TEMF, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt
For the computation of the electromagnetic fields in large accelerator components, such as the superconducting dipole magnets to be installed in the heavy-ion synchrotron SIS100 at GSI, Darmstadt in context of the FAIR project, very large numerical models are required. By using parallelization techniques in combination with higher-order finite element approaches, full 3D solutions for the complicated geometry can be obtained in reasonable computational time. This is important, in particular, if repeated simulations need to be performed as in case of the determination of the sensitivity of the results to parametric changes, e.g. due to manufacturing tolerances. For that purpose, a parallelized 3D simulation tool is developed and applied to the prototype of the SIS100 dipole magnet. The results for the field quality during transient operation considering eddy currents in the conductive parts of the assembly are reported.
RCNP, Osaka
KT Science Ltd., Akashi
NIRS, Chiba-shi
CYRIC, Sendai
A scanning magnet using high-temperature superconductor (HTS) wire was designed, fabricated, and tested for its suitability as beam scanner. After successful cooling tests, the magnet performance was studied using DC and AC currents. With DC current the magnet was successfully operated to generate designed field distributions and effective length. In AC mode, the magnet was operated at frequencies of 30-59 Hz and a temperature of 77 K as well as 10-20 Hz and 20K. The power loss dissipated in the coils was measured and compared with the model calculations. The observed loss per cycle was independent of the frequency and the scaling law of the excitation current was consistent with theoretical predictions for hysteretic losses in HTS wires.
CERN, Geneva
Following the analysis of the September 2008 LHC incident, the assembly process and the quality assurance of the main 13 kA interconnection splices were improved, with new measurement and diagnostics methods introduced. During the 2008-2009 shutdown ~5% of these 10 000 splices were newly assembled with these improvements implemented, but essentially maintaining the original design. It is known today that a limiting factor towards 7 TeV operation is the normal conducting resistance of ~15% of the original main 13 kA interconnection splices, associated to the electrical continuity of the copper stabiliser. A "Splices Task Force" has been set up at CERN to evaluate the need for, develop and test design improvements and prepare the implementation of a consolidation campaign. Important issues of splice design, process choice, resources and time requirements are considered.
Muons, Inc, Batavia
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
NHMFL, Tallahassee, Florida
High field accelerator magnets are needed for high energy physics applications. Superconducting materials able to reach these fields with low losses are required, and YBCO Roebel cable is being developed to address this issue. Characterization of commercially available Roebel cables for high field low temperature superconducting magnets is needed. YBCO Roebel cable with low AC losses is being developed and has limited commercial availability. Its behavior is not fully understood, however, especially in liquid helium and at high magnetic fields. YBCO Roebel cable will be acquired from a commercial vendor and characterized at cryogenic temperatures, in varying magnetic fields, and different strain configurations. A comprehensive behavior analysis will be performed, including operational and fatigue limits. Characterization of YBCO Roebel cable at low temperatures will be performed, including determination of the current flow path in steady-state and during quench using magneto-optical imaging, investigation of the effects of strand insulation, and examination of the mechanical and quench behavior at 4.2 K, 77 K, and varying magnetic fields.
Muons, Inc, Batavia
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
Magnet applications for high energy physics has long been an important driver for the development of superconducting technology. New high temperature superconductors (HTS), which have very high values of the upper critical field Hc2, show promise for magnets generating fields greater than 25 T, such as those required for muon cooling [1]. (Rare Earth)Ba2Cu3Oy (REBCO) coated conductor is an HTS material which is well suited to these needs; however it requires characterization in the low temperature (4.2 K), high magnetic field regime. We are proposing to measure electro-mechanical and magnetic properties, including angular field dependence of commercially available REBCO conductor. Here we present results of initial testing to characterize commercially available REBCO coated conductors at 77 K, including critical current and quench testing to calculate minimum the quench energy (MQE) and normal zone propagation velocity (NZPV).
LBNL, Berkeley, California
ICST, Harbin
Tests of the spectrometer solenoids have taught us some important lessons. The spectrometer magnet lessons learned fall into two broad categories that involve the two stages of the coolers that are used to cool the magnets. On the first spectrometer magnet, the problems were centered on the connection of the cooler 2nd-stage to the magnet cold mass. On the second spectrometer magnet, the problems were centered on the cooler 1st-stage temperature and the connections between leads, the cold mass support intercept, and the shields to the cooler first-stage. If the cooler 1st-stage temperature is too high, the refrigerator will not produce full 2nd stage cooling. If the 1st-stage temperature is too high, the temperature of the top of the HTS leads. As a result, more heat goes into the 4 K cold mass and the temperature margin of the top of the HTS leads is too small, which are in a magnetic field. The parameters that affect the magnet cooling are compared for the MICE coupling magnet and the spectrometer magnet.
LBNL, Berkeley, California
The Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE), an international collaboration sited at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) in the UK, will demonstrate ionization cooling in a section of a realistic cooling channel using a muon beam. A five-coil superconducting spectrometer solenoid magnet will provide a 4 tesla uniform field region at each end of the cooling channel. Scintillating fiber trackers within the 400 mm diameter magnet bore tubes measure the emittance of the beam as it enters and exits the cooling channel. Each of the identical 3 meter long magnets incorporates a three-coil spectrometer magnet section and a two-coil section that matches the solenoid uniform field into the MICE cooling channel. The cold mass, radiation shield and leads are kept cold by means of three two-stage cryocoolers and one single-stage cryocooler. After incorporating several design changes to improve the magnet cooling and reliability, the fabrication and acceptance testing of the spectrometer solenoids has been completed. The key features of the spectrometer solenoid magnets are presented along with the details of a finite element model used to predict the thermal performance of the magnets.
DESY, Hamburg
The prototype of a camera system developed at KEK/Kyoto University for the optical inspection of the inner surface of cavities is in operation at DESY since September 2008. More than 20 prototype nine-cell cavities for the European XFEL have been inspected. The unique illumination system combined with the optical sensors allows for the in-situ search of surface defects in high resolution. Such defects may limit the gradient when causing a breakdown of the superconducting state (quench). The comparison of features detected in the optical inspection and hotspots from the temperature mapping during RF-measurements give evidence for correlations. Consecutive inspections of cavities in different stages of the surface preparation process monitor the evolution of surface defects. There are examples for defects traced from the untreated surface condition to the RF-test with temperature map, which identify the defect as the quench location.
BARC, Mumbai
BARC-EBC, Mumbai
The performance of superconducting cavity, couplers and ceramic windows is greatly affected due to multipacting. The present paper describes the multipacting simulations carried out on the co-axial coupler. The equation of motion of electron in RF field is calculated numerically. The enhanced counter function (ECF) is calculated to find out whether a particular electron will give rise to the multipacting. The simulation was carried out for a co-axial coupler having the inner conductor diameter of 34.78 mm and outer conductor diameter of 80 mm at a RF frequency of 350MHz, 700MHz and 1050MHz.
KEK, Ibaraki
The limitation of the accelerating gradient is one of the current major issues in the development of 1.3 GHz superconducting RF accelerator structures. While some of single-cell cavities and a few of 9-cell structures have occasionally seen accelerating gradients over 50 MV/m and 40 MV/m respectively, the reproducibility of high gradient performance is still poor. Field emission and thermal breakdown due to surface imperfections are supposed to limit the gradient. Magnetic field enhancement at small surface defects can give rise to thermal breakdown through local heating ending up with low gradients. Simulations with idealized primitive models are totally unrealistic since real existing defects have complicated and irregular shapes. Profilometry-based realistic high-fidelity modelling of field enhancement will be presented.
KEK, Ibaraki
Hydrogen absorbed in niobium was measured using effect of hydrogen Q-degradation. A niobium cavity was designed and manufactured for this experiment. Hydrogen was introduced from outside of the cavity by electrolysis of diluted sulfuric acid on the outer surface of the cavity with an anode made by stainless steel. The Q-factor is one of the most unstable property of superconducting cavities. Especially, the reproducibility of Q-factor cannot be so expected after disassembled and reassembled it. In this experiment, the Q-factor was measured without disassembling, because hydrogen was introduced from outside of the cavity. The Q-degradation was observed successfully. And the Q-factor becomes worse and worse, when hydrogen was introduced more and more. To estimate the amount of hydrogen which is absorbed in niobium, small and thin niobium samples were prepared. They were warmed by the energizing heating in vacuum after having introduced hydrogen. The out-gas was analyzed by QMS, and the amount of hydrogen was estimated. This method can be applied to measure the absorbed hydrogen during electro or chemical polishing of cavities without some influence of changing the surface morphology.
CERN, Geneva
Cockcroft Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster
Niobium thin film cavities have shown good and reliable performance for LEP and LHC, although there are limitations to overcome if this technique should be used for new accelerators such as the ILC. New coating techniques like High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HiPIMS) has shown very promising results and we will report on its possible improvements for Nb thin film cavity performance. Current materials used in accelerator SRF technologies operate at temperatures below 4 K, which require complex cryogenic systems. Researchers have investigated the use of High Temperature Superconductors (HTS) to form RF cavities, with limited success*. We propose a new approach to achieve a high-temperature SRF cavity based on the superconducting 'proximity effect'**. The superconducting proximity effect is the effect through which a superconducting material in close proximity to a non-superconducting material induces a superconducting condensate in the latter. Using this effect we hope to overcome the problems that have prevented the use of HTS for accelerating structures so far. We will report the preliminary studies of magnetron sputtered thin films of Cu on Nb.
* E. J. Minehara et al, Superconductivity 3, p277 (1990)
** R. Seviour et al, Superlattices and Microstructures, 25, p647 (1999)
Fermilab, Batavia
In the low-energy part of the Project X H-linac there families of 325 MHz SC single spoke cavities will be used, having beta = 0.11, 0.22 and 0.4. Two versions of the beta = 0.11 cavity were considered: low-beta single-spoke cavity and half-wave cavity. Results of detailed optimization of both versions are presented. Single spoke cavity was selected for the linac because of higher r/Q. Results of the beam dynamics optimization for initial stage of the linac with beta=0.11 single spoke cavity are presented as well.
JLAB, Newport News, Virginia
PKU/IHIP, Beijing
Recent experimental results have indicated that Buffered Electropolishing (BEP) is a promising candidate for the next generation of surface treatment technique for Nb superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities to be used in particle accelerators. In order to lay the foundation for using BEP as the next generation surface treatment technique for Nb SRF cavities, some fundamental aspects of BEP treatments for Nb have to be investigated. In this report, recent progress on BEP study at JLab is shown. Improvements on the existing vertical BEP are made to allow water cooling from outside of a Nb single cell cavity in addition to cooling provided by acid circulation so that the temperature of the cavity can be stable during processing. Some investigation on the electrolyte mixture was performed to check the aging effect of the electrolyte. It is shown that good polishing results can still be obtained on Nb at a current density of 171 mA/cm when the BEP electrolyte was at the stationary condition and was more than 1.5 years old.
* A.T. Wu et al, Proc. of 14th Conference on SRF, Germany, 2009, THPPO064. ** S. Jin et al, the same as 1, THPPO097.
*** F. Eozenou et al, the same as 1 THPPO068.
KEK, Ibaraki
We have started high gradient R&D with the combination of ICHIRO shape, sliced large grain niobium, and chemical polishing (CP). We fabricated one large grain ICHIRO single cell cavity that had end cell shape of ICHIRO 9-cell but no end group. We processed this cavity surface by centrifugal barrel polishing (CBP) and CP. This cavity successfully achieved the high gradient of 42MV/m at the first vertical test. We made series test by repeating CP on this cavity. The results of series test will be reported.
KEK, Ibaraki
In our high gradient R&D of ICHIRO cavities at KEK, we have found some problems related to HOM coupler and high power RF input coupler port on beam tube: end group. One is the difficulties of rinsing in complex structures like HOM coupler. The other is Q-slope at high filed more than 40MV/m. The cavities without end group did not show such a high field Q-slope. At first step, we tested much stronger and aggressive rinsing method; wiping, brushing, and mega-sonic rinsing, against end group. The details and results of these rinsing effects will be reported.
KEK, Ibaraki
We have continued high gradient R&D of ICHIRO 9-cell cavities at KEK. The maximum gradient of ICHIRO 9-cell cavity #5 that has no end groups on beam tube was still limited around 36MV/m so far. The 9-cell performances were sometimes limited by triggered field emission (FE) by multipactings. We suspected the residual gas in the cavity might be one of the sources of triggered FE. The cavity was closed during vertical test in our system. Other labs evacuated cavity during vertical test. In order to improve the vacuum of cavity during vertical test, we made evacuation system in our cavity test stand. The comparison of results for vertical test with and without evacuation will be reported.
DESY, Hamburg
INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI)
The preparation phase for the European XFEL cavity production includes a number of actions. Material issues: qualification of high purity niobium vendors, verifying of large grain material as a possible option, construction of the scanning device for the niobium sheets. Mechanical fabrication issues: accommodation of the TESLA cavity design to the XFEL demands, device construction for RF measurement of components, integration of the helium tank and it's welding to the cavity into the fabrication sequence, documentation and data transfer, application of a new high resolution camera for inspection of the inside surface. Treatment and RF measurement: establishing the XFEL recipe, in particular the final surface treatment (final 40 μm EP or short 10 μm Flash BCP), and the cavity preparation strategy (vertical acceptance test with or without helium tank welded, with or without assembly of HOM antennas), construction of the cavity tuning machine. About 50 prototype cavities are produced at the industry, treated (partially in industry and partially at DESY) and RF-tested at DESY. The XFEL requirements are fulfilled with a yield of approx. 90%.
