore the top-up operation mode guarantees very stable conditions for the various beam-based measurements. These conditions make the SLS an excellent "test-bed" for future damping ring optimization.
CERN, Geneva
ESRF, Grenoble
Following the analysis of the results obtained during the first year of beam commissioning of the CERN multi-turn extraction, a number of changes have been introduced in the beam manipulations performed in the CERN Proton Synchrotron. This includes a different control of the linear chromaticity, the setting of the non-linear magnets used to split the beam, and the longitudinal structure in the PS. The results obtained during the 2009 run are presented and discussed in detail, including the beam performance in both the PS and the SPS, as well as the optics measurements in the transfer line between the two circular machines.
KEK, Ibaraki
UVSOR, Okazaki
Nagoya University, Nagoya
KURRI, Osaka
Sokendai - Okazaki, Okazaki, Aichi
It was theoretically predicted that, when the electron pulse length comes into the femto-second range, transverse motion of the electrons is strongly coupled with the longitudinal one and makes significant effect on the pulse shape. In the experiments, a fine dip structure was created on the electron bunches circulating in a storage ring by a so-called laser bunch slicing technique and then the evolution of the structure was measured through the spectrum of the coherent synchrotron radiation. When the ring was operated in a low-alpha mode, the shape of the dip structure was oscillating with the transverse betatron frequency, which clearly indicates the existence of the longitudinal-transverse coupling effect. This understanding will be crucially important for generation and transportation of ultra-short electron bunches in light sources or colliders for high energy physics. In this presentation, the dependency of the CSR signal intensity on the wavelength of the THz CSR and the electron beam current are also reported.
RRCAT, Indore (M.P.)
BARC, Mumbai
Tuning of a photocathode gun for desired RF properties of the pi mode, such as FB ~1, fpi = 2856 MHz, and beta ~1, requires precise tuning of the resonant frequency and beta of its independent cells. In this paper, we present a parametric and analytical formulation to predict geometrical dimensions of independent cells and the coupling slot on the full cell to obtain the desired pi mode RF parameters during operation, taking into account the effect of brazing and vacuum. We also compare results obtained from low power RF measurements on a photocathode gun with those predicted by the above formulation.
INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma)
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Milano
Rome University La Sapienza, Roma
ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma)
In the frame of the SPARC-X project, the energy of the Photo-Injector SPARC, in operation at INFN-LNF, will be upgraded from 180 to 250 MeV by replacing a low gradient S-band traveling wave accelerating section with two C-band units, designed and developed at LNF. The new system will consist of a 50 MW klystron, supplied by a pulsed modulator, to feed the high gradient C-band structures through a RF pulse compressor. This paper deals with the design of the full system, the C-band R&D activity and study of the related beam dynamics.
Rome University La Sapienza, Roma
RadiaBeam, Marina del Rey
UCLA, Los Angeles, California
INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma)
The quest for high brightness beams is a crucial key for the SPARX-FEL Project. In this paper, we present the design (including RF modeling, cooling, thermal and stress analyses as well as frequency detuning) of a single feed S-Band RF Gun capable of running near 500 Hz. An alternative design with dual feed has already been designed. Also, experimental results from the RF characterization of the prototype, including field measurements, are presented. The RF design follows the guidelines of the LCLS Gun, but the approach diverges significantly as far as the management of the cooling and mechanical stress is concerned. Finally, we examine the new proprietary approach of RadiaBeam Technologies for fabricating copper structures with intricate internal cooling geometries that may enable very high repetition rate.
* C.Limborg et al., "RF Design of the LCLS Gun".
** P. Frigola et al., "Development of solid freeform fabrication (SFF) for the production of RF Photoinjectors".
JAEA, Ibaraki-ken
In the design of prototype RFQ linac for the IFMIF/EVEDA Project, a coupled cavity type of RFQ, which has a longitudinal length of 9.78m, was proposed to accelerate deuteron beam up to 5MeV. The operation frequency of 175MHz was selected to accelerate a large current of 125mA in CW mode. The driving RF power of 1.28 MW by 8 RF input couplers has to be injected to the RFQ cavity. As the RF input coupler design, RF losses including RF vacuum windows, based on a 4 1/16 inch and 6 1/8 inch co-axial waveguide as well as RF coupling factor of a loop antenna with varied insertion depths using an RFQ model were calculated. In this conference, these results and thermal analysis results in CW operation mode will be presented in details.
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako
A new injector RILAC2 for RIKEN RI-Beam Factory is under construction. The three Drift Tube Linac (DTL) cavities, located downstream of an RFQ linac, are designed to operate at a fixed RF frequency of 36.5 MHz, and to accelerate very heavy ions such as 136Xe20+ and 238U35+ from 100 keV/u to 680 keV/u for the injection to the RIKEN Ring Cyclotron. The first two cavities (DTL1 and 2) are newly constructed, and an existing cavity is modified for the last one (DTL3). The structure is based on the quarter-wavelength resonator. The inner diameter ranges from 0.8 to 1.3 m. In order to save the construction cost and space for the equipments, direct coupling scheme has been adopted for the RF amplifier. A capacitive coupler was designed to match the input impedance to 700, which corresponds to the optimum output impedance of a tetrode. Design of the cavities and couplers will be described in detail.
TUB, Beijing
The application of the genetic algorithm in the diagnosis of the coupled cavity chain is investigated in this paper. One program named GANL2 has already been developed based on the genetic algorithm at Tsinghua University. The cell frequencies, quality factors, and coupling between the cells can be estimated by GANL2 if the pass-band reflection curve is known. This method has been applied in the diagnosis of the S-band and X-band standing-wave linac cavities. In this paper we present the preliminary investigation of the genetic algorithm in the diagnosis of the L-band 9-cell superconducting copper cavity model. The result of the calculation and measurement are compared. Not all the cells are diagnosed well. More precise measurement is needed for further study.
USTC/PMPI, Hefei, Anhui
USTC/NSRL, Hefei, Anhui
Collinear load, consisted of several coaxial cavities, is a substitute for traditional waveguide-type load to absorb the remnant power of the LINAC and makes the accelerating structure compact and small-size. The power loss on the cavities of collinear load brings thermal deformation which affects their resonant frequency deeply. In this paper, a new approach of 3D reconstruction of the thermal deformed cavities is utilized to evaluate the accurate influence on frequency change caused by non-uniform deformation and water cooling strategies of collinear absorbing load are studied. Then the thermal behavior of a six-cavity collinear load, which is coated with Kanthal alloy and FeSiAl alloy and used on a 2856MHz, 2π/3 mode respectively, is researched. The results show that the collinear load with Kanthal alloy can only absorb up to 10kW, while with FeSiAl alloy it can dissipate 15kW when the water flow controlled within 3.0kg/s for energy saving.
* Tian Z. etc., "Finite Element Analysis of RF Cavity", Parietti L. etc., "Thermal/Structural Analysis and Frequency Shift", Anthony, etc. "A NURBS-based Technique for Subject-specific Construction".
POSTECH, Pohang, Kyungbuk
KAPRA, Cheorwon
NFRI, Daejon
A C-band standing-wave electron accelerator for a compact X-ray source is being commissioned at ACEP (Advanced Center for Electron-beam Processing in Cheorwon, Korea). It is capable of producing 4-MeV electron beam with pulsed 50-mA. The RF power is supplied by the 5-GHz magnetron with pulsed 1.5 MW and average 1.2 kW. The accelerating column is a bi-periodic and on-axis-coupled structure operated with π/2-mode standing-waves. It consists of 3 bunching cells, 6 normal cells and a coupling cell. As a result of cold tests, the resonant frequency of the accelerating column is 4999.17 MHz at the π/2-mode and the coupling coefficient is 0.92. The field flatness was tuned to be less than 2%. In this paper, we present commissioning status with design details of the accelerator system.
MEPhI, Moscow
Nano, Moscow
New possibilities of the polarization plane stabilization in the traveling hybrid TM11 wave deflectors are considered in this paper. These possibilities are realized in two new structures: DLW with two peripheral recesses in cells and DLW with oval aperture. In terms of electro-dynamic parameters, thermal regimes and manufacturing technology these structures as well as a classical structure with two stabilizing holes show some advantages and some disadvantages. The advantages of the new structures are good RF mode separation and effective cooling. The specifics of such structures tuning are also described.
BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk
ICKC, Novosibirsk
ICKC SB RAS, Novosibirsk
The prototype of parallel coupled accelerating structure is developed. It consists of five accelerating cavities, common excitation cavity and RF power waveguide feeder. The excitation cavity is a segment of rectangular waveguide loaded by resonance copper pins. The excitation cavity operate mode is T 105. Connection between excitation cavity and accelerating cavities is performed by magnetic field. The theoretical model of the parallel coupled accelerating structure is developed. According to model the tuning and matching of the structure are performed. The electrodynamics characteristics are measured. In storage energy regime the accelerated electron beam is obtained.
LBNL, Berkeley, California
Normal conducting RF cavities must be used for the cooling section of international Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE) which is currently under construction at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) in UK. Eight 201-MHz cavities are needed for the MICE cooling section; fabrication of the first five cavities is nearly complete. This paper reports the cavity fabrication status that includes the cavity design, fabrication techniques and preliminary low power RF measurements of the first five cavities.
IIT, Chicago, Illinois
Fermilab, Batavia
ANL, Argonne
Muon cooling requires high-gradient normal conducting cavities operating in multi-Tesla magnetic fields for muon beam focusing in an ionization cooling channel. Recent experience with an 805-MHz pillbox cavity at the Fermilab MuCool Test Area has shown significant drop in accelerating field performance for the case of parallel electric and magnetic fields. It has been suggested that having the magnetic field perpendicular to the electric field should provide magnetic insulation and suppress breakdown. An 805-MHz Cu rectangular box cavity was built for testing with the fields perpendicular. It was mounted on an adjustable support to vary the angle between the rf electric and external magnetic field. We report on design and operation of the rectangular box cavity.
LLNL, Livermore, California
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
In support of Compton scattering gamma-ray source efforts at LLNL, a multi-bunch test stand is being developed to investigate accelerator optimization for future upgrades. This test stand will enable work to explore the science and technology paths required to boost the current 10 Hz mono-energetic gamma-ray (MEGa-Ray) technology to an effective repetition rate exceeding 1 kHz, potentially increasing the average gamma-ray brightness by two orders of magnitude. Multiple bunches must be of exceedingly high quality to produce narrow-bandwidth gamma-rays. Modeling efforts will be presented, along with plans for a multi-bunch test stand at LLNL. The test stand will consist of a 5.5 cell X-band rf photoinjector, single accelerator section, and beam diagnostics. The photoinjector will be a high gradient standing wave structure, featuring a dual feed racetrack coupler. The accelerator will increase the electron energy so that the emittance can be measured using quadrupole scanning techniques. Multi-bunch diagnostics will be developed so that the beam quality can be measured and compared with theory. Design will be presented with modeling simulations, and layout plans.
RadiaBeam, Marina del Rey
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
UCLA, Los Angeles, California
There is growing demand from the industrial and research communities for high gradient, compact RF accelerating structures. The commonly used S-band SLAC-type structure has an operating gradient of only about 20 MV/m; while much higher operating gradients (up to 70 MV/m) have been recently achieved in X-band, as a consequence of the substantial efforts by the Next Linear Collider (NLC) collaboration to push the performance envelope of RF structures towards higher accelerating gradients. Currently however, high power X-band RF sources are not readily available for industrial applications. Therefore, RadiaBeam Technologies is developing a short, standing wave S-band structure which uses frequency scaled NLC design concepts to achieve up to a 50 MV/m operating gradient at 2856 MHz. The design and prototype commissioning plans are presented.
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
The phenomenon of rf breakdown presents a technological limitation in the application of high-gradient particle acceleration in normal conducting rf structures. Attempts to understand the onset of this phenomenon and to study its limits with different materials, cell shapes, and pulse widths has been driven in recent years by linear collider development. One question of interest is the role magnetic field plays relative to electric field. A design is presented for a single, non-accelerating, rf cavity resonant in two modes, which, driven independently, allow the rf magnetic field to be increased on the region of highest electric field without affecting the latter. The design allows for the reuse of the cavity with different samples in the high-field region. Available high-power data will also be presented.
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
LLNL, Livermore, California
In support of the T-REX program at LLNL and the High Gradient research program at SLAC, a new X-band multi-cell RF gun is being developed. This gun, similar to an earlier gun developed at SLAC for Compton X-ray source program, will be a standing wave structure made of 5.5 cells operating in the pi mode with copper cathode. This gun was designed following criteria used to build SLAC X-band high gradient accelerating structures. It is anticipated that this gun will operate with surface electric fields on the cathode of 200MeV/m with low breakdown rate. RF will be coupled into the structure through a symmetric final cell with a shape optimized to eliminable both dipole and quadruple field components. In addition, geometry changes to the original gun, operated with Compton X-ray source, will include a wider RF mode separation, reduced surface electric and magnetic fields.
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
SLAC participates in the U.S. High Gradient collaboration whose charter includes basic studies of rf breakdown properties in accelerating structures. These studies include experiments with different materials and construction methods for single cell standing wave accelerating structures. The most commonly used method of joining cells of such structures is the high temperature bonding and/or brazing in hydrogen and/or vacuum. These high temperature processes may not be suitable for some of the new materials that are under consideration. We propose to build structures from cells with an rf choke, taking the cell-to-cell junction out of the electromagnetic field region. These cells will be clamped together in a vacuum enclosure, the choke joint ensuring continuity of rf currents. Next, we propose a structure with a choke joint in a high gradient cell and a view port which may allow us microscopic, in-situ observation of the metal surface during high power tests. And third, we describe the design of a TM01 choke flange for these structures.
JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken
MHI, Nagoya
KEK, Ibaraki
At the 3GeV RCS (Rapid Cycling Synchrotron) in J-PARC (Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex), the scheme of H- charge exchange injection using stripping foils is adopted. The charge exchange system is composed of three stripping foil devices. The first stripping foil device, which converts the H- beam from the 181MeV LINAC into the H+ beam, can replace the broken foil with new one in vacuum remotely and automatically. In September 2007, mechanical trouble with the first stripping foil device had occurred just before the RCS beam commissioning was started. The magnetic coupling of the transfer rod had been decoupled and the transfer rod had been broken which was caught in the vacuum gate valve. We studied the trouble cause, re-examined the structural design and the selection for the material, and then verified the specification from endurance tests with sample pieces. Then the improved device was installed in the ring in September 2008. In this presentation, we report the mechanical trouble and that countermeasure, including the improvements of the charge exchange system.
Euclid TechLabs, LLC, Solon, Ohio
KEK, Ibaraki
LETI, Saint-Petersburg
Ceramics Ltd., St. Petersburg
Fermilab, Batavia
The BST based ferroelectric-oxide compounds have been found as suitable materials for a fast electrically-controlled RF switches and phase shifters that are under development for accelerator applications in X, Ka and L - frequency bands. The BST(M) material (BST ferroelectric with Mg-based additives) allows fast switching and tuning in vacuum and in air both; switching time of material samples < 10 ns has been demonstrated*. One of the problems related to accelerator application of BST ferroelectric is its high dielectric constant. Decreasing the permittivity however is usually strongly correlated with a decrease in the tunability (k(E)=ε(0)/ε(E)) of ferroelectrics. The use of linear dielectric inclusions in BST ceramics could result in significant suppression of the mentioned k(E) dependence, with the best case being that the tunability vs. ε decrease could be unchanged. On the basis of our measurements we report here two unusual phenomena observed**: (i) the increase both the dc and the dynamic tunability with a decrease of the dielectric constant; (ii) the dynamic tunability was observed to exceed the static tunability at specific magnitudes of the applied field.
* A.Kanareykin et al, Proceedings PAC'09.
** A.Kozyrev et al Applied Physics Letters,v.95,p.012908,(2009).
NSRRC, Hsinchu
The RF power source using solid-state amplifier for accelerator application has become popular in recent years. The amplifiers array using power divider and power combiner could obtain equivalent power level as those using klystron or IOT. Such solid-state RF power source also has the advantage of easy maintenance, low cost, low DC power voltage and high flexibility. The development of solid-state power amplifier module at 499.65 MHz using the latest RF power chip has been built to have the power level of 900 Watts with above 60% efficiency of single power module. The more power that one module can provide, the less number of modules would be required under the same total output power of amplifiers array. Thus, the construction of a transmitter by solid-state technique for RF system would be less complex for easy maintenance.
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire
STFC/DL, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire
The Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment (MICE) is being constructed at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the UK. A muon beam will be cooled through a process of absorption using hydrogen absorbers and acceleration using 200MHz copper RF cavities. This paper describes the RF power source used to accelerate the muon beam, testing of the high voltage power supplies and amplifiers to date and progress on the RF distribution scheme to the accelerating cavities.
Muons, Inc, Batavia
ANL, Argonne
An extremely low emittance RF gun is being designed for the X-ray Free Electron Laser Oscillator (XFEL-O), which is now being proposed by ANL. An adjustable coupling factor for this gun is very desirable for providing operational flexibility. What is required is a fundamental RF power coupler (FPC), adjustable in situ, that can operate at 100 MHz and 200 kW CW. If rotational motion is used in the adjustable coupler, it is usually necessary to break the vacuum between the coupler and the RF cavity, thereby risking prolonged down-times and the introduction of contaminants into the vacuum system. We propose a novel system for adjusting the coupling coefficient of coaxial couplers to allow for individual control and adjustments to the RF fields under different beam loading scenarios. The RF coupler has no movable parts and relies on a ferrite tuner assembly, coax TEE, and double windows to provide a VSWR of better than 1.05:1 and a bandwidth of at least 8 MHz at 1.15:1. The ferrite tuner assembly on the stub end of the coax TEE uses an applied DC magnetic field to change the Qext and the RF coupling coefficient, β, between the RF input and the cavity.
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
A 12 GHz 50MW X-band klystron is under development at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Klystron Department. The klystron will be fabricated to support programs currently underway at three European Labs; CERN, PSI, and INFN Trieste. The choice of frequency selection was due to the CLIC RF frequency changing from 30 GHz to the European X-band frequency of 11.9942 GHz in 2008. Since the Klystron Department currently builds 50MW klystrons at 11.424 GHz known collectively as the XL4 klystrons, it was deemed cost-effective to utilize many XL4 components by leaving the gun, electron beam transport, solenoid magnet and collector unchanged. To realize the rf parameters required, the rf cavities and rf output hardware were necessarily altered. Some improvements to the rf design have been made to reduce operating gradients and increase reliability. Changes in the multi-cell output structure, waveguide components, and the window will be discussed along with testing of the devices. Five klystrons known as XL5 klystrons are scheduled for production over the next two years.
NSRRC, Hsinchu
Previously, the Taiwan Light Source (TLS) has proven that the temperature stability of de-ionized cooling water is one of the most critical factors of electron beam stability. A series of efforts were devoted to these studies and promoted the temperature stability of the de-ionized cooling water system within ±0.1°C. Further, a high precision temperature control ±0.01°C has been conducted to meet the more critical stability requirement. Using flow mixing mechanism and specified control philosophy can minimize temperature variation effectively. The paper declares the mechanism through simulation and verifies the practical influences. The significant improvement of temperature stability between cooling devices and de-ionized water are also presented.
Tech-X, Boulder, Colorado
Stanford University, Stanford, California
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
Photonic crystal waveguides are promising candidates for laser-driven accelerator structures because of their ability to confine a speed-of-light mode in an all-dielectric structure. Because of the difference between the group velocity of the waveguide mode and the particle bunch velocity, fields must be coupled into the accelerating waveguide at frequent intervals. Therefore efficient, compact couplers are critical to overall accelerator efficiency. We present designs and simulations of high-efficiency coupling to the accelerating mode in a three-dimensional photonic crystal waveguide from a waveguide adjoining it at 90 degrees. We discuss details of the computation, including an optimization routine to modify the geometric parameters of the coupler for maximum efficiency, the resulting transmission, and estimates of the fabrication tolerance for these devices. We include some background on the accelerator structure and photonic crystal-based optical acceleration in general.
DESY, Hamburg
JLAB, Newport News, Virginia
This paper reports about our efforts to develop a flangeable coaxial coupler for both HOM and fundamental coupling for 9-cell TESLA/ILC-type cavities. The cavities were designed in early 90‘s for pulsed operation with a low duty factor, less than 1 %. The proposed design of the coupler has been done in a way, that the magnetic flux B at the flange connection is minimized and only a field of <5 mT would be present at the accelerating field Eacc of ~ 36 MV/m (B =150 mT in the cavity). Even though we achieved reasonably high Q-values at low field, the cavity/coupler combination was limited in the cw mode to only ~ 7 MV/m, where a thermally initiated degradation occurred. We have improved the cooling conditions by initially drilling radial channels every 30 degrees, then every 15 degrees into the shorting plate. The modified prototype performed well up to 9 MV/m in cw mode. This paper reports about our experiences with the further modified coaxial coupler and about test results in cw and low duty cycle pulsed mode, similar to the TESLA/ILC operation conditions.
PKU/IHIP, Beijing
As part of the updated DC-SC injector, a 3.5cell cavity has been fabricated at Peking University, which includes two Coaxial High Order Mode (HOM) couplers. The effect of the HOM couplers has been studied by numerical simulation and measurement. The results are highly uniform and show that the two couplers do effectively damp the HOMs.
UCLA, Los Angeles
Manhattanville College, Purchase, New York
The Micro-Accelerator Platform is an optical-wavelength microstructure for laser acceleration of particles, currently under development at UCLA. It is a slab-symmetric structure and can be constructed in layers using existing nanofabrication techniques. We present several possible fabrication techniques and preliminary experimental outcomes for manufacturing this structure.
LNLS, Campinas
In this paper we report on recent developments in transverse coupling characterization and compensation in the UVX storage ring at the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS). We have designed and manufactured a compact skew quadrupole with which it was possible to completely compensate coupling introduced by insertion devices (IDs) in the ring.
LAL, Orsay
KEK, Ibaraki
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
The purpose of ATF2 is to deliver a beam with stable very small spotsizes as required for future linear colliders such as ILC or CLIC. To achieve that, precise controls of the aberrations such as dispersion and coupling are necessary. Theoretically, the complete reconstruction of the beam matrix is possible from the measurements of horizontal, vertical and tilted beam sizes, combining skew quadrupole scans at several wire-scanner positions. Such measurements were performed in the extraction line of ATF2 in May 2009. We present analysis results attempting to resolve the 4X4 beam matrix and discuss the experimental limitations of 4D emittance measurements with wire scanners.
NewSUBARU/SPring-8, Laboratory of Advanced Science and Technology for Industry (LASTI), Hyogo
A simple analytical formula for the transient bunch lengthening by betatron motion along bending sections is explained. The formula describes a longitudinal and transverse coupling for a single-pass line, which is obtained as an extension of the formula for a storage ring. The bunch lengthening is expressed by a product of three factors: the square root of horizontal betatron emittance, a betatron phase factor, and the square root of the H-function, in other words, dispersion action. That effect had been calculated in many reports concerning with sub-ps electron bunch generation, such as the laser-bunch slicing, the vertical bunch deflection by a crab cavity, and the beam transport along a quasi-isochronous bending arcs. In these works the transfer matrix elements, R15 and R25, had been calculated for each of various conditions. On the contrary, our simple and general analytical formula gives a good foresight to understand the observed phenomena and for an easy optimization of parameters of bending arcs.
IHEP Beijing, Beijing
KEK, Ibaraki
IN2P3-LAPP, Annecy-le-Vieux
The ATF2 project is the final focus system prototype for ILC and CLIC linear collider projects, with a purpose to reach a 37nm vertical beam size at the interaction point. During initial commissioning, we started with larger than nominal β-functions at the IP, to reduce the effects from higher-order optical aberrations and thereby simplify the optical corrections needed. We report on simulation studies at two different IP locations developed based on waist scan, dispersion, coupling and β function multiknobs correction in the large β optics of ATF2, in the presence of two kinds of magnet inaccuracies (quadrupole gradient and roll errors) to generate all possible linear optics distortions at the IP. A vertical beam size which is very close to the nominal beam size is obtained based on the simulation study.
PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk
SINAP, Shanghai
The measurement and the control of the coupling is essential to maximize synchrotron performance. Small coupling is required for small vertical size and high brightness. The Pohang Light Source has a 2.5 GeV storage ring and its coupling constant is measured as about 1%. In addition to errors at quadrupole or sextupole, the condition varying of the insertion device affects the coupling. The coupling for various condition is measured by the resonance and the response matrix and compared with the beam size and the lifetime. The correction and the control of the coupling is presented.
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region
Courant-Snyder invariant and Root Mean Square (RMS) beam emittance are well-known invariants of linear equation of motion. They are connected with the second order moments of a beam distribution function. Other invariants of linear equations of motion generated by second and higher order moments are presented in this report.
CERN, Geneva
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
Consolidation of the coupling correction scheme in the LHC is motivated due to a missing skew quadrupole family in Sector 3-4 at the start-up in 2009. Simultaneous coupling and vertical dispersion correction using vertical orbit bumps at the sextupoles, was studied by analyzing turn-by-turn data. This scheme was tested in SPS where the optical structure of arc cells is quite similar to the LHC. In SPS, horizontal and vertical beam positions are measured separately with single plane BPMs, thus a technique to construct "pseudo double plane BPM" is also discussed.
CERN, Geneva
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
After the incident in the LHC in 2008, few skew quadrupoles were damaged and subsequently removed from the tunnel. This could limit the correction of local coupling in the LHC. In order to increase the flexibility in the coupling correction it has been proposed to use of vertical orbit bumps at the sextupoles is studied. Moreover a simultaneous coupling and vertical dispersion can be implemented. Various studies are presented addressing the optimal approach for the correction of the vertical dispersion and the sum and difference coupling resonances.
CERN, Geneva
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
A software package has been developed for the LHC on-line optics measurement and correction. This package includes several different algorithms to measure phase advance, beta functions, dispersion, coupling parameters and even some non-linear terms. A Graphical User Interface provides visualization tools to compare measurements to model predictions, fit analytical formula, localize error sources and compute and send corrections to the hardware.
NSRRC, Hsinchu
To evaluate the feasibility for installing two insertion devices in the long straight sections (12 m long) of the TPS storage ring, two different kinds of the double mini-betay optics (symmetric and asymmetric configurations) were proposed to fulfill this purpose. In the symmetric case a quadrupole triplet is located at the center of the long straight, while in the asymmetric case a quadrupole doublet is used. The effects on the beam dynamics, such as the dynamic aperture, injection efficiency, and lifetime, etc., are presented.
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool
BPMs capable of high resolution turn-by-turn bunch position measurements are becoming increasingly widely used in electron storage rings. Analysis of the data from a set of such BPMs following the excitation of a coherent betatron oscillation can yield useful information for tuning the optics and improving machine performance. This approach to optics measurement has the benefits that the data collection is very fast, and analysis can be local, so that application is as easy for a large ring as for a small one. Here, we describe a technique for using turn-by-turn BPM data to determine lattice functions that describe the local coupling in a storage ring; this may be helpful, for example, for achieving low vertical emittance. We discuss the principles of the technique, give some examples, and discuss possible limitations arising from BPM gain and coupling errors.
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool
One of the major challenges for the International Linear Collider (ILC) damping rings is the attainment of the 2 pm vertical emittance specification. To achieve such an ultra-low vertical emittance a highly effective diagnostics and correction system is needed. However, since both BPMs and correctors have also negative impacts on the design (cost, complexity, impedance), it is important to understand how the number and locations of both these components affect the correction. In this paper we present the results of simulations for the Technical Design Phase baseline damping rings lattice (DCO4), aimed at understanding the effectiveness of orbit, dispersion, and coupling correction for different design and operation scenarios.
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
PSI-LRF, Villigen, PSI
CERN, Geneva
Measurements of chromatic beta-beating were carried out for the first time in the RHIC accelerator during Run 2009. The analysis package developed for the LHC was used to extract the off-momentum optics for injection and top energy. Results from the beam experiments and comparison to the optics model are presented.
KEK, Ibaraki
J-PARC, KEK & JAEA, Ibaraki-ken
During the early J-PARC Main Ring commissioning the emittance growth at the injection energy, caused by the field leakage of the slow extraction septums, has been observed. By using the measured field data in the J-PARC Main Ring computational model we perform the analysis of the resonance excitation for the 'bare' working points around the 3rd order horizontal resonance, used for the slow extraction of the accelerated beam. The space charge effects of the low energy beam with the moderate beam power are taken into this analysis. Some possible ways to reduce the transverse emittance dilution and the particle losses during the machine operation for the 'hadron' experiments are discussed.
KEK, Ibaraki
Synchro-beta resonances enhance beam sizes dynamically. For accelerators aimed for high luminosity, the effect can be more serious since a difference between vertical emittance and longitudinal emittance tends to be larger. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate a tune spread of the synchro-beta resonances properly. Synchro-beta effect is caused by chromatic aberrations, which characterize how optics parameters, including tune, Twiss parameter, X-Y coupling parameter, and other parameters, depend on the momentum deviation. The chromatic aberrations are actually defined by coefficients of an optics parameter in is expansion in terms of momentum deviation. The synchro-beta resonances caused by chromatic aberrations are discussed in this conference. We use 6-dimensional symplectic map which is obtained from measured optics parameters in order to simulate beam motion precisely*.
* Y. Seimiya and K. Ohmi, TH6PFP020, Particle Accelerator Conference PAC09, 4-8 May 2009, Vancouver, Canada.
National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, Radiophysical Faculty, Kiev
The new type of oriental motion, so called parametric channeling of accelerated charged particles with internal energy structure in crystals or transversal focusing fields (TFF) is studied [*,**]. Peculiarities of this motion are connected with parametric coupling of transversal oscillations of fast particle in TFF (e.g. averaged field of crystal plains) and oscillations caused by internal processes in particle. Parametric channeling is investigated for small charged mesomolecules, atomic ions and nuclei with internal resonances, relativistic electrons. It was shown that such parametric coupling leads to the possibility of beam cooling and "collapse": critical decrease of transversal oscillations of moving structured ion in TFF due to energy transfer from this ion to its own internal electron (for atomic ion) or its internal low energy nuclear state (for fast nuclei). Also it was shown that parametric beam cooling with the decrease of transversal energy can take place at axial relativistic electron beams channeling. This process is caused by the parametric coupling between quantized channeling states and electron spin states in effective magnetic field in moving system.
* M.V.Vysotskyy V.I.Vysotskii, N.V.Maksuyta. Journal of Surface Investigation, V.2, No 2 (2008) 245.
** V.I.Vysotskii, M.V.Vysotskyy. Journal of Surface Investigation, 2008, V.2, No 2 (2008), 253.
ANL, Argonne
APS linear model is defined by the quadrupole and skew quadrupole errors that are determined using the response matrix fit. What was missing until now were the sextupole offsets relative to the beam orbit. At APS the orbit is routinely steered according to user requests, and at some locations the steering has accumulated to rather large values. That is why the usual sextupole changes that are performed during operation mode switches lead to optics and coupling changes. Knowledge of the sextupole offsets would allow us to predict and control those changes. There are a number of ways to measure sextupole offsets but most of them utilize element by element approach. This would take very long time for the 280 sextupoles at APS. Here we describe a method that determines the beam offsets of all sextupoles based on fitted values of local optics and coupling changes at each sextupole. We perform response matrix measurement, fit several lattices with different sextupoles, and derive the sextupole offsets. The results are included in the linear model of the APS storage ring.