FEL2015 - List of Keywords (electron)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MOA02	First Lasing of the Third Stage of Novosibirsk FEL	FEL, undulator, radiation, linac	1
	O.A. Shevchenko, V.S. Arbuzov, K.N. Chernov, I.V. Davidyuk, E.N. Dementyev, B.A. Dovzhenko, Ya.V. Getmanov, B.A. Knyazev, E.I. Kolobanov, A.A. Kondakov, V.R. Kozak, E.V. Kozyrev, V.V. Kubarev, G.N. Kulipanov, E.A. Kuper, I.V. Kuptsov, G.Y. Kurkin, L.E. Medvedev, S.V. Motygin, V.N. Osipov, V.K. Ovchar, V.M. Petrov, A.M. Pilan, V.M. Popik, V.V. Repkov, T.V. Salikova, M.A. Scheglov, I.K. Sedlyarov, G.V. Serdobintsev, S.S. Serednyakov, A.N. Skrinsky, S.V. Tararyshkin, V.G. Tcheskidov, A.G. Tribendis, N. Vinokurov, P. Vobly BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
	Novosibirsk FEL facility is based on the first in the world multi-turn energy recovery linac (ERL). It comprises three FELs (stages). FELs on the first and the second tracks were commissioned in 2004 and 2009 respectively and operate for users now. The third stage FEL is installed on the fourth track of the ERL. It includes three undulator sections and 40-meters-long optical cavity. The design tuning range of this FEL is from 5 to 20 microns and the design average power at bunch repetition rate 3.74 MHz is about 1 kW. Recent results of the third stage FEL commissioning are reported.
	Slides MOA02 [4.901 MB]
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MOB01	Three-Plus Decades of Tapered Undulator FEL Physics	FEL, radiation, undulator, controls	5
	W.M. Fawley Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy W.M. Fawley SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
	Beginning with the classic 1981 work of Kroll-Morton-Rosenbluth (), multiple generations of FEL scientists have studied and used experimentally undulator tapering to improve and optimize the radiation output of both amplifier and oscillator FELs. Tapering has undergone a renaissance of interest, in part to make possible TW instantaneous power levels from x-ray FELs. In this talk, I will give a highly personalized (and undoubtedly strongly biased) historical survey of tapering studies beginning with the ELF 35-GHz experiments at Livermore in the mid-1980's and continuing up to quite recent studies at the LCLS at both soft and hard x-ray wavelengths. () N.M. Kroll, P.L. Morton, and M.N. Rosenbluth, IEEE J. Quantum Elec., QE-17, 1436 (1981).
	Slides MOB01 [2.106 MB]
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MOB02	X-Ray FEL R&D: Brighter, Better and Cheaper	FEL, undulator, photon, radiation	7
	Z. Huang SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
	The X-ray free-electron lasers (FELs), with nine to ten orders of magnitude improvement in peak brightness over the third-generation light sources, have demonstrated remarkable scientific capabilities. Despite the early success, X-ray FELs can still undergo dramatic transformations with accelerator and FEL R&D. In this talk, I will show examples of recent R&D efforts to increase X-ray coherence and brightness, to obtain better control of X-ray temporal and spectral properties, and to develop concepts for compact coherent sources.
	Slides MOB02 [18.004 MB]
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MOB03	Transforming the FEL: Coherence, Complex Structures, and Exotic Beams	FEL, laser, undulator, radiation	10
	E. Hemsing SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
	Modern high brightness electron beams used in FELs are extremely versatile and highly malleable. This flexibility can be used to precisely tailor the properties of the FEL light for improved temporal coherence (as in external seeding), but can also be exploited in new ways to generate exotic FEL modes of twisted light that carry orbital angular momentum (OAM) for new science. In this talk, I will describe how lasers and undulator harmonics can be combined to produce both simple and complex e-beam distributions that emit intense, coherent, and highly tunable OAM light in future FELs.
	Slides MOB03 [12.208 MB]
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MOC02	Optimization of a High Efficiency Free Electron Laser Amplifier	FEL, undulator, radiation, brilliance	17
	E. Schneidmiller, M.V. Yurkov DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	Technique of undulator tapering in the post-saturation regime is used at the existing X-ray FELs for increasing the radiation power. We present comprehensive analysis of the problem in the framework of one-dimensional and three-dimensional theory. We find that diffraction effects essentially influence on the choice of the tapering strategy. Our studies resulted in a general law of the undulator tapering for a seeded FEL amplifier as well as for SASE FEL.
	Slides MOC02 [24.462 MB]
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MOC03	Estimate of Free-Electron Laser Gain Length in the Presence of Electron Beam Collective Effects	emittance, FEL, undulator, collective-effects	24
	S. Di Mitri Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy S. Spampinati Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
	A novel definition for the three-dimensional free electron laser gain length is proposed, which takes into account the increase of electron beam projected emittance as due, for example, to geometric transverse wakefield and coherent synchrotron radiation developing in linear accelerators. The analysis shows that the gain length is affected by an increase of the electron beam projected emittance, even though the slice (local) emittance is preserved, and found to be in agreement with Genesis code simulation results. It is then shown that the minimum gain length and the maximum of output power may notably differ from the ones derived when collective effects are neglected. The proposed model turns out to be handy for a parametric study of electron beam six-dimensional brightness and FEL performance as function, e.g., of bunch length compression factor, accelerator alignment tolerances and optics design. S. Di Mitri, S. Spampinati, Phys. Rev. Special Topics Accel. Beams, 17, 110702 (2014)
	Slides MOC03 [2.528 MB]
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MOC04	Operating of SXFEL in a Single Stage High Gain Harmonic Generation Scheme	laser, bunching, FEL, linac	29
	G.L. Wang, D.X. Dai, G.R. Wu, X.M. Yang, W.Q. Zhang DICP, Dalian, People's Republic of China
	The beam energy spread at the entrance of undulator system is of paramount importance for efficient density modulation in high-gain seeded free-electron lasers (FELs). In this paper, the dependencies of high harmonic bunching efficiency in the high-gain harmonic generation (HGHG) schemes on the electron energy spread distribution are studied. Theoretical investigations and multi-dimensional numerical simulations are applied to the cases of uniform and saddle beam energy distributions and compared to a traditional Gaussian distribution. It shows that the uniform and saddle electron energy distributions significantly enhance the performance of HGHG-FELs. A numerical example demonstrates that, with the saddle distribution of sliced beam energy spread controlled by a laser heater, the 30th harmonic radiation can be directly generated by a single-stage seeding scheme for a soft x-ray FEL facility.
	Slides MOC04 [3.345 MB]
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MOP004	Influence of Horizantal Constant Magnetic Field on Harmonic Undulator Radiations and Gain	undulator, radiation, FEL, resonance	34
	H. Jeevakhan, P.K. Purohit NITTTR, Bhopal, India G. Mishra Devi Ahilya University, Indore, India
	Harmonic undulators has been analyzed in the presence of constant magnetic field along the direction perpendicular to the main undulator field. Effect of constant magnetic field magnitude on trajectory of electron beam , intensity of radiation and FEL gain at fundamental and third harmonics has been evaluated. Performance of harmonic undulator in the presence horizontal component of earth's magnetic field is the practical realization of the suggested scheme.
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MOP008	Theoretical Computation of the Polarization Characteristics of an X-Ray Free-Electron Laser with Planar Undulator	undulator, FEL, radiation, polarization	38
	G. Geloni XFEL. EU, Hamburg, Germany V. Kocharyan, E. Saldin DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	We show that radiation pulses from an X-ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL) with a planar undulator, which are mainly polarized in the horizontal direction, exhibit a suppression of the vertical polarization component of the power at least by a factor λ_w²/(4 pi L_g)², where λ_w is the length of the undulator period and L_g is the FEL field gain length. We illustrate this fact by examining the XFEL operation under the steady state assumption. In our calculations we considered only resonance terms: in fact, non resonance terms are suppressed by a factor λ_w³/(4 pi L_g)³ and can be neglected. While finding a situation for making quantitative comparison between analytical and experimental results may not be straightforward, the qualitative aspects of the suppression of the vertical polarization rate at XFELs should be easy to observe. We remark that our exact results can potentially be useful to developers of new generation FEL codes for cross-checking their results.
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MOP009	Efficient Electron Sources of Coherent Spontaneous Radiation with Combined Helical and Uniform Magnetic Fields	undulator, radiation, solenoid, simulation	43
	N. Balal, V.L. Bratman, E. Magori Ariel University, Ariel, Israel V.L. Bratman IAP/RAS, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
	We discuss two methods to mitigate repulsion of particles in dense electron bunches from photo-injectors and to enhance the power of terahertz radiation. First, the repulsion may be reduced with both very short bunches and undulator periods, reducing the length of a radiation section. According to simulations bunches with duration (50-100) fs, charge (50-200) pC, and energy 6 MeV could fairly effectively radiate at frequencies up to (10-20) THz. The undulator for such a source can be formed by means of redistribution of a solenoid field by a non-magnetized iron helix and a permanently magnetized helix. The second source is based on an idea proposed by A.V. Savilov for electron bunching under conditions when the cyclotron electron frequency is larger than the undulator frequency, and an increase of particle energy in the bunch Coulomb field leads to a decrease in longitudinal momentum and attraction of particles (this effect is analogous to the cyclotron negative-mass instability). A large value of the required uniform field can be used to easily obtain the needed undulator field by placing a simple iron helix inside a pulsed solenoid. Simulations confirm that the corresponding particle attraction can provide a powerful and narrowband radiation at the frequencies (1-3) THz.
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MOP010	Linac Design of the IR-FEL Project in CHINA	FEL, gun, linac, beam-transport	46
	Z.G. He, Q.K. Jia, L. Wang, W. Xu, S.C. Zhang USTC/NSRL, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
	We are building an infrared free-electron laser (IR-FEL) facility that will operate from 5 um to 200 um. This FEL source is drived by a linac, which is composed of a triode electron gun, a subharmonic prebuncher, a buncher, two accelerators, and a beam transport line. The linac is required to operate from 15 to 60 MeV at 1 nC charge, while delivering a transverse rms emittance of smaller than 30 mm-mrad in a 5 ps rms length, smaller than 240 keV rms energy spread bunch at the Far-infrared and Mid-infrared undulators. In this article, the preliminary Linac design studies are described.
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MOP011	Status of CLARA, a New FEL Test Facility	FEL, laser, undulator, gun	49
	J.A. Clarke, D. Angal-Kalinin, A.D. Brynes, R.K. Buckley, S.R. Buckley, L.S. Cowie, D.J. Dunning, B.D. Fell, P. Goudket, A.R. Goulden, P.C. Hornickel, F. Jackson, S.P. Jamison, J.K. Jones, K.B. Marinov, P.A. McIntosh, J.W. McKenzie, K.J. Middleman, B.L. Militsyn, A.J. Moss, B.D. Muratori, M.D. Roper, L.K. Rudge, Y.M. Saveliev, B.J.A. Shepherd, R.J. Smith, S.L. Smith, E.W. Snedden, M. Surman, T.T. Thakker, N. Thompson, R. Valizadeh, A.E. Wheelhouse, P.H. Williams STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom R.B. Appleby, K. Hanahoe, O. Mete Apsimon, H.L. Owen, G.X. Xia UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom P. Atkinson, N. Bliss, R.J. Cash, N.A. Collomb, G. Cox, G.P. Diakun, S. Dobson, A. Gallagher, S.A. Griffiths, C. Hill, C. Hodgkinson, D.M.P. Holland, T.J. Jones, B.G. Martlew, J. Williams STFC/DL, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom R. Bartolini, I.P.S. Martin DLS, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom S.T. Boogert, E. Yamakawa Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, United Kingdom G. Burt, P.N. Ratoff Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom L.T. Campbell, A.J.T. Colin, J. Henderson, B. Hidding, B.W.J. MᶜNeil USTRAT/SUPA, Glasgow, United Kingdom A.M. Kolano University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom A. Lyapin JAI, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom V.V. Paramonov, A.K. Skasyrskaya RAS/INR, Moscow, Russia J.D.A. Smith TXUK, Warrington, United Kingdom S. Spampinati Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom Y. Wei, C.P. Welsch, A. Wolski The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
	CLARA is a new FEL test facility being developed at STFC Daresbury Laboratory in the UK. The main motivation for CLARA is to test new FEL schemes that can later be implemented on existing and future short wavelength FELs. Particular focus will be on ultra-short pulse generation, pulse stability, and synchronisation with external sources. The project is now underway and the Front End section (photoinjector and first linac) installation will begin later this year. This paper will discuss the progress with the Front End assembly and also highlighting other topics which are currently receiving significant attention.
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MOP012	Present Status of Source Development Station at UVSOR-III	laser, radiation, experiment, undulator	54
	N.S. Mirian, K. Hayashi, M. Katoh, J. Yamazaki UVSOR, Okazaki, Japan M. Hosaka, Y. Takashima Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan T. Konomi, N. Yamamoto KEK, Ibaraki, Japan H. Zen Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
	Construction and development of a source development station are in progress at UVSOR-III, a 750 MeV electron storage ring. It is equipped with an optical klystron type undulator system, a mode lock Ti:Sa Laser system, a dedicated beam-line for visible-VUV radiation and a parasitic beam-line for THz radiation. New light port to extract edge radiation was constructed recently. An optical cavity for a resonator free electron laser is currently being reconstructed. Some experiments such as coherent THz radiation, coherent harmonic radiation, laser Compton Scattering gamma-rays and optical vortices are in progress.
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MOP013	The Fermi Seeded FEL Facility: Operational Experience and Future Perspectives	FEL, experiment, laser, photon	57
	L. Giannessi, E. Allaria, L. Badano, F. Bencivenga, C. Callegari, F. Capotondi, D. Castronovo, P. Cinquegrana, M. Coreno, R. Cucini, I. Cudin, G. D'Auria, M.B. Danailov, R. De Monte, G. De Ninno, P. Delgiusto, A.A. Demidovich, S. Di Mitri, B. Diviacco, A. Fabris, R. Fabris, W.M. Fawley, M. Ferianis, E. Ferrari, P. Finetti, P. Furlan Radivo, G. Gaio, D. Gauthier, F. Gelmetti, F. Iazzourene, M. Kiskinova, S. Krecic, M. Lonza, N. Mahne, M. Manfredda, C. Masciovecchio, M. Milloch, F. Parmigiani, E. Pedersoli, G. Penco, L. Pivetta, O. Plekan, M. Predonzani, K.C. Prince, E. Principi, L. Raimondi, P. Rebernik Ribič, F. Rossi, E. Roussel, L. Rumiz, C. Scafuri, C. Serpico, P. Sigalotti, M. Svandrlik, C. Svetina, M. Trovò, A. Vascotto, M. Veronese, R. Visintini, D. Zangrando, M. Zangrando Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy
	FERMI is the seeded FEL user facility in Trieste, Italy, producing photons from the VUV to the soft X-rays with a high degree of coherence and spectral stability. Both FEL lines, FEL-1 and FEL-2, are available for users, down to the shortest wavelength of 4 nm. We report on the completion of the commissioning of the high energy FEL line, FEL-2, on the most recent progress obtained on FEL-1 and on the operational experience for users, in particular those requiring specific FEL configurations, such as two-colour experiments. We will also give a perspective on the improvements and upgrades which have been triggered based on our experience, aiming to maintain as well as to constantly improve the performance of the facility for our user community.
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MOP014	Status of the Soft X-Ray FEL User Facility FLASH	photon, operation, experiment, FEL	61
	K. Honkavaara, B. Faatz, J. Feldhaus, S. Schreiber, R. Treusch, M. Vogt DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	Since 10 years FLASH at DESY (Hamburg, Germany) has provided high brilliance FEL radiation at XUV and soft X-ray wavelengths for user experiments. Recently FLASH has been upgraded with a second undulator beamline, FLASH2, whose commissioning takes place in parallel of the user operation on FLASH1. This paper summarizes the performance of the FLASH facility during the last user period from January 2014 to April 2015.
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MOP017	Beam Commissioning Plan for the SwissFEL Hard-X-Ray Facility	linac, undulator, FEL, operation	69
	T. Schietinger PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	The SwissFEL facility currently being assembled at the Paul Scherrer Institute is designed to provide FEL radiation in the photon wavelength range between 0.1 and 7 nm. The commissioning of the first phase, comprising the electron injector, the main electron linear accelerator and the first undulator line, named Aramis and dedicated to the production of hard X-rays, is planned for the years 2016 and 2017. We present an overview of the beam commissioning plan elaborated in accordance with the installation schedule to bring into operation the various subsystems and establish beam parameters compatible with first pilot user experiments in late 2017.
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MOP018	Comparison of Astra Simulations With Beam Parameter Measurements at the Kaeri Ultrashort Pulse Facility	laser, simulation, quadrupole, emittance	74
	H.W. Kim, I.H. Baek, M.S. Chae, B.A. Gudkov, B. Han, K.H. Jang, Y.U. Jeong, Y. Kim, K. Lee, S.V. Miginsky, S. H. Park, S. Park, S. Setiniyaz, N. Vinokurov KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea K.H. Jang, Y.U. Jeong, H.W. Kim, K. Lee, S.V. Miginsky, S. H. Park, N. Vinokurov University of Science and Technology of Korea (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea S.V. Miginsky, N. Vinokurov BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
	An RF-photogun-based linear accelerator for ultra-short electron beam generation is under construction at Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI). This facility are mainly composed of an 1.5 cell S-band (2856 MHz) RF gun, a travelling wave type linac 3 m long and 90-degree achromatic bends. The emitted electron beams are accelerated in high RF field to ~ 3 MeV. The electrons can be deflected by a first bending magnet installed right after the RF gun. Each beamline has second bending magnet similar to the first one and three quadrupoles between the bending magnets. Two bending and three quadrupole magnets compose the 90-degree achromatic bend. The deflected electron beams will be used for ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) experiments. We have performed computer simulation using ASTRA code to investigate the electron beam dynamics in the system with the input data of bead tested gun electric field distribution and the magnetic fields of the magnets. We will present the simulated and experimental electron beam parameters.
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MOP024	Status, Plans and Recent Results from the APEX Project at LBNL	gun, cathode, linac, cavity	81
	F. Sannibale, K.M. Baptiste, C.W. Cork, S. De Santis, M.R. Dickinson, L.R. Doolittle, J.A. Doyle, J. Feng, D. Filippetto, G.L. Harris, G. Huang, R. Huang, M.J. Johnson, M.S. Jones, T.D. Kramasz, S. Kwiatkowski, D. Leitner, R.E. Lellinger, C.E. Mitchell, V. Moroz, W.E. Norum, H.A. Padmore, G.J. Portmann, H.J. Qian, J.W. Staples, D. L. Syversrud, M. Vinco, S.P. Virostek, R.P. Wells, M.S. Zolotorev LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA R. Huang USTC/NSRL, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
	Funding: Work supported by the Director of the Office of Science of the US Department of Energy under Contract no. DEAC02-05CH11231 The Advanced Photo-injector EXperiment (APEX) at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) is dedicated to the demonstration of the capability of an electron injector based on the VHF-gun, the new concept RF gun developed at LBNL, of delivering the beam quality required by MHz-class repetition rate X-Ray free electron lasers. Project status, plans, and recent results are presented.
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MOP025	Electron Beam Properties from a Compact Seeded Terahertz FEL Amplifier at Kyoto University	emittance, gun, laser, solenoid	85
	K. Damminsek, S. Rimjaem, S. Suphakul, C. Thongbai Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand H. Ohgaki, H. Zen Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
	A compact seeded Terahertz FEL amplifier is started construction at Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Japan. The system consists of a 1.6 cell BNL type S-Band photocathode RF-gun, a magnetic bunch compressor in form of a chicane, triplet quadrupole magnets and a short planar undulator. Electron beams from the photocathode RF-gun were measured and compared with the PARMELA simulation results. Numerical and experimental studies on the contribution of the space charge effect were carried out. By using the RF power of 9 MW, the RF phase of 40 degree, the laser pulse energy of 20 μJ, and the solenoid magnet current of 135 A, the electron beam with a bunch charge of 50 pC, a beam energy of around 5 MeV and an RMS emittance of 6-8 mm-mrad was achieved.
	Poster MOP025 [1.837 MB]
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MOP030	Study of Smith-Purcell Free Electron Laser Using Electron Bunch Produced By Micro-Pulse Electron Gun	bunching, radiation, simulation, cavity	93
	J. Zhao, X.Y. Lu, W.W. Tan, D.Y. Yang, Y. Yang, Z.Q. Yang PKU, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	A Micro-Pulse electron Gun (MPG) with the frequency of 2856 MHz has been designed, constructed and tested. Some primary experimental studies have been carried out and electron beam with the average current of 6 mA has been detected which holds promise to use as an electron source of Smith-Purcell Free Electron Laser (SP-FEL) to produced Coherent Radiation. It is well known that Smith-Purcell radiation is one of the achievable ways to produce FEL. After many years study in theory and experiment, lots of new mechanisms and appearances have been discovered. Coherent Smith-Purcell Radiation was discovered in 1990s as well. Compared with incoherent Smith-Purcell Radiation, It can generate a more powerful and frequency locked coherent emission due to displaying all three of these enhancements, Ng (the number of grating periods), Ne (the number of electrons in the bunch), Nb (the number of electron bunch). Obviously, MPG is one of ideal electron sources of CSPR for that (1) S-band electron source can increase energy density at these frequencies, (2) picosecond or subpicosecond pulse can generate THz radiation, (3) low emittance makes the interactions between electron beam and granting more stable. All of the above will be displayed in the simulation of this article. The progress of the experiment with beam energy of 80 Kev, the average current of 6 mA is also introduced.
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MOP033	Numerical Simulations of a Sub-THz Coherent Transition Radiation Source at PITZ	radiation, simulation, laser, booster	97
	P. Boonpornprasert, M. Krasilnikov, F. Stephan DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany B. Marchetti DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	The Photo Injector Test facility at DESY, Zeuthen site (PITZ), develops high brightness electron sources for modern linac-based Free Electron Lasers (FELs). The PITZ accelerator can be considered as a proper machine for the development of an IR/THz source prototype for pump and probe experiments at the European XFEL. For this reason, the radiation generated by high-gain FEL and Coherent Transition Radiation (CTR) produced by the PITZ electron beam has been studied. In this paper, numerical simulations on the generation of CTR based on the PITZ accelerator are presented. The beam dynamics simulations of electron bunches compressed by velocity bunching are performed by using the ASTRA code. The characteristics of CTR are calculated numerically by using the generalized Ginzburg-Frank formula. The details and results of the simulations are described and discussed.
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MOP036	Femtosecond Synchronization of 80-MHz Ti:Sapphire Photocathode Laser Oscillator with S-Band RF Oscillator	laser, timing, detector, FEL	105
	H. Yang, C. Jeon, K. Jung, J. Kim KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea H. Chung Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong, Republic of Korea B. Han, Y.U. Jeong KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea
	Precision synchronization between lasers and RF sources in free-electron lasers (FELs) and ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) systems is becoming more important. There have been intense research and development toward femtosecond synchronization of lasers and RF sources in the last decade. Most of the previous approaches at large-scale FELs have used cw lasers or low-jitter mode-locked lasers at telecomm wavelength as the master oscillator and distributed the timing signals via stabilized fiber links. However, for smaller-scale FELs and UED, this approach may be a complex and high-cost method. In this work, we studied the possibility of using the commercial Ti:sapphire photocathode laser as the optical master oscillator as well. For its use in UED and FELs, we synchronized the 80-MHz Ti:sapphire photocathode laser oscillator to a 2.856-GHz RF source (used for RF-photogun) with 50-fs precision. Some interesting findings are following. First, intrinsic rms timing jitter of the used photocathode laser is 2.6 fs [10 kHz-10 MHz], which sets the fundamental limit in synchronization. Second, timing jitter in 100 Hz-1 kHz in photocathode laser is so severe (e.g., ~40 fs even feedback control is applied), so that it will require additional external-cavity control for achieving sub-10-fs precision. By addressing this issue, we are currently working toward 10-fs precision.
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MOP038	Stabilization of Magnetron Frequency for a Microtron-Driven FEL	controls, FEL, cavity, microtron	107
	B.A. Gudkov, S. Bae, K.H. Jang, Y.U. Jeong, H.W. Kim, K. Lee, S.V. Miginsky, J. Mun, S. H. Park, G.I. Shim, N. Vinokurov KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea S.V. Miginsky, N. Vinokurov BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
	Under KAERI WCI program we develop a compact pulsed microtron-driven FEL. Electron bunches trains are accelerated in the microtron and transported by the beamline to the undulator. The RF cavity in the microtron is fed by a magnetron. Any accelerator driver for a FEL should provide an electron beam having very stable parameters such as electron energy, current, and especially the bunch repetition rate in a train. All mentioned parameters depend on magnetron current. It means that special attention should be paid for the shape of the current pulse, supplied to the magnetron from the modulator. We developed the modulator project with a computer control that will provide an arbitrary shape of the magnetron current. A simplified prototype was fabricated and tested. The methods of controlling of the pulse shape are considered. Simulation and experimental results are presented.
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MOP039	First Results of Commissioning of the PITZ Transverse Deflecting Structure	simulation, laser, klystron, emittance	110
	H. Huck, P. Boonpornprasert, A. Donat, J.D. Good, M. Groß, I.I. Isaev, L. Jachmann, D.K. Kalantaryan, M. Khojoyan, W. Köhler, G. Kourkafas, M. Krasilnikov, D. Malyutin, D. Melkumyan, A. Oppelt, M. Otevřel, M. Pohl, Y. Renier, T. Rublack, J. Schultze, F. Stephan, G. Trowitzsch, G. Vashchenko, R.W. Wenndorff, Q.T. Zhao DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany G. Asova INRNE, Sofia, Bulgaria M. A. Bakr Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt D. Churanov, L.V. Kravchuk, V.V. Paramonov, I.V. Rybakov, A.A. Zavadtsev, D.A. Zavadtsev RAS/INR, Moscow, Russia C. Gerth, M. Hoffmann, M. Hüning DESY, Hamburg, Germany C. Hernandez-Garcia JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA M.V. Lalayan, A.Yu. Smirnov, N.P. Sobenin MEPhI, Moscow, Russia O. Lishilin, G. Pathak Uni HH, Hamburg, Germany
	For successful operation of X-ray Free Electron Lasers, one crucial parameter is the ultrashort electron bunch length yielding a high peak current and a short saturation length. In order to effectively compress the bunches during the acceleration process, a detailed understanding of the full longitudinal phase space distribution already in the injector is required. Transverse deflecting RF structures (TDS) can shear the bunch transversely, mapping the longitudinal coordinate to a transverse axis on an observation screen downstream. In addition to the bunch length, the slice emittance along the bunch as well as the full longitudinal phase space can be obtained. At the Photo Injector Test Facility at DESY, Zeuthen site (PITZ), an S-band traveling wave TDS is under commissioning since 2015. This cavity is a prototype for the TDS in the injector part of the European XFEL and has been designed and manufactured by the Institute for Nuclear Research (INR, Moscow, Russia). In this paper, first commissioning results of the system at PITZ are presented and discussed.
	Poster MOP039 [0.893 MB]
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MOP044	A Laser Heater for CLARA	laser, FEL, undulator, linac	129
	S. Spampinati Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom B.D. Muratori, N. Thompson, P.H. Williams STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
	CLARA is a new FEL test facility, being developed at STFC Daresbury Laboratory in UK, based on a high brightness electron linac. The electron beam of CLARA can potentially be affected by the longitudinal microbunching instability leading to a degradation of the beam quality. The inclusion of a laser heater in the linac design can allow control of the microbunching instability, the study of microbunching and deliberate increase of the final energy spread to study energy spread requirements of the FEL schemes tested at CLARA. We present the initial design and layout of the laser heater system for CLARA and its expected performance.
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MOP050	Development of Coherent Terahertz Wave Sources using LEBRA and KU-FEL S-band Linacs	FEL, radiation, vacuum, synchrotron-radiation	143
	N. Sei, H. Ogawa AIST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan K. Hayakawa, Y. Hayakawa, M. Inagaki, K. Nakao, K. Nogami, T. Sakai, T. Tanaka LEBRA, Funabashi, Japan H. Ohgaki, H. Zen Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
	Funding: This work is supported by the "ZE Research Program, IAE ZE27B-6". In an infrared free-electron laser (FEL) facility using an S-band linac, a short-bunched electron beam is required to obtain a high FEL gain. Generally, the bunch length of the electron beam is compressed to 1 ps or less before interaction with the photons accumulated in the FEL resonator. This suggests that the electron beam dedicated to the FEL oscillation is suitable for generation of high-peak-power coherent radiation in terahertz (THz) wave region. Using the compressed electron beams, the coherent THz-wave sources have been developed at Laboratory for Electron Beam Research and Application (LEBRA) in Nihon University and Kyoto University Free Electron Laser (KU-FEL). The observed powers have been higher than 100 micro-joule per macropulse. In this presentation, the properties of the high-power coherent THz waves generated at the bending magnets will be reported. N. Sei et al., J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 31 (2014) 2150.
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MOP052	Linear Vlasov Solver For Microbunching Gain Estimation with Inclusion of CSR, LSC, And Linac Geometric Impedances	linac, impedance, simulation, dipole	147
	C.-Y. Tsai Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA D. Douglas, R. Li, C. Tennant JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
	Funding: Authored by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under U.S. DOE Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177. As is known, microbunching instability (MBI) has been one of the most challenging issues in designs of magnetic chicanes for short-wavelength free-electron lasers or linear colliders, as well as those of transport lines for recirculating or energy recovery linac machines. To more accurately quantify MBI in a single-pass system, we further extend and continue to increase the capabilities of our previously developed linear Vlasov solver [1] to incorporate more relevant impedance models into the code, including transient and steady-state free-space and/or shielding CSR impedances, the LSC and linac geometric impedances with extension of the existing formulation to include beam acceleration [2]. Then, we directly solve the linearized Vlasov equation numerically for microbunching gain amplification factor. In this study we apply this code to a beamline lattice of transport arc [3] following an upstream linac section. The resultant gain functions and spectra are presented here, and some results are compared with particle tracking simulation by ELEGANT [4]. We also discuss some underlying physics with inclusion of these collective effects and the limitation of the existing formulation. It is anticipated that this more thorough analysis can further improve the understanding of MBI mechanisms and shed light on how to suppress or compensate MBI effects in lattice designs. [1] C. -Y. Tsai et al., FEL'14 (THP022), IPAC'15 (MOPMA028) and ERL2015 (TUICLH2034) [2] M. Venturini, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 10, 104401 (2007) [3] D. Douglas et al., arXiv: 1403.2318v1 [physics.acc-ph] [4] M. Borland, APS Light Source Note LS-287 (2000)
	Poster MOP052 [4.934 MB]
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MOP053	Intra-Beam Scattering in High Brightness Electron Linacs	emittance, linac, brightness, quadrupole	153
	S. Di Mitri Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy
	Intra-beam scattering (IBS) of a high brightness electron beam in a linac has been studied* analytically, and the expectations found to be in reasonable agreement with particle tracking results from the Elegant code. It comes out that, under standard conditions for a linac driving a free electron laser, IBS plays no significant role in the development of microbunching instability. A partial damping of the instability is envisaged, however, when IBS is enhanced either with dedicated magnetic insertions, or in the presence of an electron beam charge density at least 4 times larger than that produced by present photo-injectors. * S. Di Mitri, Phys. Rev. Special Topics Accel. Beams, 17, 074401 (2014).
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MOP054	Wake Field Potentials of 'Dechirpers'	wakefield, FEL, experiment, focusing	157
	A. Novokhatski SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
	Funding: This work was supported by Department of Energy Contract No. DOE-AC03-76SF00515. A corrugated structure, which is used on 'dechirpers' is usually a pipe or two plates with small corrugations (bumps) on the walls. There is a good single-mode description of the wake potentials excited by a relativistic bunch if the wave length of the mode is much longer than the distance between the bumps in the pipe. However, ultra-short bunches, which are now used in FELs, excite much higher frequency fields and the corresponding wake potentials will be very different from single-mode description. We made analyzes of these wake potentials based on a numerical solution of Maxwell's equations. The behavior of the wake fields of ultra-short bunches in corrugated structures is not much different from the fields excited usually in accelerating structures where the wake potentials are described by the exponential function. As we increase the bunch length, the wake potentials slowly transform to the form of a single mode. For a practical application we present results for a 'dechirper', which will be soon installed at LCLS. We also carried out calculations for a similar device, that was installed and measured at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Korea. We find very good agreement with the experimental results.
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MOP056	Reversible Electron Beam Heater without Transverse Deflecting Cavities	emittance, cavity, optics, synchrotron	166
	G. Stupakov, P. Emma SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
	Funding: This work was supported by Department of Energy contract DE-AC03-76SF00515. Suppression of microbunching instability in modern FELs is an important issue that often limits the performance of the machine. A technique to suppress the instability with the help of a reversible electron beam heater was proposed by C. Behrens, Z. Huang, and D. Xiang []. It employs transverse deflecting cavities synchronized in a way that one of the cavities, located before a bunch compressor, generates a slice energy spread, while the other one removes it after the beam passes through the bunch compressor. Being an attractive approach, this concept unfortunately imposes extremely tight tolerances on the synchronization of the cavities. In this paper we demonstrate that a reversible heater equivalent to that of Behrens et al. can be designed using much simpler elements: bend magnets and quadrupoles in combination with the energy chirp of the beam. C. Behrens, Z. Huang, and D. Xiang, PRST-AB 15, 022802 (2012).
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MOP063	Transverse Emittance Measurement of KAERI Linac with Thick Lens Quadrupole Scan	emittance, quadrupole, space-charge, experiment	185
	S. Setiniyaz, I.H. Baek, M.S. Chae, B.A. Gudkov, B. Han, K.H. Jang, Y.U. Jeong, H.W. Kim, S.V. Miginsky, J.H. Nam, S. Park, N. Vinokurov KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea S.V. Miginsky, N. Vinokurov BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
	The UED (Ultrafast Electron Diffraction) beamline of KAERI (Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute) WCI (World Class Institute) Center has been completed and successfully commissioned. Transverse emittance of the electron beam was measured at the entrance of the UED chamber with the quadrupole scan technique. In this technique, larger drift distance between the quad and screen is preferred because it gives better thin lens approximation. A space charge dominated beam however, will undergo emittance growth in the long drift caused by the space charge force. We suggest mitigating this growth by introducing quadrupole scan with short drift and without thin lens approximation. We shall discuss the measurement process and results.
	Poster MOP063 [1.287 MB]
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MOP066	Electron Bunch Length Measurement using an RF Deflecting Cavity	cavity, simulation, resonance, space-charge	188
	S. Park, E.-S. Kim Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea S. Bae, K.H. Jang, Y.U. Jeong, H.W. Kim, J. Mun, N. Vinokurov KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea
	Recently, the RF photogun based-ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) system has been developed in KAERI. In the system, the emitted electron bunches are experimentally confirmed to be accelerated up to 3 MeV at 5MW of RF power. And the time duration of the each bunch is initially designed to be less than 50 fs at the sample position. To analyses the performance of the system and to measure exactly the length of the electron bunches, we developed a rectangular type of S-band deflecting cavity working on TM120 mode. The principle of electron deflecting in the cavity, design & mechanical fabrication process and test results will be present in the conference.
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MOP067	Transverse Emittance-Preserving Transfer Line and Arc Compressor for High Brightness Electron Sources	emittance, dipole, optics, FEL	191
	S. Di Mitri, M. Cornacchia, S. Spampinati Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy S. Spampinati Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
	Minimizing transverse emittance is essential in single- or few-passes accelerators designed to deliver high brightness electron beams. Emission of coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) is an important factor of emittance degradation. We have demonstrated, with analytical and experimental results, that this perturbation may be cancelled by imposing certain conditions on the electron optics when the bunch length is constant along the line. This scheme of CSR suppression is then enlarged, analytically and numerically, to cover the case of varying bunch length in a periodic arc compressor. The proposed solution hold the promise of cost-saving of compact transfer lines with large bending angles, and new schemes for beam longitudinal gymnastics both in recirculating and in single-pass accelerators driving free electron lasers. S. Di Mitri, M. Cornacchia, S. Spampinati, Phys. Rev. Letters, 110, 014801 (2013) ** S. Di Mitri, M. Cornacchia, Europhys. Letters, 109, 62002 (2015)
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MOP068	First Simulation Results on Free Electron Laser Radiation in Displaced Phase-combined Undulators	undulator, radiation, resonance, FEL	196
	N.S. Mirian UVSOR, Okazaki, Japan E. Salehi AUT, Tehran, Iran
	This report deals with self amplified spontaneous emission free electron laser (FEL) amplifier where the FEL emission is obtained from displaced phase combined undulators. Magnetic field of this adjustment methods in three dimensions is presented. The electron dynamics is investigated. The simulation method and results are explained. The radiation properties of the fundamental resonance and third harmonic through the phase combined undulators are compared with the normal undulator with the same undulator deflection parameter
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MOP070	Harmonic Generation in Two Orthogonal Undulators	polarization, undulator, radiation, simulation	200
	N.S. Mirian UVSOR, Okazaki, Japan
	In this report, the harmonic generation in two orthogonal undulators is under discussion. There is a possibility of generation of the even and odd harmonics as well as no-integer harmonics in two orthogonal undulators. By considering the first order of electron velocity, the total energy radiated per unit solid angle per unit frequency interval for a single electron traveling along the undulators is derived. Also a numerical simulation of one-dimensional non-averaged equations is conducted to present the self amplified spontaneous emission of harmonic generation in two orthogonal undulators.
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MOP071	Carrier-Envelope-Phase Stable Linearly and Circularly Polarized Attosecond Pulse Sources	laser, undulator, radiation, simulation	205
	Z. Tibai, G. Almási, Zs. Csiha-Nagy, J.A. Fülöp, J. Hebling University of Pecs, Pécs, Hungary J.A. Fülöp, Gy. Tóth MTA-PTE High-Field Terahertz Research Group, Pecs, Hungary
	Recently, we proposed a robust method for producing waveform-controlled attosecond pulses in the EUV spectral range.* In our scheme the relativistic electron beam, provided by a LINAC, is sent through a modulator undulator where a TW-power laser beam is superimposed on it in order to generate nanobunches. The nanobunched electron beam passes through a single- or few-period radiator undulator (RU). The waveform of the generated attosecond pulses closely resembles the longitudinal distribution of the magnetic field. According to our calculations, at 20 nm (60 nm) wavelength carrier-envelope-phase (CEP) stable pulses with 23 nJ (80 nJ) energy, 80 as (240 as) duration, and 31 mrad (13 mrad) CEP fluctuation (standard deviation) can be achieved at K=0.5. More than 500 nJ energy is predicted at longer wavelengths and larger K. The energy fluctuation of the EUV pulse is 2.5 times higher than that of the laser. By using a helical RU, even circularly polarized attosecond pulses with 30/300 nJ energy can be generated, depending on the wavelength. To the best of our knowledge, no other presently available technique enables the generation of arbitrary-waveform, CEP-controlled attosecond pulses. The predicted pulse energies are sufficiently high to be used as pump pulses in attosecond pump-probe measurements. * Z. Tibai et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 104801 (2014).
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MOP074	Efficiency Enhancement of a Harmonic Lasing Free-Electron Laser	wiggler, radiation, resonance, FEL	209
	N.S. Mirian UVSOR, Okazaki, Japan B. Maraghechi, E. Salehi AUT, Tehran, Iran
	The harmonic lasing free-electron laser amplifier, in which two wigglers is employed in order for the fundamental resonance of the second wiggler to coincide with the third harmonic of the first wiggler to generate ultraviolet radiation, is studied. A set of coupled nonlinear first-order differential equations describing the nonlinear evolution of the system, for a long electron bunch, is solved numerically by CYRUS code. Thermal effects in the form of longitudinal velocity spread are also investigated. The second wiggler field decreases linearly and nonlinearly at the point where the radiation of the third harmonic saturates to enhance the efficiency. The optimum starting point and the slope of the tapering of the amplitude of the wiggler are found by a successive run of the code. It is found that tapering can increase the saturated power of the third harmonic considerably.
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MOP075	Three-dimensional Simulation of a Harmonic Lasing Free-Electron Laser Amplifier	wiggler, radiation, resonance, FEL	213
	E. Salehi, B. Maraghechi AUT, Tehran, Iran N.S. Mirian UVSOR, Okazaki, Japan
	Three-dimensional simulation of harmonic lasing Free-electron laser is represented in the steady-state regime. Here, the third harmonic of the first wiggler is adjusted at the fundamental resonance of the second wiggler by reducing the magnetic field strength of the second wiggler. The hyperbolic wave equations can be transformed into parabolic diffusion equations by using the slowly varying envelope approximation. A set of coupled nonlinear first-order differential equations describing the nonlinear evolution of the system is solved numerically by CYRUS3D code. This set of equations describes self-consistently the longitudinal spatial dependence of the radiation waists, curvatures, and amplitudes together with the evaluation of the electron beam. Thermal effects in the form of longitudinal velocity spread are also investigated. In order to reduce the length of the wiggler, the prebunched electron beam is considered.
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MOP078	Sub-Radiance and Enhanced-Radiance of Undulator Radiation from a Correlated Electron Beam	radiation, undulator, simulation, wiggler	221
	R. Ianconescu Shenkar College of Engineering and Design, Ramat Gan, Israel A. Gover University of Tel-Aviv, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv, Israel E. Hemsing, A. Marinelli SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA A. Nause UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
	Funding: We acknowledge the United States - Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF) The radiant intensity of Synchrotron Undulator Radiation (UR) depends on the current noise spectrum of the electron beam injected into the wiggler. The current noise spectrum and intensity can be controlled (suppressed or enhanced relative to the shot-noise level) by the effect of collective longitudinal space charge interaction in a drift and dispersion sections[1]. This new control lever is of significant interest for possible control of SASE in FEL, since UR is the incoherent seed of SASE. Thus, control of spontaneous UR is a way to enhance the coherence of seeded FEL [2], or alternatively, obtain enhanced radiation from a cascade noise-amplified electron beam [3]. The dependence of UR emission on the current noise is primarily a result of the longitudinal correlation of the e-beam distribution due to the longitudinal space charge effect. However, at short wavelengths, 3-D effects of transverse correlation and effects of emittance disrupts the proportionality relation between the UR intensity and e-beam current noise. We present analysis and simulation of UR subradiance/superradiance under various ranges of beam parameters, and compare to recent experimental observations [1]. [1] D. Ratner et al., PRST - ACCELERATORS AND BEAMS 18, 050703 (2015) [2] E. Allaria et al., Nat. Photonics 7, 913 (2013) [3] A. Marinelli et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 264802 (27 June 2013)
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MOP079	On the Importance of Electron Beam Brightness in High Gain Free Electron Lasers	FEL, emittance, undulator, brightness	227
	S. Di Mitri Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy
	Linear accelerators delivering high brightness electron beams are essential for driving short wavelength, high gain free-electron lasers (FELs). The FEL radiation output efficiency is often parametrized through the power gain length that relates FEL performance to the electron beam quality at the undulator. Experimental data and simulation results of existing and planned FEL facilities are used to explicit the relationship between the FEL output wavelength and the electron beam six-dimensional brightness. Practical formulas are provided that show the dependence of the exponential gain length on the beam brightness. S. Di Mitri, M. Cornacchia, Phys. Reports, 539 (2014) 1~48. ** S. Di Mitri, Photonics, 2 (2015) 317~341
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MOP081	Generating a Single-Spike SASE Pulse in the Soft X-Ray Regime by Velocity Bunching	FEL, radiation, linac, undulator	233
	J. Lee, B.H. Oh, M. Yoon POSTECH, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
	A bright ultrashort X-ray pulse emerges as a valuable tool for many fields of research nowadays. The single-spike operation of X-ray FEL is one way of making a bright ultrashort X-ray pulse. It requires extreme bunching and a magnetic chicane is a conventional compressor. In a low charge range, a magnetic chicane can be replaced by the velocity bunching technique. In this paper, we present the result of particle tracking simulation generating a single-spike soft X-ray SASE pulse without a magnetic chicane. We also investigate the error effects and show that this scheme is feasible under current technology.
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MOP082	New Soft X-Ray Undulator Line Using 10 GeV Electron Beam in PAL-XFEL	undulator, photon, linac, simulation	237
	C.H. Shim, I.S. Ko POSTECH, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea Y.W. Parc PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
	PAL-XFEL is designed to have five undulator lines and only two undulator lines, the HXR undulator line with 10 GeV electron beam and the SXR undulator line with 3.15 GeV electron beam, will be installed during phase I. A photon beam energy from 0.28 to 1.24 keV will be provided at the SXR undulator line and different range from 2 to 20 keV will be supplied at the HXR undulator line. According to existing schedule, however, photon beam energy from 1.24 to 2 keV won't be provided in PAL-XFEL. In this research, new soft X-ray undulator line for PAL-XFEL using 10 GeV electron beam in main linac is proposed to cover the vacant photon energy. Four candidates are evaluated by estimating and comparing FEL performances using Ming Xie's formula.
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MOP083	FEL Operation Modes of the MAX IV Short Pulse Facility	undulator, radiation, simulation, FEL	241
	A. Mak, F. Curbis, S. Werin MAX-lab, Lund, Sweden
	The Short Pulse Facility (SPF) of the MAX IV Laboratory in Lund, Sweden features the production of ultrashort, incoherent x-ray pulses. It is driven by a 3-GeV linac and comprises two 5-metre undulator modules. While the SPF is designed for spontaneous radiation, we explore alternative operation modes in which the SPF functions as a simple free-electron laser (FEL). In this article, we characterize two of them in time-dependent numerical simulations. We perform a sensitivity study on the electron beam parameters and examine the technique of single-step tapering.
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MOP084	Seeded FEL Study for the Cascaded HGHG option for FLASH2	FEL, undulator, simulation, radiation	246
	G. Feng, W. Decking, M. Dohlus, T. Limberg, I. Zagorodnov DESY, Hamburg, Germany K.E. Hacker DELTA, Dortmund, Germany T. Plath Uni HH, Hamburg, Germany
	The free electron laser (FEL) facility at DESY in Hamburg (FLASH) is the world's first FEL user facility which can produce extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and soft X-ray photons. In order to increase beam time delivered to users, a major upgrade named FLASH II is in progress. As a possibility, a seeding undulator section can be installed between the extraction arc section and the SASE undulator of FLASH2. In this paper, a possible seeding scheme for the cascaded HGHG option for FLASH2 is given. The SASE undulator can be used as the second radiator of the cascaded HGHG. Parameters optimization for the accelerating modules and the bunch compressors has been done to meet the requirement of the electron bunches. In the beam dynamics simulation, collective effects were taken into account. Particle distribution generated from the beam dynamics simulation was used for the seeded FEL study. Space charge and CSR impacts on the microbunches were taken into account during the seeded FEL simulation. The simulation results show that FEL radiation with the wavelength of a few nms and with high monochromaticity can be seeded at FLASH2.
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MOP085	Scheme to Increase the Output Average Spectral Flux of the European XFEL at 14.4 keV	FEL, undulator, photon, scattering	251
	V. Kocharyan, E. Saldin DESY, Hamburg, Germany G. Geloni XFEL. EU, Hamburg, Germany
	Inelastic X-ray scattering and nuclear resonance scattering are limited by the photon flux available at SR sources, up to 10¹⁰ ph/s/meV at 14.4 keV. A thousand-fold increase may be obtained by exploiting high repetition rate self-seeded pulses at the European XFEL. We report on a feasibility study for an optimized configuration of the SASE2 beamline combining self-seeding and undulator tapering at 14.4 keV. One should perform monochromatization at 7.2 keV by self-seeding, and amplify the seed in the first part of the output undulator. Before saturation, the electron beam is considerably bunched at the 2nd harmonic. A second part of the output undulator tuned to 14.4 keV can thus be used to obtain saturation at this energy. One can further prolong the exchange of energy between the photon and the electron beam by tapering the last part of the output undulator. Start-to-end simulations demonstrate that self-seeding, combined with undulator tapering, allows one to achieve more than a hundred-fold increase in average spectral flux compared with the nominal SASE regime at saturation, resulting in a spectral flux of order 10¹³ ph/s/meV. A more detailed description of this study can be found in. G. Geloni, V. Kocharyan and E.~Saldin, "Scheme to increase the output average spectral flux of the European XFEL at 14.4 keV", DESY 15-141 (2015).
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MOD02	Overview of Alternative Bunching and Current-shaping Techniques for Low-Energy Electron Beams	laser, bunching, wakefield, radiation	274
	P. Piot Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA P. Piot Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
	Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy contracts No. DE-SC0011831 to Northern Illinois University and No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the Fermi Research Alliance, LLC Techniques to bunch or shape an electron beam at low energies (E <15 MeV) have important implications toward the realization of table-top radiation sources [1] or to the design of compact multi-user free-electron lasers[2]. This paper provides an overview of alternative methods recently developed including techniques such as wakefield-based bunching, space-charge-driven microbunching via wave-breaking [3], ab-initio shaping of the electron-emission process [4], and phase space exchangers. Practical applications of some of these methods to foreseen free-electron-laser configurations are also briefly discussed [5]. [1] W. S. Graves, PRL 108, 263904 (2012) [2] A. Zholents, FEL14, 993 (2014) [3] P. Musumeci, PRL 106, 184801 (2011) [4] F. Lemery, PRSTAB 17, 112804 (2014) [5] G. Penco, PRL 112, 044801 (2014)
	Slides MOD02 [5.426 MB]
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MOD03	Alkali Cathode Testing for LCLS-II at APEX	cathode, gun, operation, laser	280
	H.J. Qian, J. Feng, D. Filippetto, J.R. Nasiatka, H.A. Padmore, F. Sannibale LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA R.K. Li, J.F. Schmerge, F. Zhou SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
	Funding: Work supported by the Director of the Office of Science of the US Department of Energy under Contract no. DEAC02-05CH11231 Electron sources of high brightness and high bunch charge (~300 pC) with MHz repetition rate are one of the key technologies for next generation X-FEL facilities such as the LCLS-II at SLAC and the Euro XFEL at DESY. The Advanced Photoinjector EXperiment (APEX) at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) is developing such an electron source based on high quantum efficiency (QE) alkali photocathodes and the VHF-Gun, a new scheme normal conducting RF gun developed at LBNL. The VHF-Gun already demonstrated stable CW operation with high gradient (~ 20 MV/m), high gun voltage (~ 750 kV) and low vacuum pressure (~ 3 E-10 torr) laying the foundation for the generation of high brightness electron beams. In this paper, we report the test and characterization of several different alkali cathodes in high average current (several hundreds of pC/bunch with MHz repetition rate) operation at APEX. Measurements include cathode life time, QE map evolution and thermal emittance characterization, to investigate the compatibility of such cathodes with the challenging requirements of LCLS-II.
	Slides MOD03 [6.030 MB]
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MOD04	Emittance Measurements of the Electron Beam at PITZ for the Commissioning Phase of the European X-FEL	laser, emittance, simulation, gun	285
	G. Vashchenko, P. Boonpornprasert, J.D. Good, M. Groß, H. Huck, I.I. Isaev, D.K. Kalantaryan, G. Kourkafas, M. Krasilnikov, D. Malyutin, D. Melkumyan, A. Oppelt, M. Otevřel, Y. Renier, T. Rublack, F. Stephan DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany G. Asova INRNE, Sofia, Bulgaria M. A. Bakr Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt C. Hernandez-Garcia JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA O. Lishilin, G. Pathak Uni HH, Hamburg, Germany Q.T. Zhao IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	For the operation of free electron lasers (FELs) like the European X-FEL and FLASH located at DESY, Hamburg Site, high quality electron beams are required already from the source. The Photo Injector Test facility at DESY, Zeuthen Site (PITZ) was established to develop, characterize and optimize electron sources for such FELs. Last year the work at PITZ focused on the optimization of a photo injector operated with the startup parameters of the European X-FEL. This implies photocathode laser pulses with a Gaussian temporal profile of about 11-12 ps FWHM to drive the photo gun operated at a gradient of 53 MV/m. Significant effort was spent on the electron beam characterization and optimization for various bunch charges. Emittance measurements were performed as a function of major accelerator parameters such as main solenoid current, laser spot size on the cathode and the gun launching phase. The requirement on the beam emittance for bunch charge of 500 pC for the European XFEL commissioning phase has been demonstrated. Results of these studies accompanied with the corresponding simulations are presented in this paper.
	Slides MOD04 [1.603 MB]
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TUA02	Suppression of FEL Lasing by a Seeded Microbunching Instability	laser, FEL, undulator, photon	289
	C. Lechner, A. Azima, M. Drescher, L.L. Lazzarino, Th. Maltezopoulos, V. Miltchev, T. Plath, J. Rönsch-Schulenburg, J. Roßbach Uni HH, Hamburg, Germany S. Ackermann, J. Bödewadt, G. Brenner, M. Dohlus, N. Ekanayake, T. Golz, T. Laarmann, T. Limberg, E. Schneidmiller, N. Stojanovic, M.V. Yurkov DESY, Hamburg, Germany K.E. Hacker, S. Khan, R. Molo DELTA, Dortmund, Germany
	Funding: Supported by Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany under contract No. 05K10PE1, 05K10PE3, 05K13GU4, and 05K13PE3 and the German Research Foundation programme graduate school GRK1355. Collective effects and instabilities due to longitudinal space charge and coherent synchrotron radiation can degrade the quality of the ultra-relativistic, high-brightness electron bunches driving free-electron lasers (FELs). In this contribution, we demonstrate suppression of FEL lasing induced by a laser-triggered microbunching instability at the free-electron laser FLASH. The interaction between the electron bunches and the 800-nm laser pulses takes place in an undulator upstream of the FEL undulators. A significant decrease of XUV photon pulse energies has been observed in coincidence with the laser-electron overlap in the modulator. We discuss the underlying mechanisms based on longitudinal space charge amplification (LSCA) [E.A. Schneidmiller and M.V. Yurkov, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 13, 110701 (2010)] and present measurements.
	Slides TUA02 [14.298 MB]
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TUA03	Multi-beamline Operation Test at SACLA	operation, undulator, kicker, laser	293
	T. Hara, T. Inagaki, R. Kinjo, C. Kondo, Y. Otake, H. Takebe, H. Tanaka, K. Togawa RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, Japan K. Fukami JASRI/SPring-8, Hyogo-ken, Japan
	A new undulator beamline (BL2) was installed in September 2014 at SACLA. Following the installation of this second beamline, a DC switching magnet was replaced by a kicker magnet and a DC septum magnet for bunch-to-bunch multi-beamline operation. The commissioning of the new beamline and bunch-to-bunch operation was started early this year. Since SACLA has been operated with much higher peak currents around 10 kA compared to its original design value of 3 kA, the CSR effect in the beam transport line to BL2, where the electron beam is deflected twice by 3 degree, turns out to be non-negligible. BL2 is currently operated with reduced peak currents and the photon pulse energies of 100-150 μJ are obtained with increased undulator K-values around 2.6-2.85. Although the photon pulse energies of BL2 are still smaller than those of the existing beamline (BL3), the expected stability of the electron beam orbit after the bunch-to-bunch BL switching was achieved and simultaneous lasing at the two beamlines was demonstrated with 8 GeV electron beams. We will report the status and operational issues related to the multi-beamline operation at SACLA.
	Slides TUA03 [7.095 MB]
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TUA04	First Simultaneous Operation of Two Sase Beamlines in FLASH	undulator, photon, operation, FEL	297
	M. Scholz, B. Faatz, S. Schreiber, J. Zemella DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	FLASH2, the second undulator beamline of the FLASH FEL user facility at DESY (Hamburg, Germany) is under commissioning. Its first lasing was achieved in August 2014. FLASH is the first soft X-ray FEL operating two undulator beamlines simultaneously. Both undulator beamlines are driven by a common linear superconducting accelerator with a beam energy of up to 1.25 GeV. Fast kickers and a septum are installed to distribute one part of the electron bunch train to FLASH1 and the other part to FLASH2 with full repetition rate. The commissioning of FLASH2 takes place primarily in parallel to FLASH1 user operation. Various beam optics measurements has been carried out in order to ensure the required electron beam quality for efficient SASE generation. This paper reports the status of the FLASH2 commissioning.
	Slides TUA04 [9.655 MB]
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TUB02	Distributed Seeding for Narrow-band X-ray Free-Electron Lasers	undulator, radiation, FEL, simulation	301
	D.C. Nguyen, P.M. Anisimov, C.E. Buechler, Q.R. Marksteiner LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
	Funding: We thank Bruce Carlsten, John Lewellen, Steve Russell, and Rich Sheffield (LANL), Craig Ogata and Yuri Shvyd'ko (ANL) for helpful discussion, and the MaRIE project for financial support. The MaRIE XFEL is the proposed XFEL driven by a 12-GeV electron beam to generate coherent 42-keV photons based on a new seeding technique called distributed seeding (DS). This paper presents details of the distributed seeding technique using Si(111) Bragg crystals as the spectral filters. DS differs from self-seeding in three important aspects. First, DS relies on spectral filtering of the undulator radiation at more than one location early in the exponential gain curve. This leads to an FEL output that is dominated by the coherent seed signal, not SASE noise. Secondly, DS affords the ability to select a wavelength longer than the peak of the SASE gain curve, which leads to improved spectral contrast of the seeded FEL over the SASE background. Lastly, the power growth curves in successive DS stages exhibit the behavior of an FEL amplifier, i.e. a lethargy region followed by the exponential growth region. This behavior results in FEL output pulses that are less spiky than the SASE pulses. Using 3D Genesis simulations, we show that DS with two filters provides a 12X enhancement in spectral brightness relative to SASE and that DS with three filters produces negligible SASE background. The DS FEL spectrum has a relative spectral bandwidth (FWHM) of 8 X 10^-5 with about 9 spectral modes.
	Slides TUB02 [1.241 MB]
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TUB05	Tunable High-power Terahertz Free-Electron Laser Amplifier	FEL, laser, radiation, simulation	305
	G. Zhao, S. Huang, K.X. Liu, W. Qin, L. Zeng PKU, Beijing, People's Republic of China C.H. Chen, Y.C. Chiu, Y.-C. Huang NTHU, Hsinchu, Taiwan
	In the THz spectrum, radiation sources are relatively scarce. Although recent advancement on optical technologies has enabled THz radiation generation covering a broad spectral range, free-electron laser (FEL) continues to be the most importance source for generating high-power THz radiation. Here we present an ongoing collaboration between Peking University (PKU) and National Tsinghua University (NTHU) to demonstrate high peak and average powers from a THz free-electron laser amplifier driven by a superconducting accelerator system at PKU. The superconducting accelerator comprises the DC-SRF photoinjector and a linac utilizing two 1.3 GHz Tesla-type cavities. It is expected to deliver high repetition rate electron beam with the energy of 10-25 MeV and rms bunch length of about 3 ps. The driver laser of the photoinjector is a mode-locked frequency-quadrupled Nd:YVO4 laser at 266 nm. We use the remaining gun driver laser power at 1064 nm to pump a THz parametric amplifier (TPA) which designed at NTHU and generate the THz seed radiation for the FEL amplifier. The signal laser of the TPA is tunable over 2 THz, permitting generation of radiation between 0.5 and 2.5 THz to seed the FEL amplifier. With our design parameters and computer simulation in GENESIS, we expect to generate narrow-band, wavelength-tunable THz radiation with sub-MW peak power and Watt-level average power.
	Slides TUB05 [2.349 MB]
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TUP001	THz Photo-Injector FEM Based on Spontaneous Coherent Emission from a Bunch of Negative-Mass Electrons	undulator, radiation, cyclotron, simulation	317
	A.V. Savilov, I.V. Bandurkin IAP/RAS, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
	The use of short dense electron bunches produced form a photo-injector gun is attractive for realization of a THz FEL based on spontaneous coherent emission from such bunches. This type of emission is realized, when the axial length of bunches is shorter that the wavelength of the radiated wave. Therefore, the length of the operating region of such a FEL is strictly limited by degradation (an increase in the axial size) of the e-bunch caused by both the Coulomb repulsion and the velocity spread. The use of the regime of the 'negative mass' can be a way to provide stabilization of the axial size of e-bunches. Such a regime is realized in a magnetostatic undulator with a guiding homogeneous axial magnetic field. If the electron cyclotron frequency (corresponding to the guiding magnetic field) exceeds the bounce-frequency of electron oscillations in the periodic undulator field, then the abnormal dependence of the axial velocity of electrons on their energy takes place (an increase in the energy leads to a decrease in the axial velocity). In such regime, axial Coulomb repulsion of the electrons leads to their mutual attraction which slows down bunch degradation. The use of this regime results in a substantial increase in the length of the spontaneous coherent emission, and, therefore, in an increase in both the duration and the power of the output radiation pulse. The work was supported by the Russian Scientific Foundation (RSCF), Project no. 14-19-01723
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TUP002	Further Studies of Undulator Tapering in X-Ray FELs	undulator, simulation, radiation, laser	321
	A. Mak, F. Curbis, S. Werin MAX-lab, Lund, Sweden
	We further the studies of the model-based optimization of tapered free-electron lasers presented in a recent publication [Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 18, 040702 (2015)]. Departing from the ideal case, wherein the taper profile is a smooth and continuous function, we consider the more realistic case, with individual undulator segments separated by break sections. Using the simulation code GENESIS, we apply our taper optimization method to a case, which closely resembles the FLASH2 facility in Hamburg, Germany. By comparing steady-state and time-dependent simulations, we examine how time-dependent effects alter the optimal taper scenario. From the simulation results, we also deduce that the "traditional" empirical method, whereby the intermediate radiation power is maximized after closing every undulator gap, does not necessarily produce the highest final power at the exit of the undulator line.
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TUP003	Threshold of a Mirror-less Photonic Free Electron Laser Oscillator Pumped by One or More Electron Beams	laser, free-electron-laser, radiation, plasma	327
	P.J.M. van der Slot, K.-J. Boller, A. Strooisma Mesa+, Enschede, The Netherlands
	Funding: This research is supported by the Dutch Technology Foundation STW, which is part of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, and which is partly funded by the Ministry of Economic Affairs Transmitting electrons through a photonic crystal can result in stimulated emission and the generation of coherent Cerenkov radiation. Here we consider a photonic-crystal slab consisting of a two-dimensional, periodic array of bars inside a rectangular waveguide. By appropriately tapering the bars at both ends of the slab, we numerically show that an electromagnetic wave can be transmitted through the waveguide filled with the photonic-crystal slab with close to zero reflection. Furthermore, the photonic-crystal slab allows transmission of electrons in the form of one or more beams. By appropriately designing the photonic-crystal slab, we obtain a backward wave interaction at low electron-beam energy of around 15 kV, that results in distributed feedback of the radiation on the electrons without any external mirrors being present. Here we discuss the dynamics of the laser oscillator near threshold and numerically show that the threshold current can be distributed over multiple electron beams, resulting in a lower current per beam.
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TUP004	Three-dimensional, Time-dependent Simulation of Free-Electron Lasers	undulator, simulation, FEL, experiment	331
	P.J.M. van der Slot Mesa+, Enschede, The Netherlands H. Freund, P.J.M. van der Slot CSU, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
	Minerva is a simulation code that models the interaction of electrons with an optical field inside an undulator. Minerva uses a modal expansion for the optical field and the full Newton-Lorentz force equation to track the particles through the optical and magnetic fields. To allow propagation of the optical field outside the undulator and interact with optical elements, MINERVA interfaces with the optical propagation code OPC to mode, for example, FEL oscillators. As there exists a large variety of FELs ranging from long-wavelength oscillators to soft and hard X-ray FELs that are either seeded or starting from noise, a simulation code, such as Minerva, should be capable of modelling this huge variety of FEL configurations. Here we present a validation of the Minerva code against experimental data for various FEL configurations, ranging from long wavelength FEL oscillators to hard X-ray SASE FEL.
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TUP005	A Mirror-Less, Multi-Beam Photonic Free-Electron Laser Oscillator Pumped Far Beyond Threshold	laser, radiation, free-electron-laser, feedback	334
	P.J.M. van der Slot, K.-J. Boller, A. Strooisma Mesa+, Enschede, The Netherlands
	Funding: This research is supported by the Dutch Technology Foundation STW, which is part of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, and which is partly funded by the Ministry of Economic Affairs In a photonic free-electron laser electrons are transmitted through a photonic crystal in the form of one or multiple electron beams to generate coherent Cerenkov radiation. Here we consider a photonic-crystal slab consisting of a two-dimensional, periodic array of bars inside a rectangular waveguide, with both ends tapered to provide complete transmission of an electromagnetic wave. By appropriately designing the photonic-crystal slab, we obtain a backward wave interaction at low electron beam energy of around 15 kV, that results in distributed feedback of the radiation on the electrons without any external mirrors being present. Here we numerically study the dynamics of the laser oscillator when pumped far beyond threshold with one or multiple electron beams. We show that using multiple beams with the same total current provide better suppression of higher-order modes and can produce more output power, compared to the laser pumped by a single beam of the same total current.
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TUP006	Quantum Nature of Electrons in Classical X-ray FELs	FEL, undulator, radiation, laser	338
	P.M. Anisimov LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
	X-ray FELs built to date are well described by the classical theory. This theory in its simplest form is expressed as a system of pendulum equations for electrons coupled to the electromagnetic field. The FEL interaction requires bunching of the electrons on a scale less than radiation wavelength. The progress in the development of FELs and the need to reach even shorter laser radiation wavelength with low energy electrons require that the quantum characteristic of the FEL interaction to be properly considered. Quantum theories have been already proposed by a number of authors. These theories, however, have been developed for regimes that are not relevant for modern/planned X-ray FELs. Here, we focus on quantum effects in modern/future X-ray FELs and stop treating an electron as a point-particle. This results in quantum reduction of the bunching! Starting with the analysis of the free space dispersion for the electron wave packet, we will present a modified 1D FEL theory that takes into account the quantum uncertainty of the electron position in X-ray FELs. This theory allows for a unified classification of FELs with respect to the wave nature of an electron that shows a planned FEL at Los Alamos National Lab to be most affected. The Genesis simulation code has been modified in order to include quantum reduction of the bunching that lead to interesting results. LA-UR-15-26276
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TUP007	High Fidelity Start-to-end Numerical Particle Simulations and Performance Studies for LCLS-II	undulator, FEL, simulation, emittance	342
	G. Marcus, Y. Ding, P. Emma, Z. Huang, T.O. Raubenheimer, L. Wang SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA J. Qiang, M. Venturini LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
	High fidelity numerical particle simulations that leverage a number of accelerator and FEL codes have been used to analyze the LCLS-II FEL performance. Together, the physics models that are included in these codes have been crucial in identifying, understanding, and mitigating a number of potential hazards that can adversely affect the FEL performance, some of which are discussed in papers submitted to this conference[, ]. Here, we present a broad overview of the LCLS-II FEL performance, based on these start-to-end simulations, for both the soft X-ray and hard X-ray undulators including both SASE and self-seeded operational modes. M. Venturini, et al., The microbunching instability and LCLS-II lattice design: lessons learned, FEL'15 ** Z. Zhang, et al., Microbunching-induced sidebands in a seeded free-electron laser, FEL'15
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TUP008	High-Gain FEL in the Space-Charge Dominated Raman Limit	FEL, space-charge, undulator, simulation	347
	I.I. Gadjev, C. Emma, A. Nause, J.B. Rosenzweig UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
	While FEL technology has reached the EUV and X-ray regime at existing machines such as LCLS and SACLA, the scale of these projects is often impractical for research and industrial applications. Sub-millimeter period undulators can reduce the size of a high-gain EUV FEL, but will impose stringent conditions on the electron beam. In particular, a high-gain EUV FEL based on undulators with a sub-millimeter period will require electron beam currents upwards of 1 kA at energies below 100 MeV. Coupled with the small gap of such undulators and their low undulator strengths, K < 0.1, these beam parameters bring longitudinal space-charge effects to the foreground of the FEL process. When the wavelength of plasma oscillations in the electron beam becomes comparable to the gain-length, the 1D theoretical FEL model transitions from the Compton to the Raman limit. In this work, we investigate the behavior of the FEL's gain-length and efficiency in these two limits. The starting point for the analysis was the one-dimensional FEL theory including space-charge forces. The derived results were compared to numerical results of Genesis 1.3 simulations. This theoretical model predicts that in the Raman limit, the gain-length scales as the beam current to the -1/4th power while the efficiency plateaus to a constant.
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TUP009	Coherent Thomson Scattering Using the PEHG	radiation, laser, scattering, simulation	351
	S. Chen, K. Ohmi, D. Zhou KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
	Electron beam is density modulated by the phase-merging effect to obtain ultra-short longitudinal structures in the phase space. Coherent radiations are then generated by the coherent Thomson scattering between the phase-merged beam and a long wavelength laser pulse.
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TUP010	Recent Progress in Upgrade of the High-Intensity THz-FEL at Osaka University	FEL, linac, klystron, operation	354
	G. Isoyama, M. Fujimoto, S. Funakoshi, K. Furukawa, A. Irizawa, R. Kato, K. Kawase, A. Tokuchi, R. Tsutsumi, M. Yaguchi ISIR, Osaka, Japan
	We are upgrading the THz-FEL at Osaka University for its applications to high intensity THz sciences, which originally generated the high intensity FEL with the macropulse energy up to 3.7 mJ and the micropulse energy up to ~10 uJ at a wavelength around 70 um. To increase the micropulse energy, charge in electron bunches is increased four time higher and the bunch intervals are expanded four times longer to maintain the average current in the linac unchanged. In the new operation mode, the macropulse energy increases up to 26 mJ and the micropulse energy to ~0.2 mJ, which is 20 times higher than the energy previously obtained in the conventional mode. We have developed a solid-state switch for the klystron modulator to highly stabilize the klystron voltage, so that the output power of the FEL becomes stable. We are conducting basic studies on FEL for further improvement of its performance, including measurement of power evolution from start-up to saturation, time structures of FEL micropulses measured with a Michelson interferometer, and time structures of macropulses measured with a Schottky diode detector. We will report results of these studies on the THz-FEL at Osaka University.
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TUP011	Performance and Tolerance Studies of the X-Ray Production for the X-Band FEL Collaboration	undulator, simulation, FEL, operation	359
	J. Pfingstner, E. Adli University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
	The X-band FEL collaboration is currently designing an X-ray free-electron laser based on X-band acceleration technology. This paper reports on the recent progress on the design of the undulator part of this machine including simulations of the X-ray production process. The basic parameters have been chosen and a beam transport system has been designed, considering strong and weak focusing of quadrupole and undulator magnets. Simulations of the X-ray production process have been carried out with realistic input beam distributions from particle tracking studies of the linac design team. The expectable X-ray properties for SASE and seeded FEL operation have been investigated and also undulator taper options have been studied.
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TUP012	Plans for an EEHG-based Short-Pulse Facility at the DELTA Storage Ring	radiation, laser, storage-ring, synchrotron	363
	S. Hilbrich, F.H. Bahnsen, M. Bolsinger, M.A. Jebramcik, S. Khan, C. Mai, A. Meyer auf der Heide, R. Molo, H. Rast, G. Shayeganrad, P. Ungelenk DELTA, Dortmund, Germany
	Funding: Work supported by DFG, BMBF, FZ Jülich, and by the Federal State NRW. The 1.5-GeV synchrotron light source DELTA, operated by the TU Dortmund University, comprises a short-pulse facility based on the coherent harmonic generation (CHG) technique, which allows for the generation of radiation pulses with wavelengths down to 50 nm and a duration of 50 fs. In order to reach even shorter wavelengths, the present setup will be modified to employ the echo-enabled harmonic generation (EEHG) and femtoslicing techniques. In this paper, recent developments including an improved lattice design and a concept for the new vacuum chambers will be presented.
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TUP013	The X-Band FEL Collaboration	FEL, undulator, linac, emittance	368
	J. Pfingstner, E. Adli University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway A.A. Aksoy, O. Yavaş Ankara University, Accelerator Technologies Institute, Golbasi / Ankara, Turkey D. Angal-Kalinin, J.A. Clarke STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom C.J. Bocchetta, A.I. Wawrzyniak Solaris, Kraków, Poland M.J. Boland, T.K. Charles, R.T. Dowd, G. LeBlanc, Y.E. Tan, K.P. Wootton, D. Zhu SLSA, Clayton, Australia G. Burt Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom N. Catalán Lasheras, A. Grudiev, A. Latina, D. Schulte, S. Stapnes, I. Syratchev, W. Wuensch CERN, Geneva, Switzerland A. Charitonidis NTUA, Athens, Greece G. D'Auria, S. Di Mitri, C. Serpico Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy T.J.C. Ekelöf, M. Jacewicz, R.J.M.Y. Ruber, V.G. Ziemann Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden W. Fang, Q. Gu SINAP, Shanghai, People's Republic of China E.N. Gazis National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece X.J.A. Janssen VDL ETG, Eindhoven, The Netherlands Z. Nergiz Nigde University, Nigde, Turkey
	The X-band FEL collaboration is currently designing an X-ray free-electron laser based on X-band acceleration technology. Due to the higher accelerating gradients achievable with X-band technology, a X-band normal conducting linac can be shorter and therefore potentially cost efficient than what is achievable with lower frequency structures. This cost reduction of future FEL facilities addresses the growing demand of the user community for coherent X-rays. The X-band FEL collaboration consists of 12 institutes and universities that jointly work on the preparation of design reports for the specific FEL projects. In this paper, we report on the on-going activities, the basic parameter choice, and the integrated simulation results. We also outline the interest of the X-band FEL collaboration to use the electron linac CALIFES at CERN to test FEL concepts and technologies relevant for the X-band FEL collaboration.
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TUP014	Beam Commissioning and Initial Measurements on the MAX IV 3 GeV Linac	linac, gun, storage-ring, sextupole	375
	S. Thorin, J. Andersson, F. Curbis, M. Eriksson, L. Isaksson, O. Karlberg, D. Kumbaro, F. Lindau, E. Mansten, D.F. Olsson, S. Werin MAX-lab, Lund, Sweden
	The linear accelerator at the MAX IV facility in Lund, Sweden, was constructed for injection and top up of the two storage rings and as a high brightness driver for the Short Pulse Facility. It is also prepared to be used as an injector for a possible future Free Electron Laser. Installation of the linac was completed and beam commissioning started in the early fall of 2014. In this paper we present the progress during the first phase of commissioning along with results from initial measurements of optics, emittance, beam energy and charge.
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TUP017	HPC Simulation Suite for Future FELs	FEL, simulation, software, plasma	384
	L.T. Campbell, A.J.T. Colin, B.W.J. MᶜNeil, P. Traczykowski USTRAT/SUPA, Glasgow, United Kingdom R.J. Allan The Hartree Centre, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC/DL), Warrington, United Kingdom D.J. Dunning, N. Thompson, P.H. Williams STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom D.J. Dunning, B.D. Muratori, N. Thompson, P.H. Williams Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom J.D.A. Smith Tech-X, Boulder, Colorado, USA
	A new HPC simulation suite, intended to aid in both the investigation of novel FEL physics and the design of new FEL facilities, is described. The integrated start-to-end suite, currently under development, incorporates both plasma (VSim) and linac (ELEGANT, ASTRA) accelerator codes, and will include the 3D unaveraged FEL code Puffin to probe novel FEL effects.
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TUP019	Time Locking Options for the Soft X-Ray Beamline of SwissFEL	laser, FEL, undulator, radiation	388
	E. Prat, S. Reiche PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	SwissFEL is an FEL facility presently under construction at the Paul Scherrer institute that will serve two beamlines: Aramis, a hard X-ray beamline which is in construction phase and will provide FEL radiation in 2017 with a wavelength between 0.1 and 0.7 nm; and Athos, a soft X-ray beamline which is in design phase and it is expected to offer FEL light in 2021 for radiation wavelengths between 0.7 and 7 nm. A passive synchronization of the FEL signal to a laser source is fundamental for key experiments at Athos, such as the time-resolved resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) experiments. In this paper we explore different options to achieve this time synchronization by means of energy modulating the electron beam with an external laser.
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TUP020	Recent Study in iSASE	FEL, distributed, laser, undulator	393
	K. Fang, C. Pellegrini, J. Wu SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA C. Emma, C. Pellegrini UCLA, Los Angeles, USA S. Hsu University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California, USA
	The Improved Self-Amplified Spontaneous Radiation (iSASE) scheme has potential to reduce SASE FEL bandwidth. This is achieved by repeatedly delaying the electrons with respect to the radiation pulse using phase shifters in the undulator break sections. It has been shown that the strength, locations and sequences of phase shifters are important to the iSASE performance. Particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to explore the phase shifters configuration space globally.
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TUP021	Fundamental Limitations of the SASE FEL Photon Beam Pointing Stability	FEL, radiation, emittance, undulator	397
	E. Schneidmiller, M.V. Yurkov DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	The radiation from SASE FEL has always limited value of the degree of transverse coherence. Two effects define the spatial coherence of the radiation: the mode competition effect, and the effect of poor longitudinal coherence. For the diffraction limited case we deal mainly with the effect of the poor longitudinal coherence leading to significant degradation of the spatial coherence in the post-saturation regime. When transverse size of the electron beam significantly exceeds diffraction limit, the mode competition effect does not provide the selection of the fundamental FEL mode, and spatial coherence degrades due to contribution of the higher azimuthal modes. Another consequence of this effect are fluctuations of the spot size and pointing stability of the photon beam. These fluctuations are fundamental and originate from the shot noise in the electron beam. The effect of pointing instability becomes more pronouncing for shorter wavelengths. Our study is devoted to the fundamental analysis of the effect and description of possible means for improving the degree of transverse coherence and the pointing stability.
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TUP022	Measurement of Spatial Displacement of X-rays in Crystals for Self-Seeding Applications	experiment, FEL, detector, radiation	405
	A. Rodriguez-Fernandez, B. Pedrini, S. Reiche PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland K. Finkelstein Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
	Free-electron laser (FEL) radiation arises from shot noise in the electron bunch, which is amplified along the undulator section and results in X-ray pulses consisting of many longitudinal modes [1]. The output bandwidth of FELs can be decreased by seeding the FEL process with longitudinally coherent radiation. In the hard x-ray region, there are no suitable external sources. This obstacle can be overcome by self-seeding. The X-ray beam is separated from the electrons using a magnetic chicane, and then monochromatized. The monochromatized X-rays serve as a narrowband seed, after recombination with the electron bunch, along the downstream undulators. This scheme generates longitudinally coherent FEL pulses.[2] have proposed monochromatization based on Forward Bragg Diffraction (FBD), which introduces a delay of the narrowband X-rays pulse of the order of femtoseconds that can be matched to the delay of the electron bunch due to the chicane. Unfortunately, the FBD process produces a small transverse displacement of the X-ray beam, which results in the loss of efficiency of the seeding process [3]. Preliminary results from an experiment performed at Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source seem to confirm the predicted transverse displacement, which is therefore to be taken into account in the design of self-seeding infrastructure for optimizing the FEL performance. [1] J.S. Wark et al., J. Apply. Crystallogr. 32, 692 (1999) [2] G. Geloni et al., DESY report 10-053 (2010). [3] Y. Shvyd'ko et al., Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 15, 100702 (2012)
	Poster TUP022 [5.503 MB]
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TUP023	A Modified Self-Seeded X-ray FEL Scheme Towards Shorter Wavelengths	FEL, laser, radiation, undulator	409
	L. Zeng, J.E. Chen, S. Huang, K.X. Liu, W. Qin PKU, Beijing, People's Republic of China Y. Ding, Z. Huang, G. Marcus SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
	We present a modified self-seeded FEL scheme for harmonic generation. Different from classical HGHG scheme whose seed laser is a conventional laser with longer wavelength, this scheme first uses a regular self-seeding monochromator to generate a seed laser, followed by a HGHG configuration to produce shorter-wavelength radiations. As an example, we perform start-to-end simulations to demonstrate the second and third harmonic FELs from a soft x-ray self-seeding case at the fundumental wavelength of 1.72 nm. The harmonic performance results will be discussed.
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TUP025	Studies of Undulator Tapering for the CLARA FEL	FEL, undulator, laser, brightness	412
	I.P.S. Martin, R. Bartolini DLS, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom R. Bartolini JAI, Oxford, United Kingdom D.J. Dunning, N. Thompson STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
	Undulator tapering is a well-known method for enhancing the performance of free-electron lasers [1]. It works by keeping the resonant wavelength constant, despite variation in the electron beam energy. Both the energy-extraction efficiency and the spectral brightness of the FEL can be improved using this technique. In this paper we present recent studies of undulator tapering for the CLARA FEL in both SASE and seeded modes. The methods used to optimise the taper profile are described, and the properties of the final FEL pulses are compared. [1] N.M. Kroll, P.L. Morton, M.N. Rosenbluth, J. Quantum Electronics 17, 8 (1981).
	Poster TUP025 [0.919 MB]
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TUP027	Facility Upgrades for the High Harmonic Echo Program at SLAC's NLCTA	laser, undulator, radiation, focusing	422
	B.W. Garcia, M.P. Dunning, C. Hast, E. Hemsing, T.O. Raubenheimer SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA D. Xiang Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
	The Echo program currently underway at SLAC's NLCTA test accelerator aims to use Echo-Enabled Harmonic Generation (EEHG) to produce considerable bunching in the electron beam at high harmonics of a 2.4um seed laser. The production of such high harmonics in the EUV wavelength range necessitates an efficient radiator and associated light diagnostics to accurately characterize and tune the echo effect. We have installed and commissioned the Visible to Infrared SASE Amplifier (VISA) undulator, a strong focusing two meter long planar undulator of Halbach array design with 1.8cm period length. To characterize the output radiation, we have designed, built, and calibrated a grazing incidence EUV spectrometer which operates between 12-120nm with resolution sufficient to resolve individual harmonics. An absolute wavelength calibration is achieved by using both EEHG and High Gain Harmonic Generation (HGHG) signals from the undulator.
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TUP028	DESIGN OF THE MID-INFRARED FEL OSCILLATOR IN CHINA	FEL, undulator, cavity, laser	427
	H.T. Li, Q.K. Jia, L. Wang, S.C. Zhang USTC/NSRL, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
	In 2014, Xiamen University and other three research organizations received the approval to realize an infrared free electron laser (IR-FEL) for fundamental of energy chemistry. The IR-FEL covers the spectral range of 2.5-200 μm and will be built in NSRL. Two FEL oscillators driven by one Linac will be used to generate mid- infrared and far-infrared lasers. In this article we describe the design studies for the mid-infrared FEL oscillator.
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TUP030	Time Dependent Study for an X-ray FEL Oscillator at LCLS-II	cavity, photon, undulator, free-electron-laser	433
	J. Zemella DESY, Hamburg, Germany W.M. Fawley, T.J. Maxwell SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA R.R. Lindberg ANL, Argonne, Illinois, USA
	The LCLS-II with its high repetition rate and high quality beam will be capable of driving an X-ray free electron laser oscillator at higher harmonics in the hard X-ray regime (0.1 nm). The oscillator consists of a low loss X-ray crystal cavity using diamond Bragg crystals with meV bandwidth. The expected average spectral flux has been estimated to be at least two orders of magnitude greater than present synchrotron-based sources with highly stable, coherent pulses of duration 1 ps or less for applications in Mössbauer spectroscopy and inelastic x-ray scattering. A more detailed study of the start up of a fifth-harmonic X-ray FEL oscillator at LCLS-II will be presented with full, time-dependent simulations.
	Poster TUP030 [0.619 MB]
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TUP032	Numerical Studies of the Influence of the Electron Bunch Arrival Time Jitter on the Gain Process of an XFEL-Oscillator for the European XFEL	simulation, undulator, radiation, FEL	436
	C.P. Maag, J. Zemella DESY, Hamburg, Germany J. Roßbach Uni HH, Hamburg, Germany
	The superconducting linac of the European XFEL Laboratory in Hamburg will produce electron bunch trains with a time structure that allow in principle the operation of an XFELO (X-ray FEL-Oscillator). The electron bunches of the European XFEL have an expected length between 2 and 180 fs (FWHM) with an expected arrival time jitter of about 30 fs (RMS). A jitter of the electron bunch arrival time leads to a detuning between the electron and photon pulse. Since an XFEL-Oscillator relies on a spatial overlap of electron and photon pulse, the influence of a lack of longitudinal overlap is studied. The simulations are performed for different bunch lengths and levels of arrival time jitter. The results of a simulation are presented where angular, transversal and arrival time jitter are taken into account simultaneously, assuming parameters expected for the European XFEL Linac.
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TUP034	New Ellipsoidal Photocathode Laser Pulses at the Upgraded PITZ Facility	gun, laser, cathode, simulation	439
	J.D. Good, P. Boonpornprasert, M. Groß, H. Huck, I.I. Isaev, D.K. Kalantaryan, G. Kourkafas, M. Krasilnikov, D. Melkumyan, A. Oppelt, M. Otevřel, Y. Renier, T. Rublack, F. Stephan, G. Vashchenko DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany A.V. Andrianov, E. Gacheva, E. Khazanov, S. Mironov, A. Poteomkin, V. Zelenogorsky IAP/RAS, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia G. Asova INRNE, Sofia, Bulgaria M. A. Bakr Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt I. Hartl, S. Schreiber DESY, Hamburg, Germany C. Hernandez-Garcia JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA M. Khojoyan SOLEIL, Gif-sur-Yvette, France O. Lishilin, G. Pathak Uni HH, Hamburg, Germany D. Malyutin HZB, Berlin, Germany E. Syresin JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia Q.T. Zhao IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	High brightness electron sources for free electron lasers like FLASH and the European XFEL are developed, optimized and characterized at the Photo Injector Test facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ). Last year the facility was significantly upgraded with a new prototype photocathode laser capable of producing homogeneous ellipsoidal pulses. Previous simulations have shown that the corresponding pulses produce high brightness electron bunches with minimized emittance. Furthermore, a new normal conducting RF gun cavity was installed with a modified two-window waveguide RF feed layout for stability and reliability tests, as required for the European XFEL. Other relevant additions to the facility include beamline modifications for improved electron beam transport through the PITZ accelerator, refinement of both the cooling and RF systems for improved parameter stability, and preparations for the installation of a plasma cell. This paper describes the facility upgrades and reports on the operational experience with the new components.
	Poster TUP034 [1.211 MB]
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TUP038	Construction of the EU-XFEL Laser Heater	laser, vacuum, undulator, ion	452
	M. Hamberg, V.G. Ziemann Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
	Funding: We thank the Swedish research council under Project number DNR-828-2008-1093 for financial support. Installation of the laser heater for the EU-XFEL is completed and first commissioning runs are imminent. We discuss the installation of the key elements and provide an outlook of the commissioning phase.
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TUP040	Simulation and Design of Low Emittance RF Electron Gun	emittance, gun, cavity, coupling	455
	C. Saisa-ard, S. Rimjaem Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
	Funding: This work has been supported by the CMU Junior Research Fellowship Program and the Department of Physics and Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University. Generation of high-brightness electron beam is one of the most critical issues in development of advanced electron accelerators and light sources. At the Plasma and Beam Physics (PBP) Research Facility, Chiang Mai University, a low emittance RF electron gun is under the development. This RF-gun is planned to be used as an electron source for a future IR/THz FEL facility. An extra resonant cavity is added to the modified design of the existing PBP-CMU RF-gun in order to reduce the transverse sliced emittance. This cell is coupled to the main full-cell via a side-coupling cavity. The electromagnetic field distributions inside the cavities are simulated by using the CST Microwave Studio 2012. Then, beam dynamic simulations utilizing the program PARMELA are performed. Both RF and beam dynamic simulation results are reported and discussed in this contribution. The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support to participate this conference by the Department of Physics and Materials Science and the Graduate School, Chiang Mai University.
	Poster TUP040 [2.140 MB]
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TUP041	Simultaneous Operation of Three Laser Systems at the FLASH Photoinjector	laser, cathode, operation, free-electron-laser	459
	S. Schreiber, C. Grün, K. Klose, J. Rönsch-Schulenburg, B. Steffen DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	The free-electron laser facility FLASH at DESY (Hamburg, Germany) operates two undulator beamlines simultaneously. Both undulator beamlines are driven by a common linear superconducting accelerator with a beam energy of up to 1.25 GeV. The superconducting technology allows the acceleration of trains of several hundred microsecond spaced bunches with a repetition rate of 10 Hz. A fast kickers-septum system is installed to distribute one part of the electron bunch train to FLASH1 and the other part to FLASH2 keeping the full 10 Hz repetition rate for both beamlines. In order to deliver different beam properties to each beamline, the FLASH photoinjector uses two independent laser systems to generate different bunch pattern and bunch charges. One laser serves the FLASH1 beamline, the other the FLASH2 beamline. A third laser with adjus ö laser pulse duration is used to generate ultra-short bunches for single spike lasing.
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TUP042	Lifetime of Cs2Te Cathodes Operated at the FLASH Facility	laser, cathode, gun, operation	464
	S. Schreiber, S. Lederer DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	The injector of the free-electron laser facility FLASH at DESY (Hamburg, Germany) uses Cs2Te photocathodes. We report on the lifetime, quantum efficiency (QE), and darkcurrent of photocathodes operated at FLASH during the last year. Cathode 618.3 has been operated for a record of 439 days with a stable QE in the order of 3%. The fresh cathode 73.3 shows an enhancement of emitted electrons for a few microseconds of a 1 MHz pulse train.
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TUP043	PAL-XFEL Cavity BPM Prototype Beam Test at ITF	cavity, pick-up, dipole, simulation	468
	S.J. Lee, J.H. Han, H.-S. Kang, C. Kim, S.H. Kim, I.S. Ko, Y.J. Park, D.C. Shin PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
	To achieve sub-micrometer resolution, PAL-XFEL undulator section will use X-band Cavity beam position monitor (BPM) systems. The prototype cavity BPM pick-up was designed and fabricated to test the performance of the cavity BPM system. The fabricated prototype cavity BPM pick-up was installed at Pohang Accelerator Laboratory injector test facility (PAL ITF) for the beam test. Under 200 pC beam charge condition, the signal properties of the cavity BPM pick-up were measured. Also, the dynamic range of the cavity BPM pick-up was measured by using the corrector magnet. In this paper, the design and beam test results of the prototype cavity BPM pick-up will be discussed.
	Poster TUP043 [0.695 MB]
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TUP049	Prototype of the Improved Electro-Optical Unit for the Bunch Arrival Time Monitors at FLASH and the European XFEL	laser, timing, electronics, pick-up	478
	H. Dinter, M.K. Czwalinna, C. Gerth, K.P. Przygoda, R. Rybaniec, H. Schlarb, C. Sydlo DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	At today's free-electron lasers, high-resolution electron bunch arrival time measurements have become increasingly more important in fast feedback systems providing accurate timing stability for time-resolved pump-probe experiments and seeding schemes. At FLASH and the upcoming European XFEL a reliable and precise arrival time detection down to the femtosecond level has to cover a broad range of bunch charges, which may even change from 1 nC down to 20 pC within a bunch train. This is fulfilled by arrival time monitors which employ an electro-optical detection scheme by means of synchronised ultra-short laser pulses. At both facilities, the new bunch arrival time monitor has to cope with the special operation mode where the MHz repetition rate bunch train is separated into several segments for different SASE beam lines. Each of the segments will exhibit individual timing jitter characteristics since they are generated from different injector lasers and can be accelerated with individual energy gain settings. In this paper, we describe the recent improvements of the electro-optical unit developed for the bunch arrival time monitors to be installed in both facilities.
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TUP050	Extension of Existing Pulse Analysis Methods to High-Repetition Rate Operation: Studies of the "Time-Stretch Strategy"	laser, detector, FEL, storage-ring	483
	S. Bielawski PhLAM/CERCLA, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France J.B. Brubach, L. Cassinari, M.-E. Couprie, M. Labat, L. Manceron, J.P. Ricaud, P. Roy, M.-A. Tordeux SOLEIL, Gif-sur-Yvette, France C. Evain, C. Szwaj PhLAM/CERLA, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France M. Le Parquier CERLA, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France E. Roussel Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy
	Funding: ANR (2010-042301, DYNACO), LABEX CEMPI project (ANR-11-LABX-0007), ERC grant COXINEL (340015), GENCI TGCC/IDRIS (x2014057057,i2015057057). Many single-shot recording setups are based on the encoding of the information onto a laser pulse. This concerns in particular electro-optic sampling of bunch shapes, and VUV/X pulse monitors using transient reflectivity. The upgrade of these methods to high repetition rates presents challenging issues, that are due to the limited speed of the recording cameras. Recently [1], we demonstrated that multi-MHz repetition rates can be achieved using a relatively simple upgrade of existing setups, using the so-called "photonic time-stretch" technique. Here we present guidelines for the practical realization in the case of electro-optic sampling. We also present a performance analysis, and compare it to the spectral encoding case. The technique is potentially applicable to other cases where the information can be encoded on a chirped laser pulse, as, e.g., transient reflectivity diagnostics of XUV pulses. [1] Observing microscopic structures of a relativistic object using a time-stretch strategy, E. Roussel, C. Evain, M. Le Parquier, C. Szwaj, S. Bielawski, L. Manceron, J.-B. Brubach, M.-A. Tordeux, J.-P. Ricaud, L. Cassinari, M. Labat, M.-E Couprie, and P. Roy, Scientific Reports 5, 10330 (2015).
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TUP055	Technical Overview of Bunch Compressor System for PAL XFEL	dipole, quadrupole, vacuum, diagnostics	490
	H.-G. Lee, Y.-G. Jung, H.-S. Kang, D.E. Kim, K.W. Kim, S.B. Lee, D.H. Na, B.G. Oh, K.-H. Park, H.S. Suh, Y.J. Suh PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
	Pohang Accelerator Laboratory(PAL) is developing a SASE X-ray Free Electron Laser based on 10 GeV linear accelerator. Bunch compressor (BC) systems are developed to be used for the linear accelerator tunnel. It consists of three(BC1, BC2, BC3_H) hard X-ray line and one(BC3_S) soft X-ray line. BC systems are composed of four dipole magnets, three quadrupole magnet, BPM and collimator. The support system is based on an asymmetric four-dipole magnet chicane in which asymmetry and variable R56. can be optimized. This flexibility is achieved by allowing the middle two dipole magnets to move transversely. In this paper, we describe the design of the stages used for precise movement of the bunch compressor magnets and associated diagnostics components.
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TUP057	The Highly Adjustable Magnet Undulator	undulator, simulation, permanent-magnet, radiation	499
	M. Hamberg Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
	The highly adjustable magnet undulator is a concept aiming for flexibility and extensive tunability of undulator settings in the linear as well as the helical regime. I report about suggested layout, magnetic simulations.
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TUP065	Beam Dynamics Simulation for the Upgraded PITZ Photo Injector Applying Various Photocathode Laser Pulses	emittance, laser, flattop, cathode	501
	M. A. Bakr, M. Khojoyan, M. Krasilnikov, F. Stephan, G. Vashchenko DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany M. A. Bakr Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
	The Photo Injector Test facility PITZ at DESY, Zeuthen site, characterizes and optimizes high brightness electron sources for linac-based Free Electron Laser (FELs) with a specific focus on the requirements of FLASH and the European XFEL. X-ray FELs require high brightness electron beam in terms of high peak current, small transverse emittance and energy spread. Such high quality beams are mandatory for efficient SASE generation in a single pass through long undulators with narrow gaps. Photocathode laser pulse shaping is a powerful tool to optimize the photo injector performance. Recently, a new photocathode laser system capable of producing 3D quasi-ellipsoidal pulses has been installed at PITZ. It is foreseen to operate this new system in parallel to the nominal one that generates cylindrical pulses with various temporal profiles. A set of numerical simulations was performed to study and compare the beam dynamics of electron beams produced with 3D ellipsoidal laser profile with the typical cylindrically shaped (flat-top) profile. Different bunch charges from 20 pC up to several nC are considered, in order to find an optimum PITZ machine setup which will yield the lowest transverse emittance. we present and discuss the results of this comparison in the submission.
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TUP067	Effect of Hot Ions in LCLC-II	ion, linac, simulation, vacuum	508
	L. Wang, T.O. Raubenheimer SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
	The ions in a linac, such as ERL, draw more attention recently. LCLSII has a long linac with 1MHz repetition rate. The ions, in general, are not deeply trapped due to the long bunch spacing. The effect of ion thermal energy becomes important in this regime. The beam dynamics with ions are studied numerically. There is a linear growth in amplitude, but not exponential growth as traditional fast ion instability. This instability set a maximum bunch-train length to limit the beam amplitude to fractional beam σ. Theoretical works are also done to compare the simulations. We also extend our works to different regimes where the motions of ions from stable to unstable.
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TUP068	Electron Beam Phase Space Tomographie at the European XFEL Injector	optics, emittance, quadrupole, betatron	515
	M. Scholz, B. Beutner DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	Transverse emittances as well as the energy spread and the peak current of the electron bunches are important parameters for high-gain free electron lasers such as the European XFEL. Investigations of the 6D phase space characterisation would give important indications to optimise the beam quality for SASE operation. The injector of the European XFEL includes, inter alia, a laser heater, a transverse deflecting cavity, a spectrometer, a diagnostic section with four OTR screens as well as several quadrupole magnets. In this paper, we will discuss the possibilities to characterise the 6D phase space of the electron beam in the injector of the Eurpean XFEL.
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TUP069	THz Based Phase-Space Manipulation in a Guided IFEL	laser, simulation, coupling, undulator	519
	E.J. Curry, S. Fabbri, P. Musumeci UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA A. Gover University of Tel-Aviv, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv, Israel
	Funding: This work has been supported by DOE grant DE-FG02-92ER40693, and NSF grant PHY-1415583. We propose a guided IFEL interaction driven by a broadband THz source to compress a relativistic electron bunch and synchronize it with an external laser pulse. A high field single-cycle THz pulse is group velocity-matched to the electron bunch inside a waveguide, allowing for a sustained interaction in a magnetic undulator. The THz pulse is generated via optical rectification from the external laser source, with peak field of up to 4.6 MV/m. We present measurements of the THz waveform before and after a parallel plate waveguide with varying aperture size and estimate the group velocity. We also present results from a preliminary 1-D multi-frequency simulation code we are developing to model the guided broadband IFEL interaction. Given a 6 MeV, 100 fs electron bunch with an initial 10^-3 energy spread, as can be readily produced at the UCLA Pegasus laboratory, the simulations predict a phase space rotation of the bunch distribution that will reduce the initial timing jitter and compress the electron bunch by nearly an order of magnitude.
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TUP074	Results from the Nocibur Experiment at Brookhaven National Laboratory's Accelerator Test Facility	laser, undulator, radiation, experiment	540
	N.S. Sudar, J.P. Duris, I.I. Gadjev, P. Musumeci UCLA, Los Angeles, USA M. Babzien, M.G. Fedurin, K. Kusche, I. Pogorelsky, M.N. Polyanskiy, C. Swinson BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
	Conversion efficiencies of electrical to optical power in a Free Electron Laser are typically limited by their Pierce parameter, ρ ~0.1%. Introducing strong undulator tapering can increase this efficiency greatly, with simulations showing possible conversion efficiencies of ~40%. Recent experiments performed with the Rubicon Inverse Free Electron Laser have demonstrated acceleration gradients of ~ 100 MeV/m and high particle trapping efficiency by coupling a pre-bunched electron beam to a high power CO2 laser pulse in a strongly tapered helical undulator. By reversing the undulator period tapering and re-optimizing the field strength along the Rubicon undulator, we obtain an Inverse Free Electron Laser decelerator, which we have aptly renamed Nocibur. This tapering profile is chosen so that the change in beam energy defined by the ponderomotive decelerating gradient matches the change in resonant energy defined by the undulator parameters, allowing the conversion of a large fraction of the electron beam power into coherent narrow-band radiation. We discuss this mechanism as well as results from a recent experiment performed with the Nocibur undulator at Brookhaven National Laboratory's Accelerator Test Facility.
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TUP079	Laser Wakefield Acceleration by using a Laser Produced Aluminium Plasma	plasma, target, laser, acceleration	543
	J. Kim, Y.H. Hwangbo, S.G. Jeon KERI, Changwon, Republic of Korea K.N. Kim, S. H. Park, W.J. Ryu, N. Vinokurov KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea
	In laser wakefield accelerator, usually a gas target is used to generate plasma medium. With this gas target, the pressure of the system cannot be keep as low as possible for electron beam application such as seeding the storage ring. To reduce this vacuum problem in LWFA, a plasma generated from solid Al target was used as plasma medium. A fundamental beam from the Q-switched ns pump laser in the Ti:sapphire power amplifier was used to generate a plasma from solid Al target. The plasma density was controlled by changing the distance between the main laser pulse for electron acceleration and the solid target. The plasma density was measured by the interferometer. The measured density indicates that the average charge of the ion in pre-plasma was 4.4. The main pulse ionized the Al plasma up to Al XII which means that the ionization injection could be used as an injection scheme. A 28 TW fs laser was used to accelerate the electron. A quasi-monochromatic electron was generated. The peak energy was 70 MeV and energy spread was 15 %. The divergence of the beam was 12 mrad in horizontal direction and 6 mrad in vertical direction.
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TUP085	Lebra Free-Electron Laser Elicits Electrical Spikes from the Retina and Optic Nerve of the Slugs Limax Valentianus	FEL, site, experiment, radiation	550
	F. Shishikura, K. Hayakawa, Y. Hayakawa, M. Inagaki, K. Nakao, K. Nogami, T. Sakai, T. Tanaka LEBRA, Funabashi, Japan Y. Komatsuzaki Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
	Since 2001, the Laboratory for Electron Beam Research and Application (LEBRA) has been providing tunable free-electron lasers (FELs) encompassing the near-IR region and some of the mid-IR region (0.9-6 microns), and generating visible wavelengths up to 400 nm by means of nonlinear optical crystals. We are investigating the efficiency of LEBRA-FELs for triggering photoreactions in living organisms. Last year we described the effects of LEBRA-FELs in controlling the photoreaction of lettuce seeds; red FEL (660 nm) and far-red FEL (740 nm) activate and inhibit germination, respectively. Here we used LEBRA-FEL to illuminate the retina of slugs (Limax valentianus), and determined which FEL wavelengths generate electrical spikes from the retina-optic nerve. Blue FEL light (wavelength: 470 nm) efficiently produced electrical spikes from the retina. The results are consistent with a previous study, where a xenon arc lamp with interference filters was used to produce monochromatic visible light. We plan to extend the wavelengths to the near- and mid-IR regions of LEBRA-FEL. We summarize our current results for the use of FEL in investigating the electrophysiology of the retina of slugs. We thank Mr. T. Kuwabara (a graduate of Departments of Physics, College of Science and Technolgy, Nihon University) for helpful assistance.
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MOA02

First Lasing of the Third Stage of Novosibirsk FEL

FEL, undulator, radiation, linac

1

O.A. Shevchenko, V.S. Arbuzov, K.N. Chernov, I.V. Davidyuk, E.N. Dementyev, B.A. Dovzhenko, Ya.V. Getmanov, B.A. Knyazev, E.I. Kolobanov, A.A. Kondakov, V.R. Kozak, E.V. Kozyrev, V.V. Kubarev, G.N. Kulipanov, E.A. Kuper, I.V. Kuptsov, G.Y. Kurkin, L.E. Medvedev, S.V. Motygin, V.N. Osipov, V.K. Ovchar, V.M. Petrov, A.M. Pilan, V.M. Popik, V.V. Repkov, T.V. Salikova, M.A. Scheglov, I.K. Sedlyarov, G.V. Serdobintsev, S.S. Serednyakov, A.N. Skrinsky, S.V. Tararyshkin, V.G. Tcheskidov, A.G. Tribendis, N. Vinokurov, P. Vobly
BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia

Novosibirsk FEL facility is based on the first in the world multi-turn energy recovery linac (ERL). It comprises three FELs (stages). FELs on the first and the second tracks were commissioned in 2004 and 2009 respectively and operate for users now. The third stage FEL is installed on the fourth track of the ERL. It includes three undulator sections and 40-meters-long optical cavity. The design tuning range of this FEL is from 5 to 20 microns and the design average power at bunch repetition rate 3.74 MHz is about 1 kW. Recent results of the third stage FEL commissioning are reported.

Slides MOA02 [4.901 MB]

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MOB01

Three-Plus Decades of Tapered Undulator FEL Physics

FEL, radiation, undulator, controls

5

W.M. Fawley
Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy
W.M. Fawley
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

Beginning with the classic 1981 work of Kroll-Morton-Rosenbluth (*), multiple generations of FEL scientists have studied and used experimentally undulator tapering to improve and optimize the radiation output of both amplifier and oscillator FELs. Tapering has undergone a renaissance of interest, in part to make possible TW instantaneous power levels from x-ray FELs. In this talk, I will give a highly personalized (and undoubtedly strongly biased) historical survey of tapering studies beginning with the ELF 35-GHz experiments at Livermore in the mid-1980's and continuing up to quite recent studies at the LCLS at both soft and hard x-ray wavelengths.
(*) N.M. Kroll, P.L. Morton, and M.N. Rosenbluth, IEEE J. Quantum Elec., QE-17, 1436 (1981).

Slides MOB01 [2.106 MB]

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MOB02

X-Ray FEL R&D: Brighter, Better and Cheaper

FEL, undulator, photon, radiation

7

Z. Huang
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

The X-ray free-electron lasers (FELs), with nine to ten orders of magnitude improvement in peak brightness over the third-generation light sources, have demonstrated remarkable scientific capabilities. Despite the early success, X-ray FELs can still undergo dramatic transformations with accelerator and FEL R&D. In this talk, I will show examples of recent R&D efforts to increase X-ray coherence and brightness, to obtain better control of X-ray temporal and spectral properties, and to develop concepts for compact coherent sources.

Slides MOB02 [18.004 MB]

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MOB03

Transforming the FEL: Coherence, Complex Structures, and Exotic Beams

FEL, laser, undulator, radiation

10

E. Hemsing
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

Modern high brightness electron beams used in FELs are extremely versatile and highly malleable. This flexibility can be used to precisely tailor the properties of the FEL light for improved temporal coherence (as in external seeding), but can also be exploited in new ways to generate exotic FEL modes of twisted light that carry orbital angular momentum (OAM) for new science. In this talk, I will describe how lasers and undulator harmonics can be combined to produce both simple and complex e-beam distributions that emit intense, coherent, and highly tunable OAM light in future FELs.

Slides MOB03 [12.208 MB]

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MOC02

Optimization of a High Efficiency Free Electron Laser Amplifier

FEL, undulator, radiation, brilliance

17

E. Schneidmiller, M.V. Yurkov
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

Technique of undulator tapering in the post-saturation regime is used at the existing X-ray FELs for increasing the radiation power. We present comprehensive analysis of the problem in the framework of one-dimensional and three-dimensional theory. We find that diffraction effects essentially influence on the choice of the tapering strategy. Our studies resulted in a general law of the undulator tapering for a seeded FEL amplifier as well as for SASE FEL.

Slides MOC02 [24.462 MB]

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MOC03

Estimate of Free-Electron Laser Gain Length in the Presence of Electron Beam Collective Effects

emittance, FEL, undulator, collective-effects

24

S. Di Mitri
Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy
S. Spampinati
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

A novel definition for the three-dimensional free electron laser gain length is proposed*, which takes into account the increase of electron beam projected emittance as due, for example, to geometric transverse wakefield and coherent synchrotron radiation developing in linear accelerators. The analysis shows that the gain length is affected by an increase of the electron beam projected emittance, even though the slice (local) emittance is preserved, and found to be in agreement with Genesis code simulation results. It is then shown that the minimum gain length and the maximum of output power may notably differ from the ones derived when collective effects are neglected. The proposed model turns out to be handy for a parametric study of electron beam six-dimensional brightness and FEL performance as function, e.g., of bunch length compression factor, accelerator alignment tolerances and optics design.
* S. Di Mitri, S. Spampinati, Phys. Rev. Special Topics Accel. Beams, 17, 110702 (2014)

Slides MOC03 [2.528 MB]

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MOC04

Operating of SXFEL in a Single Stage High Gain Harmonic Generation Scheme

laser, bunching, FEL, linac

29

G.L. Wang, D.X. Dai, G.R. Wu, X.M. Yang, W.Q. Zhang
DICP, Dalian, People's Republic of China

The beam energy spread at the entrance of undulator system is of paramount importance for efficient density modulation in high-gain seeded free-electron lasers (FELs). In this paper, the dependencies of high harmonic bunching efficiency in the high-gain harmonic generation (HGHG) schemes on the electron energy spread distribution are studied. Theoretical investigations and multi-dimensional numerical simulations are applied to the cases of uniform and saddle beam energy distributions and compared to a traditional Gaussian distribution. It shows that the uniform and saddle electron energy distributions significantly enhance the performance of HGHG-FELs. A numerical example demonstrates that, with the saddle distribution of sliced beam energy spread controlled by a laser heater, the 30th harmonic radiation can be directly generated by a single-stage seeding scheme for a soft x-ray FEL facility.

Slides MOC04 [3.345 MB]

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MOP004

Influence of Horizantal Constant Magnetic Field on Harmonic Undulator Radiations and Gain

undulator, radiation, FEL, resonance

34

H. Jeevakhan, P.K. Purohit
NITTTR, Bhopal, India
G. Mishra
Devi Ahilya University, Indore, India

Harmonic undulators has been analyzed in the presence of constant magnetic field along the direction perpendicular to the main undulator field. Effect of constant magnetic field magnitude on trajectory of electron beam , intensity of radiation and FEL gain at fundamental and third harmonics has been evaluated. Performance of harmonic undulator in the presence horizontal component of earth's magnetic field is the practical realization of the suggested scheme.

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MOP008

Theoretical Computation of the Polarization Characteristics of an X-Ray Free-Electron Laser with Planar Undulator

undulator, FEL, radiation, polarization

38

G. Geloni
XFEL. EU, Hamburg, Germany
V. Kocharyan, E. Saldin
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

We show that radiation pulses from an X-ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL) with a planar undulator, which are mainly polarized in the horizontal direction, exhibit a suppression of the vertical polarization component of the power at least by a factor λ_w²/(4 pi L_g)², where λ_w is the length of the undulator period and L_g is the FEL field gain length. We illustrate this fact by examining the XFEL operation under the steady state assumption. In our calculations we considered only resonance terms: in fact, non resonance terms are suppressed by a factor λ_w³/(4 pi L_g)³ and can be neglected. While finding a situation for making quantitative comparison between analytical and experimental results may not be straightforward, the qualitative aspects of the suppression of the vertical polarization rate at XFELs should be easy to observe. We remark that our exact results can potentially be useful to developers of new generation FEL codes for cross-checking their results.

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MOP009

Efficient Electron Sources of Coherent Spontaneous Radiation with Combined Helical and Uniform Magnetic Fields

undulator, radiation, solenoid, simulation

43

N. Balal, V.L. Bratman, E. Magori
Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
V.L. Bratman
IAP/RAS, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

We discuss two methods to mitigate repulsion of particles in dense electron bunches from photo-injectors and to enhance the power of terahertz radiation. First, the repulsion may be reduced with both very short bunches and undulator periods, reducing the length of a radiation section. According to simulations bunches with duration (50-100) fs, charge (50-200) pC, and energy 6 MeV could fairly effectively radiate at frequencies up to (10-20) THz. The undulator for such a source can be formed by means of redistribution of a solenoid field by a non-magnetized iron helix and a permanently magnetized helix. The second source is based on an idea proposed by A.V. Savilov for electron bunching under conditions when the cyclotron electron frequency is larger than the undulator frequency, and an increase of particle energy in the bunch Coulomb field leads to a decrease in longitudinal momentum and attraction of particles (this effect is analogous to the cyclotron negative-mass instability). A large value of the required uniform field can be used to easily obtain the needed undulator field by placing a simple iron helix inside a pulsed solenoid. Simulations confirm that the corresponding particle attraction can provide a powerful and narrowband radiation at the frequencies (1-3) THz.

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MOP010

Linac Design of the IR-FEL Project in CHINA

FEL, gun, linac, beam-transport

46

Z.G. He, Q.K. Jia, L. Wang, W. Xu, S.C. Zhang
USTC/NSRL, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China

We are building an infrared free-electron laser (IR-FEL) facility that will operate from 5 um to 200 um. This FEL source is drived by a linac, which is composed of a triode electron gun, a subharmonic prebuncher, a buncher, two accelerators, and a beam transport line. The linac is required to operate from 15 to 60 MeV at 1 nC charge, while delivering a transverse rms emittance of smaller than 30 mm-mrad in a 5 ps rms length, smaller than 240 keV rms energy spread bunch at the Far-infrared and Mid-infrared undulators. In this article, the preliminary Linac design studies are described.

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MOP011

Status of CLARA, a New FEL Test Facility

FEL, laser, undulator, gun

49

J.A. Clarke, D. Angal-Kalinin, A.D. Brynes, R.K. Buckley, S.R. Buckley, L.S. Cowie, D.J. Dunning, B.D. Fell, P. Goudket, A.R. Goulden, P.C. Hornickel, F. Jackson, S.P. Jamison, J.K. Jones, K.B. Marinov, P.A. McIntosh, J.W. McKenzie, K.J. Middleman, B.L. Militsyn, A.J. Moss, B.D. Muratori, M.D. Roper, L.K. Rudge, Y.M. Saveliev, B.J.A. Shepherd, R.J. Smith, S.L. Smith, E.W. Snedden, M. Surman, T.T. Thakker, N. Thompson, R. Valizadeh, A.E. Wheelhouse, P.H. Williams
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
R.B. Appleby, K. Hanahoe, O. Mete Apsimon, H.L. Owen, G.X. Xia
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
P. Atkinson, N. Bliss, R.J. Cash, N.A. Collomb, G. Cox, G.P. Diakun, S. Dobson, A. Gallagher, S.A. Griffiths, C. Hill, C. Hodgkinson, D.M.P. Holland, T.J. Jones, B.G. Martlew, J. Williams
STFC/DL, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
R. Bartolini, I.P.S. Martin
DLS, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
S.T. Boogert, E. Yamakawa
Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, United Kingdom
G. Burt, P.N. Ratoff
Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
L.T. Campbell, A.J.T. Colin, J. Henderson, B. Hidding, B.W.J. MᶜNeil
USTRAT/SUPA, Glasgow, United Kingdom
A.M. Kolano
University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
A. Lyapin
JAI, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
V.V. Paramonov, A.K. Skasyrskaya
RAS/INR, Moscow, Russia
J.D.A. Smith
TXUK, Warrington, United Kingdom
S. Spampinati
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
Y. Wei, C.P. Welsch, A. Wolski
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

CLARA is a new FEL test facility being developed at STFC Daresbury Laboratory in the UK. The main motivation for CLARA is to test new FEL schemes that can later be implemented on existing and future short wavelength FELs. Particular focus will be on ultra-short pulse generation, pulse stability, and synchronisation with external sources. The project is now underway and the Front End section (photoinjector and first linac) installation will begin later this year. This paper will discuss the progress with the Front End assembly and also highlighting other topics which are currently receiving significant attention.

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MOP012

Present Status of Source Development Station at UVSOR-III

laser, radiation, experiment, undulator

54

N.S. Mirian, K. Hayashi, M. Katoh, J. Yamazaki
UVSOR, Okazaki, Japan
M. Hosaka, Y. Takashima
Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
T. Konomi, N. Yamamoto
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
H. Zen
Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Construction and development of a source development station are in progress at UVSOR-III, a 750 MeV electron storage ring. It is equipped with an optical klystron type undulator system, a mode lock Ti:Sa Laser system, a dedicated beam-line for visible-VUV radiation and a parasitic beam-line for THz radiation. New light port to extract edge radiation was constructed recently. An optical cavity for a resonator free electron laser is currently being reconstructed. Some experiments such as coherent THz radiation, coherent harmonic radiation, laser Compton Scattering gamma-rays and optical vortices are in progress.

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MOP013

The Fermi Seeded FEL Facility: Operational Experience and Future Perspectives

FEL, experiment, laser, photon

57

L. Giannessi, E. Allaria, L. Badano, F. Bencivenga, C. Callegari, F. Capotondi, D. Castronovo, P. Cinquegrana, M. Coreno, R. Cucini, I. Cudin, G. D'Auria, M.B. Danailov, R. De Monte, G. De Ninno, P. Delgiusto, A.A. Demidovich, S. Di Mitri, B. Diviacco, A. Fabris, R. Fabris, W.M. Fawley, M. Ferianis, E. Ferrari, P. Finetti, P. Furlan Radivo, G. Gaio, D. Gauthier, F. Gelmetti, F. Iazzourene, M. Kiskinova, S. Krecic, M. Lonza, N. Mahne, M. Manfredda, C. Masciovecchio, M. Milloch, F. Parmigiani, E. Pedersoli, G. Penco, L. Pivetta, O. Plekan, M. Predonzani, K.C. Prince, E. Principi, L. Raimondi, P. Rebernik Ribič, F. Rossi, E. Roussel, L. Rumiz, C. Scafuri, C. Serpico, P. Sigalotti, M. Svandrlik, C. Svetina, M. Trovò, A. Vascotto, M. Veronese, R. Visintini, D. Zangrando, M. Zangrando
Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy

FERMI is the seeded FEL user facility in Trieste, Italy, producing photons from the VUV to the soft X-rays with a high degree of coherence and spectral stability. Both FEL lines, FEL-1 and FEL-2, are available for users, down to the shortest wavelength of 4 nm. We report on the completion of the commissioning of the high energy FEL line, FEL-2, on the most recent progress obtained on FEL-1 and on the operational experience for users, in particular those requiring specific FEL configurations, such as two-colour experiments. We will also give a perspective on the improvements and upgrades which have been triggered based on our experience, aiming to maintain as well as to constantly improve the performance of the facility for our user community.

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MOP014

Status of the Soft X-Ray FEL User Facility FLASH

photon, operation, experiment, FEL

61

K. Honkavaara, B. Faatz, J. Feldhaus, S. Schreiber, R. Treusch, M. Vogt
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

Since 10 years FLASH at DESY (Hamburg, Germany) has provided high brilliance FEL radiation at XUV and soft X-ray wavelengths for user experiments. Recently FLASH has been upgraded with a second undulator beamline, FLASH2, whose commissioning takes place in parallel of the user operation on FLASH1. This paper summarizes the performance of the FLASH facility during the last user period from January 2014 to April 2015.

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MOP017

Beam Commissioning Plan for the SwissFEL Hard-X-Ray Facility

linac, undulator, FEL, operation

69

T. Schietinger
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

The SwissFEL facility currently being assembled at the Paul Scherrer Institute is designed to provide FEL radiation in the photon wavelength range between 0.1 and 7 nm. The commissioning of the first phase, comprising the electron injector, the main electron linear accelerator and the first undulator line, named Aramis and dedicated to the production of hard X-rays, is planned for the years 2016 and 2017. We present an overview of the beam commissioning plan elaborated in accordance with the installation schedule to bring into operation the various subsystems and establish beam parameters compatible with first pilot user experiments in late 2017.

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MOP018

Comparison of Astra Simulations With Beam Parameter Measurements at the Kaeri Ultrashort Pulse Facility

laser, simulation, quadrupole, emittance

74

H.W. Kim, I.H. Baek, M.S. Chae, B.A. Gudkov, B. Han, K.H. Jang, Y.U. Jeong, Y. Kim, K. Lee, S.V. Miginsky, S. H. Park, S. Park, S. Setiniyaz, N. Vinokurov
KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea
K.H. Jang, Y.U. Jeong, H.W. Kim, K. Lee, S.V. Miginsky, S. H. Park, N. Vinokurov
University of Science and Technology of Korea (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
S.V. Miginsky, N. Vinokurov
BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia

An RF-photogun-based linear accelerator for ultra-short electron beam generation is under construction at Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI). This facility are mainly composed of an 1.5 cell S-band (2856 MHz) RF gun, a travelling wave type linac 3 m long and 90-degree achromatic bends. The emitted electron beams are accelerated in high RF field to ~ 3 MeV. The electrons can be deflected by a first bending magnet installed right after the RF gun. Each beamline has second bending magnet similar to the first one and three quadrupoles between the bending magnets. Two bending and three quadrupole magnets compose the 90-degree achromatic bend. The deflected electron beams will be used for ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) experiments. We have performed computer simulation using ASTRA code to investigate the electron beam dynamics in the system with the input data of bead tested gun electric field distribution and the magnetic fields of the magnets. We will present the simulated and experimental electron beam parameters.

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MOP024

Status, Plans and Recent Results from the APEX Project at LBNL

gun, cathode, linac, cavity

81

F. Sannibale, K.M. Baptiste, C.W. Cork, S. De Santis, M.R. Dickinson, L.R. Doolittle, J.A. Doyle, J. Feng, D. Filippetto, G.L. Harris, G. Huang, R. Huang, M.J. Johnson, M.S. Jones, T.D. Kramasz, S. Kwiatkowski, D. Leitner, R.E. Lellinger, C.E. Mitchell, V. Moroz, W.E. Norum, H.A. Padmore, G.J. Portmann, H.J. Qian, J.W. Staples, D. L. Syversrud, M. Vinco, S.P. Virostek, R.P. Wells, M.S. Zolotorev
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
R. Huang
USTC/NSRL, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China

Funding: Work supported by the Director of the Office of Science of the US Department of Energy under Contract no. DEAC02-05CH11231
The Advanced Photo-injector EXperiment (APEX) at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) is dedicated to the demonstration of the capability of an electron injector based on the VHF-gun, the new concept RF gun developed at LBNL, of delivering the beam quality required by MHz-class repetition rate X-Ray free electron lasers. Project status, plans, and recent results are presented.

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MOP025

Electron Beam Properties from a Compact Seeded Terahertz FEL Amplifier at Kyoto University

emittance, gun, laser, solenoid

85

K. Damminsek, S. Rimjaem, S. Suphakul, C. Thongbai
Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
H. Ohgaki, H. Zen
Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

A compact seeded Terahertz FEL amplifier is started construction at Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Japan. The system consists of a 1.6 cell BNL type S-Band photocathode RF-gun, a magnetic bunch compressor in form of a chicane, triplet quadrupole magnets and a short planar undulator. Electron beams from the photocathode RF-gun were measured and compared with the PARMELA simulation results. Numerical and experimental studies on the contribution of the space charge effect were carried out. By using the RF power of 9 MW, the RF phase of 40 degree, the laser pulse energy of 20 μJ, and the solenoid magnet current of 135 A, the electron beam with a bunch charge of 50 pC, a beam energy of around 5 MeV and an RMS emittance of 6-8 mm-mrad was achieved.

Poster MOP025 [1.837 MB]

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MOP030

Study of Smith-Purcell Free Electron Laser Using Electron Bunch Produced By Micro-Pulse Electron Gun

bunching, radiation, simulation, cavity

93

J. Zhao, X.Y. Lu, W.W. Tan, D.Y. Yang, Y. Yang, Z.Q. Yang
PKU, Beijing, People's Republic of China

A Micro-Pulse electron Gun (MPG) with the frequency of 2856 MHz has been designed, constructed and tested. Some primary experimental studies have been carried out and electron beam with the average current of 6 mA has been detected which holds promise to use as an electron source of Smith-Purcell Free Electron Laser (SP-FEL) to produced Coherent Radiation. It is well known that Smith-Purcell radiation is one of the achievable ways to produce FEL. After many years study in theory and experiment, lots of new mechanisms and appearances have been discovered. Coherent Smith-Purcell Radiation was discovered in 1990s as well. Compared with incoherent Smith-Purcell Radiation, It can generate a more powerful and frequency locked coherent emission due to displaying all three of these enhancements, Ng (the number of grating periods), Ne (the number of electrons in the bunch), Nb (the number of electron bunch). Obviously, MPG is one of ideal electron sources of CSPR for that (1) S-band electron source can increase energy density at these frequencies, (2) picosecond or subpicosecond pulse can generate THz radiation, (3) low emittance makes the interactions between electron beam and granting more stable. All of the above will be displayed in the simulation of this article. The progress of the experiment with beam energy of 80 Kev, the average current of 6 mA is also introduced.

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MOP033

Numerical Simulations of a Sub-THz Coherent Transition Radiation Source at PITZ

radiation, simulation, laser, booster

97

P. Boonpornprasert, M. Krasilnikov, F. Stephan
DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany
B. Marchetti
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

The Photo Injector Test facility at DESY, Zeuthen site (PITZ), develops high brightness electron sources for modern linac-based Free Electron Lasers (FELs). The PITZ accelerator can be considered as a proper machine for the development of an IR/THz source prototype for pump and probe experiments at the European XFEL. For this reason, the radiation generated by high-gain FEL and Coherent Transition Radiation (CTR) produced by the PITZ electron beam has been studied. In this paper, numerical simulations on the generation of CTR based on the PITZ accelerator are presented. The beam dynamics simulations of electron bunches compressed by velocity bunching are performed by using the ASTRA code. The characteristics of CTR are calculated numerically by using the generalized Ginzburg-Frank formula. The details and results of the simulations are described and discussed.

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MOP036

Femtosecond Synchronization of 80-MHz Ti:Sapphire Photocathode Laser Oscillator with S-Band RF Oscillator

laser, timing, detector, FEL

105

H. Yang, C. Jeon, K. Jung, J. Kim
KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
H. Chung
Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong, Republic of Korea
B. Han, Y.U. Jeong
KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea

Precision synchronization between lasers and RF sources in free-electron lasers (FELs) and ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) systems is becoming more important. There have been intense research and development toward femtosecond synchronization of lasers and RF sources in the last decade. Most of the previous approaches at large-scale FELs have used cw lasers or low-jitter mode-locked lasers at telecomm wavelength as the master oscillator and distributed the timing signals via stabilized fiber links. However, for smaller-scale FELs and UED, this approach may be a complex and high-cost method. In this work, we studied the possibility of using the commercial Ti:sapphire photocathode laser as the optical master oscillator as well. For its use in UED and FELs, we synchronized the 80-MHz Ti:sapphire photocathode laser oscillator to a 2.856-GHz RF source (used for RF-photogun) with 50-fs precision. Some interesting findings are following. First, intrinsic rms timing jitter of the used photocathode laser is 2.6 fs [10 kHz-10 MHz], which sets the fundamental limit in synchronization. Second, timing jitter in 100 Hz-1 kHz in photocathode laser is so severe (e.g., ~40 fs even feedback control is applied), so that it will require additional external-cavity control for achieving sub-10-fs precision. By addressing this issue, we are currently working toward 10-fs precision.

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MOP038

Stabilization of Magnetron Frequency for a Microtron-Driven FEL

controls, FEL, cavity, microtron

107

B.A. Gudkov, S. Bae, K.H. Jang, Y.U. Jeong, H.W. Kim, K. Lee, S.V. Miginsky, J. Mun, S. H. Park, G.I. Shim, N. Vinokurov
KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea
S.V. Miginsky, N. Vinokurov
BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia

Under KAERI WCI program we develop a compact pulsed microtron-driven FEL. Electron bunches trains are accelerated in the microtron and transported by the beamline to the undulator. The RF cavity in the microtron is fed by a magnetron. Any accelerator driver for a FEL should provide an electron beam having very stable parameters such as electron energy, current, and especially the bunch repetition rate in a train. All mentioned parameters depend on magnetron current. It means that special attention should be paid for the shape of the current pulse, supplied to the magnetron from the modulator. We developed the modulator project with a computer control that will provide an arbitrary shape of the magnetron current. A simplified prototype was fabricated and tested. The methods of controlling of the pulse shape are considered. Simulation and experimental results are presented.

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MOP039

First Results of Commissioning of the PITZ Transverse Deflecting Structure

simulation, laser, klystron, emittance

110

H. Huck, P. Boonpornprasert, A. Donat, J.D. Good, M. Groß, I.I. Isaev, L. Jachmann, D.K. Kalantaryan, M. Khojoyan, W. Köhler, G. Kourkafas, M. Krasilnikov, D. Malyutin, D. Melkumyan, A. Oppelt, M. Otevřel, M. Pohl, Y. Renier, T. Rublack, J. Schultze, F. Stephan, G. Trowitzsch, G. Vashchenko, R.W. Wenndorff, Q.T. Zhao
DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany
G. Asova
INRNE, Sofia, Bulgaria
M. A. Bakr
Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
D. Churanov, L.V. Kravchuk, V.V. Paramonov, I.V. Rybakov, A.A. Zavadtsev, D.A. Zavadtsev
RAS/INR, Moscow, Russia
C. Gerth, M. Hoffmann, M. Hüning
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
C. Hernandez-Garcia
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
M.V. Lalayan, A.Yu. Smirnov, N.P. Sobenin
MEPhI, Moscow, Russia
O. Lishilin, G. Pathak
Uni HH, Hamburg, Germany

For successful operation of X-ray Free Electron Lasers, one crucial parameter is the ultrashort electron bunch length yielding a high peak current and a short saturation length. In order to effectively compress the bunches during the acceleration process, a detailed understanding of the full longitudinal phase space distribution already in the injector is required. Transverse deflecting RF structures (TDS) can shear the bunch transversely, mapping the longitudinal coordinate to a transverse axis on an observation screen downstream. In addition to the bunch length, the slice emittance along the bunch as well as the full longitudinal phase space can be obtained. At the Photo Injector Test Facility at DESY, Zeuthen site (PITZ), an S-band traveling wave TDS is under commissioning since 2015. This cavity is a prototype for the TDS in the injector part of the European XFEL and has been designed and manufactured by the Institute for Nuclear Research (INR, Moscow, Russia). In this paper, first commissioning results of the system at PITZ are presented and discussed.

Poster MOP039 [0.893 MB]

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MOP044

A Laser Heater for CLARA

laser, FEL, undulator, linac

129

S. Spampinati
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
B.D. Muratori, N. Thompson, P.H. Williams
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

CLARA is a new FEL test facility, being developed at STFC Daresbury Laboratory in UK, based on a high brightness electron linac. The electron beam of CLARA can potentially be affected by the longitudinal microbunching instability leading to a degradation of the beam quality. The inclusion of a laser heater in the linac design can allow control of the microbunching instability, the study of microbunching and deliberate increase of the final energy spread to study energy spread requirements of the FEL schemes tested at CLARA. We present the initial design and layout of the laser heater system for CLARA and its expected performance.

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MOP050

Development of Coherent Terahertz Wave Sources using LEBRA and KU-FEL S-band Linacs

FEL, radiation, vacuum, synchrotron-radiation

143

N. Sei, H. Ogawa
AIST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
K. Hayakawa, Y. Hayakawa, M. Inagaki, K. Nakao, K. Nogami, T. Sakai, T. Tanaka
LEBRA, Funabashi, Japan
H. Ohgaki, H. Zen
Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Funding: This work is supported by the "ZE Research Program, IAE ZE27B-6".
In an infrared free-electron laser (FEL) facility using an S-band linac, a short-bunched electron beam is required to obtain a high FEL gain. Generally, the bunch length of the electron beam is compressed to 1 ps or less before interaction with the photons accumulated in the FEL resonator. This suggests that the electron beam dedicated to the FEL oscillation is suitable for generation of high-peak-power coherent radiation in terahertz (THz) wave region. Using the compressed electron beams, the coherent THz-wave sources have been developed at Laboratory for Electron Beam Research and Application (LEBRA) in Nihon University and Kyoto University Free Electron Laser (KU-FEL). The observed powers have been higher than 100 micro-joule per macropulse*. In this presentation, the properties of the high-power coherent THz waves generated at the bending magnets will be reported.
* N. Sei et al., J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 31 (2014) 2150.

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MOP052

Linear Vlasov Solver For Microbunching Gain Estimation with Inclusion of CSR, LSC, And Linac Geometric Impedances

linac, impedance, simulation, dipole

147

C.-Y. Tsai
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
D. Douglas, R. Li, C. Tennant
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA

Funding: Authored by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under U.S. DOE Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177.
As is known, microbunching instability (MBI) has been one of the most challenging issues in designs of magnetic chicanes for short-wavelength free-electron lasers or linear colliders, as well as those of transport lines for recirculating or energy recovery linac machines. To more accurately quantify MBI in a single-pass system, we further extend and continue to increase the capabilities of our previously developed linear Vlasov solver [1] to incorporate more relevant impedance models into the code, including transient and steady-state free-space and/or shielding CSR impedances, the LSC and linac geometric impedances with extension of the existing formulation to include beam acceleration [2]. Then, we directly solve the linearized Vlasov equation numerically for microbunching gain amplification factor. In this study we apply this code to a beamline lattice of transport arc [3] following an upstream linac section. The resultant gain functions and spectra are presented here, and some results are compared with particle tracking simulation by ELEGANT [4]. We also discuss some underlying physics with inclusion of these collective effects and the limitation of the existing formulation. It is anticipated that this more thorough analysis can further improve the understanding of MBI mechanisms and shed light on how to suppress or compensate MBI effects in lattice designs.
[1] C. -Y. Tsai et al., FEL'14 (THP022), IPAC'15 (MOPMA028) and ERL2015 (TUICLH2034)
[2] M. Venturini, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 10, 104401 (2007)
[3] D. Douglas et al., arXiv: 1403.2318v1 [physics.acc-ph]
[4] M. Borland, APS Light Source Note LS-287 (2000)

Poster MOP052 [4.934 MB]

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MOP053

Intra-Beam Scattering in High Brightness Electron Linacs

emittance, linac, brightness, quadrupole

153

S. Di Mitri
Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy

Intra-beam scattering (IBS) of a high brightness electron beam in a linac has been studied* analytically, and the expectations found to be in reasonable agreement with particle tracking results from the Elegant code. It comes out that, under standard conditions for a linac driving a free electron laser, IBS plays no significant role in the development of microbunching instability. A partial damping of the instability is envisaged, however, when IBS is enhanced either with dedicated magnetic insertions, or in the presence of an electron beam charge density at least 4 times larger than that produced by present photo-injectors.
* S. Di Mitri, Phys. Rev. Special Topics Accel. Beams, 17, 074401 (2014).

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MOP054

Wake Field Potentials of 'Dechirpers'

wakefield, FEL, experiment, focusing

157

A. Novokhatski
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

Funding: This work was supported by Department of Energy Contract No. DOE-AC03-76SF00515.
A corrugated structure, which is used on 'dechirpers' is usually a pipe or two plates with small corrugations (bumps) on the walls. There is a good single-mode description of the wake potentials excited by a relativistic bunch if the wave length of the mode is much longer than the distance between the bumps in the pipe. However, ultra-short bunches, which are now used in FELs, excite much higher frequency fields and the corresponding wake potentials will be very different from single-mode description. We made analyzes of these wake potentials based on a numerical solution of Maxwell's equations. The behavior of the wake fields of ultra-short bunches in corrugated structures is not much different from the fields excited usually in accelerating structures where the wake potentials are described by the exponential function. As we increase the bunch length, the wake potentials slowly transform to the form of a single mode. For a practical application we present results for a 'dechirper', which will be soon installed at LCLS. We also carried out calculations for a similar device, that was installed and measured at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Korea. We find very good agreement with the experimental results.

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MOP056

Reversible Electron Beam Heater without Transverse Deflecting Cavities

emittance, cavity, optics, synchrotron

166

G. Stupakov, P. Emma
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

Funding: This work was supported by Department of Energy contract DE-AC03-76SF00515.
Suppression of microbunching instability in modern FELs is an important issue that often limits the performance of the machine. A technique to suppress the instability with the help of a reversible electron beam heater was proposed by C. Behrens, Z. Huang, and D. Xiang [*]. It employs transverse deflecting cavities synchronized in a way that one of the cavities, located before a bunch compressor, generates a slice energy spread, while the other one removes it after the beam passes through the bunch compressor. Being an attractive approach, this concept unfortunately imposes extremely tight tolerances on the synchronization of the cavities. In this paper we demonstrate that a reversible heater equivalent to that of Behrens et al. can be designed using much simpler elements: bend magnets and quadrupoles in combination with the energy chirp of the beam.
* C. Behrens, Z. Huang, and D. Xiang, PRST-AB 15, 022802 (2012).

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MOP063

Transverse Emittance Measurement of KAERI Linac with Thick Lens Quadrupole Scan

emittance, quadrupole, space-charge, experiment

185

S. Setiniyaz, I.H. Baek, M.S. Chae, B.A. Gudkov, B. Han, K.H. Jang, Y.U. Jeong, H.W. Kim, S.V. Miginsky, J.H. Nam, S. Park, N. Vinokurov
KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea
S.V. Miginsky, N. Vinokurov
BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia

The UED (Ultrafast Electron Diffraction) beamline of KAERI (Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute) WCI (World Class Institute) Center has been completed and successfully commissioned. Transverse emittance of the electron beam was measured at the entrance of the UED chamber with the quadrupole scan technique. In this technique, larger drift distance between the quad and screen is preferred because it gives better thin lens approximation. A space charge dominated beam however, will undergo emittance growth in the long drift caused by the space charge force. We suggest mitigating this growth by introducing quadrupole scan with short drift and without thin lens approximation. We shall discuss the measurement process and results.

Poster MOP063 [1.287 MB]

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MOP066

Electron Bunch Length Measurement using an RF Deflecting Cavity

cavity, simulation, resonance, space-charge

188

S. Park, E.-S. Kim
Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
S. Bae, K.H. Jang, Y.U. Jeong, H.W. Kim, J. Mun, N. Vinokurov
KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea

Recently, the RF photogun based-ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) system has been developed in KAERI. In the system, the emitted electron bunches are experimentally confirmed to be accelerated up to 3 MeV at 5MW of RF power. And the time duration of the each bunch is initially designed to be less than 50 fs at the sample position. To analyses the performance of the system and to measure exactly the length of the electron bunches, we developed a rectangular type of S-band deflecting cavity working on TM120 mode. The principle of electron deflecting in the cavity, design & mechanical fabrication process and test results will be present in the conference.

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MOP067

Transverse Emittance-Preserving Transfer Line and Arc Compressor for High Brightness Electron Sources

emittance, dipole, optics, FEL

191

S. Di Mitri, M. Cornacchia, S. Spampinati
Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy
S. Spampinati
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

Minimizing transverse emittance is essential in single- or few-passes accelerators designed to deliver high brightness electron beams. Emission of coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) is an important factor of emittance degradation. We have demonstrated, with analytical and experimental results, that this perturbation may be cancelled by imposing certain conditions on the electron optics when the bunch length is constant along the line*. This scheme of CSR suppression is then enlarged, analytically and numerically, to cover the case of varying bunch length in a periodic arc compressor**. The proposed solution hold the promise of cost-saving of compact transfer lines with large bending angles, and new schemes for beam longitudinal gymnastics both in recirculating and in single-pass accelerators driving free electron lasers.
* S. Di Mitri, M. Cornacchia, S. Spampinati, Phys. Rev. Letters, 110, 014801 (2013)
** S. Di Mitri, M. Cornacchia, Europhys. Letters, 109, 62002 (2015)

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MOP068

First Simulation Results on Free Electron Laser Radiation in Displaced Phase-combined Undulators

undulator, radiation, resonance, FEL

196

N.S. Mirian
UVSOR, Okazaki, Japan
E. Salehi
AUT, Tehran, Iran

This report deals with self amplified spontaneous emission free electron laser (FEL) amplifier where the FEL emission is obtained from displaced phase combined undulators. Magnetic field of this adjustment methods in three dimensions is presented. The electron dynamics is investigated. The simulation method and results are explained. The radiation properties of the fundamental resonance and third harmonic through the phase combined undulators are compared with the normal undulator with the same undulator deflection parameter

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MOP070

Harmonic Generation in Two Orthogonal Undulators

polarization, undulator, radiation, simulation

200

N.S. Mirian
UVSOR, Okazaki, Japan

In this report, the harmonic generation in two orthogonal undulators is under discussion. There is a possibility of generation of the even and odd harmonics as well as no-integer harmonics in two orthogonal undulators. By considering the first order of electron velocity, the total energy radiated per unit solid angle per unit frequency interval for a single electron traveling along the undulators is derived. Also a numerical simulation of one-dimensional non-averaged equations is conducted to present the self amplified spontaneous emission of harmonic generation in two orthogonal undulators.

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MOP071

Carrier-Envelope-Phase Stable Linearly and Circularly Polarized Attosecond Pulse Sources

laser, undulator, radiation, simulation

205

Z. Tibai, G. Almási, Zs. Csiha-Nagy, J.A. Fülöp, J. Hebling
University of Pecs, Pécs, Hungary
J.A. Fülöp, Gy. Tóth
MTA-PTE High-Field Terahertz Research Group, Pecs, Hungary

Recently, we proposed a robust method for producing waveform-controlled attosecond pulses in the EUV spectral range.* In our scheme the relativistic electron beam, provided by a LINAC, is sent through a modulator undulator where a TW-power laser beam is superimposed on it in order to generate nanobunches. The nanobunched electron beam passes through a single- or few-period radiator undulator (RU). The waveform of the generated attosecond pulses closely resembles the longitudinal distribution of the magnetic field. According to our calculations, at 20 nm (60 nm) wavelength carrier-envelope-phase (CEP) stable pulses with 23 nJ (80 nJ) energy, 80 as (240 as) duration, and 31 mrad (13 mrad) CEP fluctuation (standard deviation) can be achieved at K=0.5. More than 500 nJ energy is predicted at longer wavelengths and larger K. The energy fluctuation of the EUV pulse is 2.5 times higher than that of the laser. By using a helical RU, even circularly polarized attosecond pulses with 30/300 nJ energy can be generated, depending on the wavelength. To the best of our knowledge, no other presently available technique enables the generation of arbitrary-waveform, CEP-controlled attosecond pulses. The predicted pulse energies are sufficiently high to be used as pump pulses in attosecond pump-probe measurements.
* Z. Tibai et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 104801 (2014).

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MOP074

Efficiency Enhancement of a Harmonic Lasing Free-Electron Laser

wiggler, radiation, resonance, FEL

209

N.S. Mirian
UVSOR, Okazaki, Japan
B. Maraghechi, E. Salehi
AUT, Tehran, Iran

The harmonic lasing free-electron laser amplifier, in which two wigglers is employed in order for the fundamental resonance of the second wiggler to coincide with the third harmonic of the first wiggler to generate ultraviolet radiation, is studied. A set of coupled nonlinear first-order differential equations describing the nonlinear evolution of the system, for a long electron bunch, is solved numerically by CYRUS code. Thermal effects in the form of longitudinal velocity spread are also investigated. The second wiggler field decreases linearly and nonlinearly at the point where the radiation of the third harmonic saturates to enhance the efficiency. The optimum starting point and the slope of the tapering of the amplitude of the wiggler are found by a successive run of the code. It is found that tapering can increase the saturated power of the third harmonic considerably.

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MOP075

Three-dimensional Simulation of a Harmonic Lasing Free-Electron Laser Amplifier

wiggler, radiation, resonance, FEL

213

E. Salehi, B. Maraghechi
AUT, Tehran, Iran
N.S. Mirian
UVSOR, Okazaki, Japan

Three-dimensional simulation of harmonic lasing Free-electron laser is represented in the steady-state regime. Here, the third harmonic of the first wiggler is adjusted at the fundamental resonance of the second wiggler by reducing the magnetic field strength of the second wiggler. The hyperbolic wave equations can be transformed into parabolic diffusion equations by using the slowly varying envelope approximation. A set of coupled nonlinear first-order differential equations describing the nonlinear evolution of the system is solved numerically by CYRUS3D code. This set of equations describes self-consistently the longitudinal spatial dependence of the radiation waists, curvatures, and amplitudes together with the evaluation of the electron beam. Thermal effects in the form of longitudinal velocity spread are also investigated. In order to reduce the length of the wiggler, the prebunched electron beam is considered.

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MOP078

Sub-Radiance and Enhanced-Radiance of Undulator Radiation from a Correlated Electron Beam

radiation, undulator, simulation, wiggler

221

R. Ianconescu
Shenkar College of Engineering and Design, Ramat Gan, Israel
A. Gover
University of Tel-Aviv, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv, Israel
E. Hemsing, A. Marinelli
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
A. Nause
UCLA, Los Angeles, USA

Funding: We acknowledge the United States - Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF)
The radiant intensity of Synchrotron Undulator Radiation (UR) depends on the current noise spectrum of the electron beam injected into the wiggler. The current noise spectrum and intensity can be controlled (suppressed or enhanced relative to the shot-noise level) by the effect of collective longitudinal space charge interaction in a drift and dispersion sections[1]. This new control lever is of significant interest for possible control of SASE in FEL, since UR is the incoherent seed of SASE. Thus, control of spontaneous UR is a way to enhance the coherence of seeded FEL [2], or alternatively, obtain enhanced radiation from a cascade noise-amplified electron beam [3]. The dependence of UR emission on the current noise is primarily a result of the longitudinal correlation of the e-beam distribution due to the longitudinal space charge effect. However, at short wavelengths, 3-D effects of transverse correlation and effects of emittance disrupts the proportionality relation between the UR intensity and e-beam current noise. We present analysis and simulation of UR subradiance/superradiance under various ranges of beam parameters, and compare to recent experimental observations [1].
[1] D. Ratner et al., PRST - ACCELERATORS AND BEAMS 18, 050703 (2015)
[2] E. Allaria et al., Nat. Photonics 7, 913 (2013)
[3] A. Marinelli et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 264802 (27 June 2013)

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MOP079

On the Importance of Electron Beam Brightness in High Gain Free Electron Lasers

FEL, emittance, undulator, brightness

227

S. Di Mitri
Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy

Linear accelerators delivering high brightness electron beams are essential for driving short wavelength, high gain free-electron lasers (FELs). The FEL radiation output efficiency is often parametrized through the power gain length that relates FEL performance to the electron beam quality at the undulator. Experimental data and simulation results of existing and planned FEL facilities are used to explicit the relationship between the FEL output wavelength and the electron beam six-dimensional brightness*. Practical formulas are provided that show the dependence of the exponential gain length on the beam brightness**.
* S. Di Mitri, M. Cornacchia, Phys. Reports, 539 (2014) 1~48.
** S. Di Mitri, Photonics, 2 (2015) 317~341

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MOP081

Generating a Single-Spike SASE Pulse in the Soft X-Ray Regime by Velocity Bunching

FEL, radiation, linac, undulator

233

J. Lee, B.H. Oh, M. Yoon
POSTECH, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea

A bright ultrashort X-ray pulse emerges as a valuable tool for many fields of research nowadays. The single-spike operation of X-ray FEL is one way of making a bright ultrashort X-ray pulse. It requires extreme bunching and a magnetic chicane is a conventional compressor. In a low charge range, a magnetic chicane can be replaced by the velocity bunching technique. In this paper, we present the result of particle tracking simulation generating a single-spike soft X-ray SASE pulse without a magnetic chicane. We also investigate the error effects and show that this scheme is feasible under current technology.

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MOP082

New Soft X-Ray Undulator Line Using 10 GeV Electron Beam in PAL-XFEL

undulator, photon, linac, simulation

237

C.H. Shim, I.S. Ko
POSTECH, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
Y.W. Parc
PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea

PAL-XFEL is designed to have five undulator lines and only two undulator lines, the HXR undulator line with 10 GeV electron beam and the SXR undulator line with 3.15 GeV electron beam, will be installed during phase I. A photon beam energy from 0.28 to 1.24 keV will be provided at the SXR undulator line and different range from 2 to 20 keV will be supplied at the HXR undulator line. According to existing schedule, however, photon beam energy from 1.24 to 2 keV won't be provided in PAL-XFEL. In this research, new soft X-ray undulator line for PAL-XFEL using 10 GeV electron beam in main linac is proposed to cover the vacant photon energy. Four candidates are evaluated by estimating and comparing FEL performances using Ming Xie's formula.

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MOP083

FEL Operation Modes of the MAX IV Short Pulse Facility

undulator, radiation, simulation, FEL

241

A. Mak, F. Curbis, S. Werin
MAX-lab, Lund, Sweden

The Short Pulse Facility (SPF) of the MAX IV Laboratory in Lund, Sweden features the production of ultrashort, incoherent x-ray pulses. It is driven by a 3-GeV linac and comprises two 5-metre undulator modules. While the SPF is designed for spontaneous radiation, we explore alternative operation modes in which the SPF functions as a simple free-electron laser (FEL). In this article, we characterize two of them in time-dependent numerical simulations. We perform a sensitivity study on the electron beam parameters and examine the technique of single-step tapering.

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MOP084

Seeded FEL Study for the Cascaded HGHG option for FLASH2

FEL, undulator, simulation, radiation

246

G. Feng, W. Decking, M. Dohlus, T. Limberg, I. Zagorodnov
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
K.E. Hacker
DELTA, Dortmund, Germany
T. Plath
Uni HH, Hamburg, Germany

The free electron laser (FEL) facility at DESY in Hamburg (FLASH) is the world's first FEL user facility which can produce extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and soft X-ray photons. In order to increase beam time delivered to users, a major upgrade named FLASH II is in progress. As a possibility, a seeding undulator section can be installed between the extraction arc section and the SASE undulator of FLASH2. In this paper, a possible seeding scheme for the cascaded HGHG option for FLASH2 is given. The SASE undulator can be used as the second radiator of the cascaded HGHG. Parameters optimization for the accelerating modules and the bunch compressors has been done to meet the requirement of the electron bunches. In the beam dynamics simulation, collective effects were taken into account. Particle distribution generated from the beam dynamics simulation was used for the seeded FEL study. Space charge and CSR impacts on the microbunches were taken into account during the seeded FEL simulation. The simulation results show that FEL radiation with the wavelength of a few nms and with high monochromaticity can be seeded at FLASH2.

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MOP085

Scheme to Increase the Output Average Spectral Flux of the European XFEL at 14.4 keV

FEL, undulator, photon, scattering

251

V. Kocharyan, E. Saldin
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
G. Geloni
XFEL. EU, Hamburg, Germany

Inelastic X-ray scattering and nuclear resonance scattering are limited by the photon flux available at SR sources, up to 10¹⁰ ph/s/meV at 14.4 keV. A thousand-fold increase may be obtained by exploiting high repetition rate self-seeded pulses at the European XFEL. We report on a feasibility study for an optimized configuration of the SASE2 beamline combining self-seeding and undulator tapering at 14.4 keV. One should perform monochromatization at 7.2 keV by self-seeding, and amplify the seed in the first part of the output undulator. Before saturation, the electron beam is considerably bunched at the 2nd harmonic. A second part of the output undulator tuned to 14.4 keV can thus be used to obtain saturation at this energy. One can further prolong the exchange of energy between the photon and the electron beam by tapering the last part of the output undulator. Start-to-end simulations demonstrate that self-seeding, combined with undulator tapering, allows one to achieve more than a hundred-fold increase in average spectral flux compared with the nominal SASE regime at saturation, resulting in a spectral flux of order 10¹³ ph/s/meV. A more detailed description of this study can be found in*.
* G. Geloni, V. Kocharyan and E.~Saldin, "Scheme to increase the output average spectral flux of the European XFEL at 14.4 keV", DESY 15-141 (2015).

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MOD02

Overview of Alternative Bunching and Current-shaping Techniques for Low-Energy Electron Beams

laser, bunching, wakefield, radiation

274

P. Piot
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
P. Piot
Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA

Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy contracts No. DE-SC0011831 to Northern Illinois University and No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the Fermi Research Alliance, LLC
Techniques to bunch or shape an electron beam at low energies (E <15 MeV) have important implications toward the realization of table-top radiation sources [1] or to the design of compact multi-user free-electron lasers[2]. This paper provides an overview of alternative methods recently developed including techniques such as wakefield-based bunching, space-charge-driven microbunching via wave-breaking [3], ab-initio shaping of the electron-emission process [4], and phase space exchangers. Practical applications of some of these methods to foreseen free-electron-laser configurations are also briefly discussed [5].
[1] W. S. Graves, PRL 108, 263904 (2012)
[2] A. Zholents, FEL14, 993 (2014)
[3] P. Musumeci, PRL 106, 184801 (2011)
[4] F. Lemery, PRSTAB 17, 112804 (2014)
[5] G. Penco, PRL 112, 044801 (2014)

Slides MOD02 [5.426 MB]

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MOD03

Alkali Cathode Testing for LCLS-II at APEX

cathode, gun, operation, laser

280

H.J. Qian, J. Feng, D. Filippetto, J.R. Nasiatka, H.A. Padmore, F. Sannibale
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
R.K. Li, J.F. Schmerge, F. Zhou
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

Funding: Work supported by the Director of the Office of Science of the US Department of Energy under Contract no. DEAC02-05CH11231
Electron sources of high brightness and high bunch charge (~300 pC) with MHz repetition rate are one of the key technologies for next generation X-FEL facilities such as the LCLS-II at SLAC and the Euro XFEL at DESY. The Advanced Photoinjector EXperiment (APEX) at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) is developing such an electron source based on high quantum efficiency (QE) alkali photocathodes and the VHF-Gun, a new scheme normal conducting RF gun developed at LBNL. The VHF-Gun already demonstrated stable CW operation with high gradient (~ 20 MV/m), high gun voltage (~ 750 kV) and low vacuum pressure (~ 3 E-10 torr) laying the foundation for the generation of high brightness electron beams. In this paper, we report the test and characterization of several different alkali cathodes in high average current (several hundreds of pC/bunch with MHz repetition rate) operation at APEX. Measurements include cathode life time, QE map evolution and thermal emittance characterization, to investigate the compatibility of such cathodes with the challenging requirements of LCLS-II.

Slides MOD03 [6.030 MB]

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MOD04

Emittance Measurements of the Electron Beam at PITZ for the Commissioning Phase of the European X-FEL

laser, emittance, simulation, gun

285

G. Vashchenko, P. Boonpornprasert, J.D. Good, M. Groß, H. Huck, I.I. Isaev, D.K. Kalantaryan, G. Kourkafas, M. Krasilnikov, D. Malyutin, D. Melkumyan, A. Oppelt, M. Otevřel, Y. Renier, T. Rublack, F. Stephan
DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany
G. Asova
INRNE, Sofia, Bulgaria
M. A. Bakr
Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
C. Hernandez-Garcia
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
O. Lishilin, G. Pathak
Uni HH, Hamburg, Germany
Q.T. Zhao
IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

For the operation of free electron lasers (FELs) like the European X-FEL and FLASH located at DESY, Hamburg Site, high quality electron beams are required already from the source. The Photo Injector Test facility at DESY, Zeuthen Site (PITZ) was established to develop, characterize and optimize electron sources for such FELs. Last year the work at PITZ focused on the optimization of a photo injector operated with the startup parameters of the European X-FEL. This implies photocathode laser pulses with a Gaussian temporal profile of about 11-12 ps FWHM to drive the photo gun operated at a gradient of 53 MV/m. Significant effort was spent on the electron beam characterization and optimization for various bunch charges. Emittance measurements were performed as a function of major accelerator parameters such as main solenoid current, laser spot size on the cathode and the gun launching phase. The requirement on the beam emittance for bunch charge of 500 pC for the European XFEL commissioning phase has been demonstrated. Results of these studies accompanied with the corresponding simulations are presented in this paper.

Slides MOD04 [1.603 MB]

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TUA02

Suppression of FEL Lasing by a Seeded Microbunching Instability

laser, FEL, undulator, photon

289

C. Lechner, A. Azima, M. Drescher, L.L. Lazzarino, Th. Maltezopoulos, V. Miltchev, T. Plath, J. Rönsch-Schulenburg, J. Roßbach
Uni HH, Hamburg, Germany
S. Ackermann, J. Bödewadt, G. Brenner, M. Dohlus, N. Ekanayake, T. Golz, T. Laarmann, T. Limberg, E. Schneidmiller, N. Stojanovic, M.V. Yurkov
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
K.E. Hacker, S. Khan, R. Molo
DELTA, Dortmund, Germany

Funding: Supported by Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany under contract No. 05K10PE1, 05K10PE3, 05K13GU4, and 05K13PE3 and the German Research Foundation programme graduate school GRK1355.
Collective effects and instabilities due to longitudinal space charge and coherent synchrotron radiation can degrade the quality of the ultra-relativistic, high-brightness electron bunches driving free-electron lasers (FELs). In this contribution, we demonstrate suppression of FEL lasing induced by a laser-triggered microbunching instability at the free-electron laser FLASH. The interaction between the electron bunches and the 800-nm laser pulses takes place in an undulator upstream of the FEL undulators. A significant decrease of XUV photon pulse energies has been observed in coincidence with the laser-electron overlap in the modulator. We discuss the underlying mechanisms based on longitudinal space charge amplification (LSCA) [E.A. Schneidmiller and M.V. Yurkov, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 13, 110701 (2010)] and present measurements.

Slides TUA02 [14.298 MB]

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TUA03

Multi-beamline Operation Test at SACLA

operation, undulator, kicker, laser

293

T. Hara, T. Inagaki, R. Kinjo, C. Kondo, Y. Otake, H. Takebe, H. Tanaka, K. Togawa
RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, Japan
K. Fukami
JASRI/SPring-8, Hyogo-ken, Japan

A new undulator beamline (BL2) was installed in September 2014 at SACLA. Following the installation of this second beamline, a DC switching magnet was replaced by a kicker magnet and a DC septum magnet for bunch-to-bunch multi-beamline operation. The commissioning of the new beamline and bunch-to-bunch operation was started early this year. Since SACLA has been operated with much higher peak currents around 10 kA compared to its original design value of 3 kA, the CSR effect in the beam transport line to BL2, where the electron beam is deflected twice by 3 degree, turns out to be non-negligible. BL2 is currently operated with reduced peak currents and the photon pulse energies of 100-150 μJ are obtained with increased undulator K-values around 2.6-2.85. Although the photon pulse energies of BL2 are still smaller than those of the existing beamline (BL3), the expected stability of the electron beam orbit after the bunch-to-bunch BL switching was achieved and simultaneous lasing at the two beamlines was demonstrated with 8 GeV electron beams. We will report the status and operational issues related to the multi-beamline operation at SACLA.

Slides TUA03 [7.095 MB]

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TUA04

First Simultaneous Operation of Two Sase Beamlines in FLASH

undulator, photon, operation, FEL

297

M. Scholz, B. Faatz, S. Schreiber, J. Zemella
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

FLASH2, the second undulator beamline of the FLASH FEL user facility at DESY (Hamburg, Germany) is under commissioning. Its first lasing was achieved in August 2014. FLASH is the first soft X-ray FEL operating two undulator beamlines simultaneously. Both undulator beamlines are driven by a common linear superconducting accelerator with a beam energy of up to 1.25 GeV. Fast kickers and a septum are installed to distribute one part of the electron bunch train to FLASH1 and the other part to FLASH2 with full repetition rate. The commissioning of FLASH2 takes place primarily in parallel to FLASH1 user operation. Various beam optics measurements has been carried out in order to ensure the required electron beam quality for efficient SASE generation. This paper reports the status of the FLASH2 commissioning.

Slides TUA04 [9.655 MB]

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TUB02

Distributed Seeding for Narrow-band X-ray Free-Electron Lasers

undulator, radiation, FEL, simulation

301

D.C. Nguyen, P.M. Anisimov, C.E. Buechler, Q.R. Marksteiner
LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

Funding: We thank Bruce Carlsten, John Lewellen, Steve Russell, and Rich Sheffield (LANL), Craig Ogata and Yuri Shvyd'ko (ANL) for helpful discussion, and the MaRIE project for financial support.
The MaRIE XFEL is the proposed XFEL driven by a 12-GeV electron beam to generate coherent 42-keV photons based on a new seeding technique called distributed seeding (DS). This paper presents details of the distributed seeding technique using Si(111) Bragg crystals as the spectral filters. DS differs from self-seeding in three important aspects. First, DS relies on spectral filtering of the undulator radiation at more than one location early in the exponential gain curve. This leads to an FEL output that is dominated by the coherent seed signal, not SASE noise. Secondly, DS affords the ability to select a wavelength longer than the peak of the SASE gain curve, which leads to improved spectral contrast of the seeded FEL over the SASE background. Lastly, the power growth curves in successive DS stages exhibit the behavior of an FEL amplifier, i.e. a lethargy region followed by the exponential growth region. This behavior results in FEL output pulses that are less spiky than the SASE pulses. Using 3D Genesis simulations, we show that DS with two filters provides a 12X enhancement in spectral brightness relative to SASE and that DS with three filters produces negligible SASE background. The DS FEL spectrum has a relative spectral bandwidth (FWHM) of 8 X 10^-5 with about 9 spectral modes.

Slides TUB02 [1.241 MB]

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TUB05

Tunable High-power Terahertz Free-Electron Laser Amplifier

FEL, laser, radiation, simulation

305

G. Zhao, S. Huang, K.X. Liu, W. Qin, L. Zeng
PKU, Beijing, People's Republic of China
C.H. Chen, Y.C. Chiu, Y.-C. Huang
NTHU, Hsinchu, Taiwan

In the THz spectrum, radiation sources are relatively scarce. Although recent advancement on optical technologies has enabled THz radiation generation covering a broad spectral range, free-electron laser (FEL) continues to be the most importance source for generating high-power THz radiation. Here we present an ongoing collaboration between Peking University (PKU) and National Tsinghua University (NTHU) to demonstrate high peak and average powers from a THz free-electron laser amplifier driven by a superconducting accelerator system at PKU. The superconducting accelerator comprises the DC-SRF photoinjector and a linac utilizing two 1.3 GHz Tesla-type cavities. It is expected to deliver high repetition rate electron beam with the energy of 10-25 MeV and rms bunch length of about 3 ps. The driver laser of the photoinjector is a mode-locked frequency-quadrupled Nd:YVO4 laser at 266 nm. We use the remaining gun driver laser power at 1064 nm to pump a THz parametric amplifier (TPA) which designed at NTHU and generate the THz seed radiation for the FEL amplifier. The signal laser of the TPA is tunable over 2 THz, permitting generation of radiation between 0.5 and 2.5 THz to seed the FEL amplifier. With our design parameters and computer simulation in GENESIS, we expect to generate narrow-band, wavelength-tunable THz radiation with sub-MW peak power and Watt-level average power.

Slides TUB05 [2.349 MB]

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TUP001

THz Photo-Injector FEM Based on Spontaneous Coherent Emission from a Bunch of Negative-Mass Electrons

undulator, radiation, cyclotron, simulation

317

A.V. Savilov, I.V. Bandurkin
IAP/RAS, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

The use of short dense electron bunches produced form a photo-injector gun is attractive for realization of a THz FEL based on spontaneous coherent emission from such bunches. This type of emission is realized, when the axial length of bunches is shorter that the wavelength of the radiated wave. Therefore, the length of the operating region of such a FEL is strictly limited by degradation (an increase in the axial size) of the e-bunch caused by both the Coulomb repulsion and the velocity spread. The use of the regime of the 'negative mass' can be a way to provide stabilization of the axial size of e-bunches. Such a regime is realized in a magnetostatic undulator with a guiding homogeneous axial magnetic field. If the electron cyclotron frequency (corresponding to the guiding magnetic field) exceeds the bounce-frequency of electron oscillations in the periodic undulator field, then the abnormal dependence of the axial velocity of electrons on their energy takes place (an increase in the energy leads to a decrease in the axial velocity). In such regime, axial Coulomb repulsion of the electrons leads to their mutual attraction which slows down bunch degradation. The use of this regime results in a substantial increase in the length of the spontaneous coherent emission, and, therefore, in an increase in both the duration and the power of the output radiation pulse.
The work was supported by the Russian Scientific Foundation (RSCF), Project no. 14-19-01723

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TUP002

Further Studies of Undulator Tapering in X-Ray FELs

undulator, simulation, radiation, laser

321

A. Mak, F. Curbis, S. Werin
MAX-lab, Lund, Sweden

We further the studies of the model-based optimization of tapered free-electron lasers presented in a recent publication [Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 18, 040702 (2015)]. Departing from the ideal case, wherein the taper profile is a smooth and continuous function, we consider the more realistic case, with individual undulator segments separated by break sections. Using the simulation code GENESIS, we apply our taper optimization method to a case, which closely resembles the FLASH2 facility in Hamburg, Germany. By comparing steady-state and time-dependent simulations, we examine how time-dependent effects alter the optimal taper scenario. From the simulation results, we also deduce that the "traditional" empirical method, whereby the intermediate radiation power is maximized after closing every undulator gap, does not necessarily produce the highest final power at the exit of the undulator line.

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TUP003

Threshold of a Mirror-less Photonic Free Electron Laser Oscillator Pumped by One or More Electron Beams

laser, free-electron-laser, radiation, plasma

327

P.J.M. van der Slot, K.-J. Boller, A. Strooisma
Mesa+, Enschede, The Netherlands

Funding: This research is supported by the Dutch Technology Foundation STW, which is part of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, and which is partly funded by the Ministry of Economic Affairs
Transmitting electrons through a photonic crystal can result in stimulated emission and the generation of coherent Cerenkov radiation. Here we consider a photonic-crystal slab consisting of a two-dimensional, periodic array of bars inside a rectangular waveguide. By appropriately tapering the bars at both ends of the slab, we numerically show that an electromagnetic wave can be transmitted through the waveguide filled with the photonic-crystal slab with close to zero reflection. Furthermore, the photonic-crystal slab allows transmission of electrons in the form of one or more beams. By appropriately designing the photonic-crystal slab, we obtain a backward wave interaction at low electron-beam energy of around 15 kV, that results in distributed feedback of the radiation on the electrons without any external mirrors being present. Here we discuss the dynamics of the laser oscillator near threshold and numerically show that the threshold current can be distributed over multiple electron beams, resulting in a lower current per beam.

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TUP004

Three-dimensional, Time-dependent Simulation of Free-Electron Lasers

undulator, simulation, FEL, experiment

331

P.J.M. van der Slot
Mesa+, Enschede, The Netherlands
H. Freund, P.J.M. van der Slot
CSU, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

Minerva is a simulation code that models the interaction of electrons with an optical field inside an undulator. Minerva uses a modal expansion for the optical field and the full Newton-Lorentz force equation to track the particles through the optical and magnetic fields. To allow propagation of the optical field outside the undulator and interact with optical elements, MINERVA interfaces with the optical propagation code OPC to mode, for example, FEL oscillators. As there exists a large variety of FELs ranging from long-wavelength oscillators to soft and hard X-ray FELs that are either seeded or starting from noise, a simulation code, such as Minerva, should be capable of modelling this huge variety of FEL configurations. Here we present a validation of the Minerva code against experimental data for various FEL configurations, ranging from long wavelength FEL oscillators to hard X-ray SASE FEL.

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TUP005

A Mirror-Less, Multi-Beam Photonic Free-Electron Laser Oscillator Pumped Far Beyond Threshold

laser, radiation, free-electron-laser, feedback

334

P.J.M. van der Slot, K.-J. Boller, A. Strooisma
Mesa+, Enschede, The Netherlands

Funding: This research is supported by the Dutch Technology Foundation STW, which is part of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, and which is partly funded by the Ministry of Economic Affairs
In a photonic free-electron laser electrons are transmitted through a photonic crystal in the form of one or multiple electron beams to generate coherent Cerenkov radiation. Here we consider a photonic-crystal slab consisting of a two-dimensional, periodic array of bars inside a rectangular waveguide, with both ends tapered to provide complete transmission of an electromagnetic wave. By appropriately designing the photonic-crystal slab, we obtain a backward wave interaction at low electron beam energy of around 15 kV, that results in distributed feedback of the radiation on the electrons without any external mirrors being present. Here we numerically study the dynamics of the laser oscillator when pumped far beyond threshold with one or multiple electron beams. We show that using multiple beams with the same total current provide better suppression of higher-order modes and can produce more output power, compared to the laser pumped by a single beam of the same total current.

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TUP006

Quantum Nature of Electrons in Classical X-ray FELs

FEL, undulator, radiation, laser

338

P.M. Anisimov
LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

X-ray FELs built to date are well described by the classical theory. This theory in its simplest form is expressed as a system of pendulum equations for electrons coupled to the electromagnetic field. The FEL interaction requires bunching of the electrons on a scale less than radiation wavelength. The progress in the development of FELs and the need to reach even shorter laser radiation wavelength with low energy electrons require that the quantum characteristic of the FEL interaction to be properly considered. Quantum theories have been already proposed by a number of authors. These theories, however, have been developed for regimes that are not relevant for modern/planned X-ray FELs. Here, we focus on quantum effects in modern/future X-ray FELs and stop treating an electron as a point-particle. This results in quantum reduction of the bunching! Starting with the analysis of the free space dispersion for the electron wave packet, we will present a modified 1D FEL theory that takes into account the quantum uncertainty of the electron position in X-ray FELs. This theory allows for a unified classification of FELs with respect to the wave nature of an electron that shows a planned FEL at Los Alamos National Lab to be most affected. The Genesis simulation code has been modified in order to include quantum reduction of the bunching that lead to interesting results. LA-UR-15-26276

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TUP007

High Fidelity Start-to-end Numerical Particle Simulations and Performance Studies for LCLS-II

undulator, FEL, simulation, emittance

342

G. Marcus, Y. Ding, P. Emma, Z. Huang, T.O. Raubenheimer, L. Wang
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
J. Qiang, M. Venturini
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA

High fidelity numerical particle simulations that leverage a number of accelerator and FEL codes have been used to analyze the LCLS-II FEL performance. Together, the physics models that are included in these codes have been crucial in identifying, understanding, and mitigating a number of potential hazards that can adversely affect the FEL performance, some of which are discussed in papers submitted to this conference[*, **]. Here, we present a broad overview of the LCLS-II FEL performance, based on these start-to-end simulations, for both the soft X-ray and hard X-ray undulators including both SASE and self-seeded operational modes.
* M. Venturini, et al., The microbunching instability and LCLS-II lattice design: lessons learned, FEL'15
** Z. Zhang, et al., Microbunching-induced sidebands in a seeded free-electron laser, FEL'15

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TUP008

High-Gain FEL in the Space-Charge Dominated Raman Limit

FEL, space-charge, undulator, simulation

347

I.I. Gadjev, C. Emma, A. Nause, J.B. Rosenzweig
UCLA, Los Angeles, USA

While FEL technology has reached the EUV and X-ray regime at existing machines such as LCLS and SACLA, the scale of these projects is often impractical for research and industrial applications. Sub-millimeter period undulators can reduce the size of a high-gain EUV FEL, but will impose stringent conditions on the electron beam. In particular, a high-gain EUV FEL based on undulators with a sub-millimeter period will require electron beam currents upwards of 1 kA at energies below 100 MeV. Coupled with the small gap of such undulators and their low undulator strengths, K < 0.1, these beam parameters bring longitudinal space-charge effects to the foreground of the FEL process. When the wavelength of plasma oscillations in the electron beam becomes comparable to the gain-length, the 1D theoretical FEL model transitions from the Compton to the Raman limit. In this work, we investigate the behavior of the FEL's gain-length and efficiency in these two limits. The starting point for the analysis was the one-dimensional FEL theory including space-charge forces. The derived results were compared to numerical results of Genesis 1.3 simulations. This theoretical model predicts that in the Raman limit, the gain-length scales as the beam current to the -1/4th power while the efficiency plateaus to a constant.

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TUP009

Coherent Thomson Scattering Using the PEHG

radiation, laser, scattering, simulation

351

S. Chen, K. Ohmi, D. Zhou
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

Electron beam is density modulated by the phase-merging effect to obtain ultra-short longitudinal structures in the phase space. Coherent radiations are then generated by the coherent Thomson scattering between the phase-merged beam and a long wavelength laser pulse.

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TUP010

Recent Progress in Upgrade of the High-Intensity THz-FEL at Osaka University

FEL, linac, klystron, operation

354

G. Isoyama, M. Fujimoto, S. Funakoshi, K. Furukawa, A. Irizawa, R. Kato, K. Kawase, A. Tokuchi, R. Tsutsumi, M. Yaguchi
ISIR, Osaka, Japan

We are upgrading the THz-FEL at Osaka University for its applications to high intensity THz sciences, which originally generated the high intensity FEL with the macropulse energy up to 3.7 mJ and the micropulse energy up to ~10 uJ at a wavelength around 70 um. To increase the micropulse energy, charge in electron bunches is increased four time higher and the bunch intervals are expanded four times longer to maintain the average current in the linac unchanged. In the new operation mode, the macropulse energy increases up to 26 mJ and the micropulse energy to ~0.2 mJ, which is 20 times higher than the energy previously obtained in the conventional mode. We have developed a solid-state switch for the klystron modulator to highly stabilize the klystron voltage, so that the output power of the FEL becomes stable. We are conducting basic studies on FEL for further improvement of its performance, including measurement of power evolution from start-up to saturation, time structures of FEL micropulses measured with a Michelson interferometer, and time structures of macropulses measured with a Schottky diode detector. We will report results of these studies on the THz-FEL at Osaka University.

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TUP011

Performance and Tolerance Studies of the X-Ray Production for the X-Band FEL Collaboration

undulator, simulation, FEL, operation

359

J. Pfingstner, E. Adli
University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

The X-band FEL collaboration is currently designing an X-ray free-electron laser based on X-band acceleration technology. This paper reports on the recent progress on the design of the undulator part of this machine including simulations of the X-ray production process. The basic parameters have been chosen and a beam transport system has been designed, considering strong and weak focusing of quadrupole and undulator magnets. Simulations of the X-ray production process have been carried out with realistic input beam distributions from particle tracking studies of the linac design team. The expectable X-ray properties for SASE and seeded FEL operation have been investigated and also undulator taper options have been studied.

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TUP012

Plans for an EEHG-based Short-Pulse Facility at the DELTA Storage Ring

radiation, laser, storage-ring, synchrotron

363

S. Hilbrich, F.H. Bahnsen, M. Bolsinger, M.A. Jebramcik, S. Khan, C. Mai, A. Meyer auf der Heide, R. Molo, H. Rast, G. Shayeganrad, P. Ungelenk
DELTA, Dortmund, Germany

Funding: Work supported by DFG, BMBF, FZ Jülich, and by the Federal State NRW.
The 1.5-GeV synchrotron light source DELTA, operated by the TU Dortmund University, comprises a short-pulse facility based on the coherent harmonic generation (CHG) technique, which allows for the generation of radiation pulses with wavelengths down to 50 nm and a duration of 50 fs. In order to reach even shorter wavelengths, the present setup will be modified to employ the echo-enabled harmonic generation (EEHG) and femtoslicing techniques. In this paper, recent developments including an improved lattice design and a concept for the new vacuum chambers will be presented.

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TUP013

The X-Band FEL Collaboration

FEL, undulator, linac, emittance

368

J. Pfingstner, E. Adli
University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
A.A. Aksoy, O. Yavaş
Ankara University, Accelerator Technologies Institute, Golbasi / Ankara, Turkey
D. Angal-Kalinin, J.A. Clarke
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
C.J. Bocchetta, A.I. Wawrzyniak
Solaris, Kraków, Poland
M.J. Boland, T.K. Charles, R.T. Dowd, G. LeBlanc, Y.E. Tan, K.P. Wootton, D. Zhu
SLSA, Clayton, Australia
G. Burt
Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
N. Catalán Lasheras, A. Grudiev, A. Latina, D. Schulte, S. Stapnes, I. Syratchev, W. Wuensch
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
A. Charitonidis
NTUA, Athens, Greece
G. D'Auria, S. Di Mitri, C. Serpico
Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy
T.J.C. Ekelöf, M. Jacewicz, R.J.M.Y. Ruber, V.G. Ziemann
Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
W. Fang, Q. Gu
SINAP, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
E.N. Gazis
National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
X.J.A. Janssen
VDL ETG, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Z. Nergiz
Nigde University, Nigde, Turkey

The X-band FEL collaboration is currently designing an X-ray free-electron laser based on X-band acceleration technology. Due to the higher accelerating gradients achievable with X-band technology, a X-band normal conducting linac can be shorter and therefore potentially cost efficient than what is achievable with lower frequency structures. This cost reduction of future FEL facilities addresses the growing demand of the user community for coherent X-rays. The X-band FEL collaboration consists of 12 institutes and universities that jointly work on the preparation of design reports for the specific FEL projects. In this paper, we report on the on-going activities, the basic parameter choice, and the integrated simulation results. We also outline the interest of the X-band FEL collaboration to use the electron linac CALIFES at CERN to test FEL concepts and technologies relevant for the X-band FEL collaboration.

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TUP014

Beam Commissioning and Initial Measurements on the MAX IV 3 GeV Linac

linac, gun, storage-ring, sextupole

375

S. Thorin, J. Andersson, F. Curbis, M. Eriksson, L. Isaksson, O. Karlberg, D. Kumbaro, F. Lindau, E. Mansten, D.F. Olsson, S. Werin
MAX-lab, Lund, Sweden

The linear accelerator at the MAX IV facility in Lund, Sweden, was constructed for injection and top up of the two storage rings and as a high brightness driver for the Short Pulse Facility. It is also prepared to be used as an injector for a possible future Free Electron Laser. Installation of the linac was completed and beam commissioning started in the early fall of 2014. In this paper we present the progress during the first phase of commissioning along with results from initial measurements of optics, emittance, beam energy and charge.

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TUP017

HPC Simulation Suite for Future FELs

FEL, simulation, software, plasma

384

L.T. Campbell, A.J.T. Colin, B.W.J. MᶜNeil, P. Traczykowski
USTRAT/SUPA, Glasgow, United Kingdom
R.J. Allan
The Hartree Centre, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC/DL), Warrington, United Kingdom
D.J. Dunning, N. Thompson, P.H. Williams
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
D.J. Dunning, B.D. Muratori, N. Thompson, P.H. Williams
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
J.D.A. Smith
Tech-X, Boulder, Colorado, USA

A new HPC simulation suite, intended to aid in both the investigation of novel FEL physics and the design of new FEL facilities, is described. The integrated start-to-end suite, currently under development, incorporates both plasma (VSim) and linac (ELEGANT, ASTRA) accelerator codes, and will include the 3D unaveraged FEL code Puffin to probe novel FEL effects.

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TUP019

Time Locking Options for the Soft X-Ray Beamline of SwissFEL

laser, FEL, undulator, radiation

388

E. Prat, S. Reiche
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

SwissFEL is an FEL facility presently under construction at the Paul Scherrer institute that will serve two beamlines: Aramis, a hard X-ray beamline which is in construction phase and will provide FEL radiation in 2017 with a wavelength between 0.1 and 0.7 nm; and Athos, a soft X-ray beamline which is in design phase and it is expected to offer FEL light in 2021 for radiation wavelengths between 0.7 and 7 nm. A passive synchronization of the FEL signal to a laser source is fundamental for key experiments at Athos, such as the time-resolved resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) experiments. In this paper we explore different options to achieve this time synchronization by means of energy modulating the electron beam with an external laser.

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TUP020

Recent Study in iSASE

FEL, distributed, laser, undulator

393

K. Fang, C. Pellegrini, J. Wu
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
C. Emma, C. Pellegrini
UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
S. Hsu
University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California, USA

The Improved Self-Amplified Spontaneous Radiation (iSASE) scheme has potential to reduce SASE FEL bandwidth. This is achieved by repeatedly delaying the electrons with respect to the radiation pulse using phase shifters in the undulator break sections. It has been shown that the strength, locations and sequences of phase shifters are important to the iSASE performance. Particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to explore the phase shifters configuration space globally.

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TUP021

Fundamental Limitations of the SASE FEL Photon Beam Pointing Stability

FEL, radiation, emittance, undulator

397

E. Schneidmiller, M.V. Yurkov
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

The radiation from SASE FEL has always limited value of the degree of transverse coherence. Two effects define the spatial coherence of the radiation: the mode competition effect, and the effect of poor longitudinal coherence. For the diffraction limited case we deal mainly with the effect of the poor longitudinal coherence leading to significant degradation of the spatial coherence in the post-saturation regime. When transverse size of the electron beam significantly exceeds diffraction limit, the mode competition effect does not provide the selection of the fundamental FEL mode, and spatial coherence degrades due to contribution of the higher azimuthal modes. Another consequence of this effect are fluctuations of the spot size and pointing stability of the photon beam. These fluctuations are fundamental and originate from the shot noise in the electron beam. The effect of pointing instability becomes more pronouncing for shorter wavelengths. Our study is devoted to the fundamental analysis of the effect and description of possible means for improving the degree of transverse coherence and the pointing stability.

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TUP022

Measurement of Spatial Displacement of X-rays in Crystals for Self-Seeding Applications

experiment, FEL, detector, radiation

405

A. Rodriguez-Fernandez, B. Pedrini, S. Reiche
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
K. Finkelstein
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA

Free-electron laser (FEL) radiation arises from shot noise in the electron bunch, which is amplified along the undulator section and results in X-ray pulses consisting of many longitudinal modes [1]. The output bandwidth of FELs can be decreased by seeding the FEL process with longitudinally coherent radiation. In the hard x-ray region, there are no suitable external sources. This obstacle can be overcome by self-seeding. The X-ray beam is separated from the electrons using a magnetic chicane, and then monochromatized. The monochromatized X-rays serve as a narrowband seed, after recombination with the electron bunch, along the downstream undulators. This scheme generates longitudinally coherent FEL pulses.[2] have proposed monochromatization based on Forward Bragg Diffraction (FBD), which introduces a delay of the narrowband X-rays pulse of the order of femtoseconds that can be matched to the delay of the electron bunch due to the chicane. Unfortunately, the FBD process produces a small transverse displacement of the X-ray beam, which results in the loss of efficiency of the seeding process [3]. Preliminary results from an experiment performed at Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source seem to confirm the predicted transverse displacement, which is therefore to be taken into account in the design of self-seeding infrastructure for optimizing the FEL performance.
[1] J.S. Wark et al., J. Apply. Crystallogr. 32, 692 (1999)
[2] G. Geloni et al., DESY report 10-053 (2010).
[3] Y. Shvyd'ko et al., Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 15, 100702 (2012)

Poster TUP022 [5.503 MB]

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TUP023

A Modified Self-Seeded X-ray FEL Scheme Towards Shorter Wavelengths

FEL, laser, radiation, undulator

409

L. Zeng, J.E. Chen, S. Huang, K.X. Liu, W. Qin
PKU, Beijing, People's Republic of China
Y. Ding, Z. Huang, G. Marcus
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

We present a modified self-seeded FEL scheme for harmonic generation. Different from classical HGHG scheme whose seed laser is a conventional laser with longer wavelength, this scheme first uses a regular self-seeding monochromator to generate a seed laser, followed by a HGHG configuration to produce shorter-wavelength radiations. As an example, we perform start-to-end simulations to demonstrate the second and third harmonic FELs from a soft x-ray self-seeding case at the fundumental wavelength of 1.72 nm. The harmonic performance results will be discussed.

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TUP025

Studies of Undulator Tapering for the CLARA FEL

FEL, undulator, laser, brightness

412

I.P.S. Martin, R. Bartolini
DLS, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
R. Bartolini
JAI, Oxford, United Kingdom
D.J. Dunning, N. Thompson
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

Undulator tapering is a well-known method for enhancing the performance of free-electron lasers [1]. It works by keeping the resonant wavelength constant, despite variation in the electron beam energy. Both the energy-extraction efficiency and the spectral brightness of the FEL can be improved using this technique. In this paper we present recent studies of undulator tapering for the CLARA FEL in both SASE and seeded modes. The methods used to optimise the taper profile are described, and the properties of the final FEL pulses are compared.
[1] N.M. Kroll, P.L. Morton, M.N. Rosenbluth, J. Quantum Electronics 17, 8 (1981).

Poster TUP025 [0.919 MB]

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TUP027

Facility Upgrades for the High Harmonic Echo Program at SLAC's NLCTA

laser, undulator, radiation, focusing

422

B.W. Garcia, M.P. Dunning, C. Hast, E. Hemsing, T.O. Raubenheimer
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
D. Xiang
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China

The Echo program currently underway at SLAC's NLCTA test accelerator aims to use Echo-Enabled Harmonic Generation (EEHG) to produce considerable bunching in the electron beam at high harmonics of a 2.4um seed laser. The production of such high harmonics in the EUV wavelength range necessitates an efficient radiator and associated light diagnostics to accurately characterize and tune the echo effect. We have installed and commissioned the Visible to Infrared SASE Amplifier (VISA) undulator, a strong focusing two meter long planar undulator of Halbach array design with 1.8cm period length. To characterize the output radiation, we have designed, built, and calibrated a grazing incidence EUV spectrometer which operates between 12-120nm with resolution sufficient to resolve individual harmonics. An absolute wavelength calibration is achieved by using both EEHG and High Gain Harmonic Generation (HGHG) signals from the undulator.

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TUP028

DESIGN OF THE MID-INFRARED FEL OSCILLATOR IN CHINA

FEL, undulator, cavity, laser

427

H.T. Li, Q.K. Jia, L. Wang, S.C. Zhang
USTC/NSRL, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China

In 2014, Xiamen University and other three research organizations received the approval to realize an infrared free electron laser (IR-FEL) for fundamental of energy chemistry. The IR-FEL covers the spectral range of 2.5-200 μm and will be built in NSRL. Two FEL oscillators driven by one Linac will be used to generate mid- infrared and far-infrared lasers. In this article we describe the design studies for the mid-infrared FEL oscillator.

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TUP030

Time Dependent Study for an X-ray FEL Oscillator at LCLS-II

cavity, photon, undulator, free-electron-laser

433

J. Zemella
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
W.M. Fawley, T.J. Maxwell
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
R.R. Lindberg
ANL, Argonne, Illinois, USA

The LCLS-II with its high repetition rate and high quality beam will be capable of driving an X-ray free electron laser oscillator at higher harmonics in the hard X-ray regime (0.1 nm). The oscillator consists of a low loss X-ray crystal cavity using diamond Bragg crystals with meV bandwidth. The expected average spectral flux has been estimated to be at least two orders of magnitude greater than present synchrotron-based sources with highly stable, coherent pulses of duration 1 ps or less for applications in Mössbauer spectroscopy and inelastic x-ray scattering. A more detailed study of the start up of a fifth-harmonic X-ray FEL oscillator at LCLS-II will be presented with full, time-dependent simulations.

Poster TUP030 [0.619 MB]

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TUP032

Numerical Studies of the Influence of the Electron Bunch Arrival Time Jitter on the Gain Process of an XFEL-Oscillator for the European XFEL

simulation, undulator, radiation, FEL

436

C.P. Maag, J. Zemella
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
J. Roßbach
Uni HH, Hamburg, Germany

The superconducting linac of the European XFEL Laboratory in Hamburg will produce electron bunch trains with a time structure that allow in principle the operation of an XFELO (X-ray FEL-Oscillator). The electron bunches of the European XFEL have an expected length between 2 and 180 fs (FWHM) with an expected arrival time jitter of about 30 fs (RMS). A jitter of the electron bunch arrival time leads to a detuning between the electron and photon pulse. Since an XFEL-Oscillator relies on a spatial overlap of electron and photon pulse, the influence of a lack of longitudinal overlap is studied. The simulations are performed for different bunch lengths and levels of arrival time jitter. The results of a simulation are presented where angular, transversal and arrival time jitter are taken into account simultaneously, assuming parameters expected for the European XFEL Linac.

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TUP034

New Ellipsoidal Photocathode Laser Pulses at the Upgraded PITZ Facility

gun, laser, cathode, simulation

439

J.D. Good, P. Boonpornprasert, M. Groß, H. Huck, I.I. Isaev, D.K. Kalantaryan, G. Kourkafas, M. Krasilnikov, D. Melkumyan, A. Oppelt, M. Otevřel, Y. Renier, T. Rublack, F. Stephan, G. Vashchenko
DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany
A.V. Andrianov, E. Gacheva, E. Khazanov, S. Mironov, A. Poteomkin, V. Zelenogorsky
IAP/RAS, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
G. Asova
INRNE, Sofia, Bulgaria
M. A. Bakr
Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
I. Hartl, S. Schreiber
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
C. Hernandez-Garcia
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
M. Khojoyan
SOLEIL, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
O. Lishilin, G. Pathak
Uni HH, Hamburg, Germany
D. Malyutin
HZB, Berlin, Germany
E. Syresin
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
Q.T. Zhao
IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

High brightness electron sources for free electron lasers like FLASH and the European XFEL are developed, optimized and characterized at the Photo Injector Test facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ). Last year the facility was significantly upgraded with a new prototype photocathode laser capable of producing homogeneous ellipsoidal pulses. Previous simulations have shown that the corresponding pulses produce high brightness electron bunches with minimized emittance. Furthermore, a new normal conducting RF gun cavity was installed with a modified two-window waveguide RF feed layout for stability and reliability tests, as required for the European XFEL. Other relevant additions to the facility include beamline modifications for improved electron beam transport through the PITZ accelerator, refinement of both the cooling and RF systems for improved parameter stability, and preparations for the installation of a plasma cell. This paper describes the facility upgrades and reports on the operational experience with the new components.

Poster TUP034 [1.211 MB]

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TUP038

Construction of the EU-XFEL Laser Heater

laser, vacuum, undulator, ion

452

M. Hamberg, V.G. Ziemann
Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

Funding: We thank the Swedish research council under Project number DNR-828-2008-1093 for financial support.
Installation of the laser heater for the EU-XFEL is completed and first commissioning runs are imminent. We discuss the installation of the key elements and provide an outlook of the commissioning phase.

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TUP040

Simulation and Design of Low Emittance RF Electron Gun

emittance, gun, cavity, coupling

455

C. Saisa-ard, S. Rimjaem
Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

Funding: This work has been supported by the CMU Junior Research Fellowship Program and the Department of Physics and Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University.
Generation of high-brightness electron beam is one of the most critical issues in development of advanced electron accelerators and light sources. At the Plasma and Beam Physics (PBP) Research Facility, Chiang Mai University, a low emittance RF electron gun is under the development. This RF-gun is planned to be used as an electron source for a future IR/THz FEL facility. An extra resonant cavity is added to the modified design of the existing PBP-CMU RF-gun in order to reduce the transverse sliced emittance. This cell is coupled to the main full-cell via a side-coupling cavity. The electromagnetic field distributions inside the cavities are simulated by using the CST Microwave Studio 2012. Then, beam dynamic simulations utilizing the program PARMELA are performed. Both RF and beam dynamic simulation results are reported and discussed in this contribution.
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support to participate this conference by the Department of Physics and Materials Science and the Graduate School, Chiang Mai University.

Poster TUP040 [2.140 MB]

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TUP041

Simultaneous Operation of Three Laser Systems at the FLASH Photoinjector

laser, cathode, operation, free-electron-laser

459

S. Schreiber, C. Grün, K. Klose, J. Rönsch-Schulenburg, B. Steffen
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

The free-electron laser facility FLASH at DESY (Hamburg, Germany) operates two undulator beamlines simultaneously. Both undulator beamlines are driven by a common linear superconducting accelerator with a beam energy of up to 1.25 GeV. The superconducting technology allows the acceleration of trains of several hundred microsecond spaced bunches with a repetition rate of 10 Hz. A fast kickers-septum system is installed to distribute one part of the electron bunch train to FLASH1 and the other part to FLASH2 keeping the full 10 Hz repetition rate for both beamlines. In order to deliver different beam properties to each beamline, the FLASH photoinjector uses two independent laser systems to generate different bunch pattern and bunch charges. One laser serves the FLASH1 beamline, the other the FLASH2 beamline. A third laser with adjus ö laser pulse duration is used to generate ultra-short bunches for single spike lasing.

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TUP042

Lifetime of Cs2Te Cathodes Operated at the FLASH Facility

laser, cathode, gun, operation

464

S. Schreiber, S. Lederer
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

The injector of the free-electron laser facility FLASH at DESY (Hamburg, Germany) uses Cs2Te photocathodes. We report on the lifetime, quantum efficiency (QE), and darkcurrent of photocathodes operated at FLASH during the last year. Cathode 618.3 has been operated for a record of 439 days with a stable QE in the order of 3%. The fresh cathode 73.3 shows an enhancement of emitted electrons for a few microseconds of a 1 MHz pulse train.

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TUP043

PAL-XFEL Cavity BPM Prototype Beam Test at ITF

cavity, pick-up, dipole, simulation

468

S.J. Lee, J.H. Han, H.-S. Kang, C. Kim, S.H. Kim, I.S. Ko, Y.J. Park, D.C. Shin
PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea

To achieve sub-micrometer resolution, PAL-XFEL undulator section will use X-band Cavity beam position monitor (BPM) systems. The prototype cavity BPM pick-up was designed and fabricated to test the performance of the cavity BPM system. The fabricated prototype cavity BPM pick-up was installed at Pohang Accelerator Laboratory injector test facility (PAL ITF) for the beam test. Under 200 pC beam charge condition, the signal properties of the cavity BPM pick-up were measured. Also, the dynamic range of the cavity BPM pick-up was measured by using the corrector magnet. In this paper, the design and beam test results of the prototype cavity BPM pick-up will be discussed.

Poster TUP043 [0.695 MB]

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TUP049

Prototype of the Improved Electro-Optical Unit for the Bunch Arrival Time Monitors at FLASH and the European XFEL

laser, timing, electronics, pick-up

478

H. Dinter, M.K. Czwalinna, C. Gerth, K.P. Przygoda, R. Rybaniec, H. Schlarb, C. Sydlo
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

At today's free-electron lasers, high-resolution electron bunch arrival time measurements have become increasingly more important in fast feedback systems providing accurate timing stability for time-resolved pump-probe experiments and seeding schemes. At FLASH and the upcoming European XFEL a reliable and precise arrival time detection down to the femtosecond level has to cover a broad range of bunch charges, which may even change from 1 nC down to 20 pC within a bunch train. This is fulfilled by arrival time monitors which employ an electro-optical detection scheme by means of synchronised ultra-short laser pulses. At both facilities, the new bunch arrival time monitor has to cope with the special operation mode where the MHz repetition rate bunch train is separated into several segments for different SASE beam lines. Each of the segments will exhibit individual timing jitter characteristics since they are generated from different injector lasers and can be accelerated with individual energy gain settings. In this paper, we describe the recent improvements of the electro-optical unit developed for the bunch arrival time monitors to be installed in both facilities.

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TUP050

Extension of Existing Pulse Analysis Methods to High-Repetition Rate Operation: Studies of the "Time-Stretch Strategy"

laser, detector, FEL, storage-ring

483

S. Bielawski
PhLAM/CERCLA, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
J.B. Brubach, L. Cassinari, M.-E. Couprie, M. Labat, L. Manceron, J.P. Ricaud, P. Roy, M.-A. Tordeux
SOLEIL, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
C. Evain, C. Szwaj
PhLAM/CERLA, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
M. Le Parquier
CERLA, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
E. Roussel
Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy

Funding: ANR (2010-042301, DYNACO), LABEX CEMPI project (ANR-11-LABX-0007), ERC grant COXINEL (340015), GENCI TGCC/IDRIS (x2014057057,i2015057057).
Many single-shot recording setups are based on the encoding of the information onto a laser pulse. This concerns in particular electro-optic sampling of bunch shapes, and VUV/X pulse monitors using transient reflectivity. The upgrade of these methods to high repetition rates presents challenging issues, that are due to the limited speed of the recording cameras. Recently [1], we demonstrated that multi-MHz repetition rates can be achieved using a relatively simple upgrade of existing setups, using the so-called "photonic time-stretch" technique. Here we present guidelines for the practical realization in the case of electro-optic sampling. We also present a performance analysis, and compare it to the spectral encoding case. The technique is potentially applicable to other cases where the information can be encoded on a chirped laser pulse, as, e.g., transient reflectivity diagnostics of XUV pulses.
[1] Observing microscopic structures of a relativistic object using a time-stretch strategy, E. Roussel, C. Evain, M. Le Parquier, C. Szwaj, S. Bielawski, L. Manceron, J.-B. Brubach, M.-A. Tordeux, J.-P. Ricaud, L. Cassinari, M. Labat, M.-E Couprie, and P. Roy, Scientific Reports 5, 10330 (2015).

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TUP055

Technical Overview of Bunch Compressor System for PAL XFEL

dipole, quadrupole, vacuum, diagnostics

490

H.-G. Lee, Y.-G. Jung, H.-S. Kang, D.E. Kim, K.W. Kim, S.B. Lee, D.H. Na, B.G. Oh, K.-H. Park, H.S. Suh, Y.J. Suh
PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea

Pohang Accelerator Laboratory(PAL) is developing a SASE X-ray Free Electron Laser based on 10 GeV linear accelerator. Bunch compressor (BC) systems are developed to be used for the linear accelerator tunnel. It consists of three(BC1, BC2, BC3_H) hard X-ray line and one(BC3_S) soft X-ray line. BC systems are composed of four dipole magnets, three quadrupole magnet, BPM and collimator. The support system is based on an asymmetric four-dipole magnet chicane in which asymmetry and variable R56. can be optimized. This flexibility is achieved by allowing the middle two dipole magnets to move transversely. In this paper, we describe the design of the stages used for precise movement of the bunch compressor magnets and associated diagnostics components.

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TUP057

The Highly Adjustable Magnet Undulator

undulator, simulation, permanent-magnet, radiation

499

M. Hamberg
Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

The highly adjustable magnet undulator is a concept aiming for flexibility and extensive tunability of undulator settings in the linear as well as the helical regime. I report about suggested layout, magnetic simulations.

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TUP065

Beam Dynamics Simulation for the Upgraded PITZ Photo Injector Applying Various Photocathode Laser Pulses

emittance, laser, flattop, cathode

501

M. A. Bakr, M. Khojoyan, M. Krasilnikov, F. Stephan, G. Vashchenko
DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany
M. A. Bakr
Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt

The Photo Injector Test facility PITZ at DESY, Zeuthen site, characterizes and optimizes high brightness electron sources for linac-based Free Electron Laser (FELs) with a specific focus on the requirements of FLASH and the European XFEL. X-ray FELs require high brightness electron beam in terms of high peak current, small transverse emittance and energy spread. Such high quality beams are mandatory for efficient SASE generation in a single pass through long undulators with narrow gaps. Photocathode laser pulse shaping is a powerful tool to optimize the photo injector performance. Recently, a new photocathode laser system capable of producing 3D quasi-ellipsoidal pulses has been installed at PITZ. It is foreseen to operate this new system in parallel to the nominal one that generates cylindrical pulses with various temporal profiles. A set of numerical simulations was performed to study and compare the beam dynamics of electron beams produced with 3D ellipsoidal laser profile with the typical cylindrically shaped (flat-top) profile. Different bunch charges from 20 pC up to several nC are considered, in order to find an optimum PITZ machine setup which will yield the lowest transverse emittance. we present and discuss the results of this comparison in the submission.

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TUP067

Effect of Hot Ions in LCLC-II

ion, linac, simulation, vacuum

508

L. Wang, T.O. Raubenheimer
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

The ions in a linac, such as ERL, draw more attention recently. LCLSII has a long linac with 1MHz repetition rate. The ions, in general, are not deeply trapped due to the long bunch spacing. The effect of ion thermal energy becomes important in this regime. The beam dynamics with ions are studied numerically. There is a linear growth in amplitude, but not exponential growth as traditional fast ion instability. This instability set a maximum bunch-train length to limit the beam amplitude to fractional beam σ. Theoretical works are also done to compare the simulations. We also extend our works to different regimes where the motions of ions from stable to unstable.

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TUP068

Electron Beam Phase Space Tomographie at the European XFEL Injector

optics, emittance, quadrupole, betatron

515

M. Scholz, B. Beutner
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

Transverse emittances as well as the energy spread and the peak current of the electron bunches are important parameters for high-gain free electron lasers such as the European XFEL. Investigations of the 6D phase space characterisation would give important indications to optimise the beam quality for SASE operation. The injector of the European XFEL includes, inter alia, a laser heater, a transverse deflecting cavity, a spectrometer, a diagnostic section with four OTR screens as well as several quadrupole magnets. In this paper, we will discuss the possibilities to characterise the 6D phase space of the electron beam in the injector of the Eurpean XFEL.

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TUP069

THz Based Phase-Space Manipulation in a Guided IFEL

laser, simulation, coupling, undulator

519

E.J. Curry, S. Fabbri, P. Musumeci
UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
A. Gover
University of Tel-Aviv, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv, Israel

Funding: This work has been supported by DOE grant DE-FG02-92ER40693, and NSF grant PHY-1415583.
We propose a guided IFEL interaction driven by a broadband THz source to compress a relativistic electron bunch and synchronize it with an external laser pulse. A high field single-cycle THz pulse is group velocity-matched to the electron bunch inside a waveguide, allowing for a sustained interaction in a magnetic undulator. The THz pulse is generated via optical rectification from the external laser source, with peak field of up to 4.6 MV/m. We present measurements of the THz waveform before and after a parallel plate waveguide with varying aperture size and estimate the group velocity. We also present results from a preliminary 1-D multi-frequency simulation code we are developing to model the guided broadband IFEL interaction. Given a 6 MeV, 100 fs electron bunch with an initial 10^-3 energy spread, as can be readily produced at the UCLA Pegasus laboratory, the simulations predict a phase space rotation of the bunch distribution that will reduce the initial timing jitter and compress the electron bunch by nearly an order of magnitude.

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TUP074

Results from the Nocibur Experiment at Brookhaven National Laboratory's Accelerator Test Facility

laser, undulator, radiation, experiment

540

N.S. Sudar, J.P. Duris, I.I. Gadjev, P. Musumeci
UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
M. Babzien, M.G. Fedurin, K. Kusche, I. Pogorelsky, M.N. Polyanskiy, C. Swinson
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

Conversion efficiencies of electrical to optical power in a Free Electron Laser are typically limited by their Pierce parameter, ρ ~0.1%. Introducing strong undulator tapering can increase this efficiency greatly, with simulations showing possible conversion efficiencies of ~40%. Recent experiments performed with the Rubicon Inverse Free Electron Laser have demonstrated acceleration gradients of ~ 100 MeV/m and high particle trapping efficiency by coupling a pre-bunched electron beam to a high power CO2 laser pulse in a strongly tapered helical undulator. By reversing the undulator period tapering and re-optimizing the field strength along the Rubicon undulator, we obtain an Inverse Free Electron Laser decelerator, which we have aptly renamed Nocibur. This tapering profile is chosen so that the change in beam energy defined by the ponderomotive decelerating gradient matches the change in resonant energy defined by the undulator parameters, allowing the conversion of a large fraction of the electron beam power into coherent narrow-band radiation. We discuss this mechanism as well as results from a recent experiment performed with the Nocibur undulator at Brookhaven National Laboratory's Accelerator Test Facility.

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TUP079

Laser Wakefield Acceleration by using a Laser Produced Aluminium Plasma

plasma, target, laser, acceleration

543

J. Kim, Y.H. Hwangbo, S.G. Jeon
KERI, Changwon, Republic of Korea
K.N. Kim, S. H. Park, W.J. Ryu, N. Vinokurov
KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea

In laser wakefield accelerator, usually a gas target is used to generate plasma medium. With this gas target, the pressure of the system cannot be keep as low as possible for electron beam application such as seeding the storage ring. To reduce this vacuum problem in LWFA, a plasma generated from solid Al target was used as plasma medium. A fundamental beam from the Q-switched ns pump laser in the Ti:sapphire power amplifier was used to generate a plasma from solid Al target. The plasma density was controlled by changing the distance between the main laser pulse for electron acceleration and the solid target. The plasma density was measured by the interferometer. The measured density indicates that the average charge of the ion in pre-plasma was 4.4. The main pulse ionized the Al plasma up to Al XII which means that the ionization injection could be used as an injection scheme. A 28 TW fs laser was used to accelerate the electron. A quasi-monochromatic electron was generated. The peak energy was 70 MeV and energy spread was 15 %. The divergence of the beam was 12 mrad in horizontal direction and 6 mrad in vertical direction.

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TUP085

Lebra Free-Electron Laser Elicits Electrical Spikes from the Retina and Optic Nerve of the Slugs Limax Valentianus

FEL, site, experiment, radiation

550

F. Shishikura, K. Hayakawa, Y. Hayakawa, M. Inagaki, K. Nakao, K. Nogami, T. Sakai, T. Tanaka
LEBRA, Funabashi, Japan
Y. Komatsuzaki
Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan

Since 2001, the Laboratory for Electron Beam Research and Application (LEBRA) has been providing tunable free-electron lasers (FELs) encompassing the near-IR region and some of the mid-IR region (0.9-6 microns), and generating visible wavelengths up to 400 nm by means of nonlinear optical crystals. We are investigating the efficiency of LEBRA-FELs for triggering photoreactions in living organisms. Last year we described the effects of LEBRA-FELs in controlling the photoreaction of lettuce seeds; red FEL (660 nm) and far-red FEL (740 nm) activate and inhibit germination, respectively. Here we used LEBRA-FEL to illuminate the retina of slugs (Limax valentianus), and determined which FEL wavelengths generate electrical spikes from the retina-optic nerve. Blue FEL light (wavelength: 470 nm) efficiently produced electrical spikes from the retina. The results are consistent with a previous study, where a xenon arc lamp with interference filters was used to produce monochromatic visible light. We plan to extend the wavelengths to the near- and mid-IR regions of LEBRA-FEL. We summarize our current results for the use of FEL in investigating the electrophysiology of the retina of slugs.
We thank Mr. T. Kuwabara (a graduate of Departments of Physics, College of Science and Technolgy, Nihon University) for helpful assistance.

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TUD01

COTR Resistant Profile Monitor

laser, diagnostics, radiation, bunching

554

H. Loos
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

Funding: Work supported by DOE contract DE-AC02-76SF00515
Electron beam accelerators used as drivers for short wavelength FELs need ultra-high brightness beams with small emittances and highly compressed bunch lengths. The acceleration and beam transport process of such beams leads to micro-bunching instabilities which cause the emergence of coherent optical transition radiation (COTR). The effect of COTR on profile monitors based on OTR or fluorescent screens can be quite detrimental to their intended use to measure beam sizes and profiles. This presentation will review past observations of the beam diagnostics issues due to COTR and discuss various mitigation schemes for profile monitors as well as present experience with such implementations.

Slides TUD01 [1.536 MB]

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TUD02

Diffraction Radiation Monitor

radiation, target, beam-diagnostic, diagnostics

561

Y. Taira
AIST, Tsukuba, Japan

Non-invasive beam diagnostics using a diffraction radiation (DR) has been developed at several electron accelerator facilities. Generation process of DR is similar to that of transition radiation (TR). TR is emitted when a charged particle passes through the boundary between two media with different dielectric constants. On the other hand, DR is emitted when it passes through in the vicinity of a boundary between two media. In the generation process of DR, the charged particle doesn't intersect the medium but its electric field intersects the medium. An aperture, a slit, and an edge are used for DR target. Optical wavelength of DR is usually used for beam diagnostics. One can evaluate energy, a transverse beam size, and a divergence of an electron beam by measuring a spatial distribution of DR. Moreover, coherent diffraction radiation with the wavelength of less than millimeter range is used for a bunch length measurement. In this conference, a theoretical background of DR and experimental results carried out at several facilities will be presented.

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TUD03

First Results of the SRF Gun Test for CeC PoP Experiment

cathode, gun, laser, cavity

564

I. Pinayev, Z. Altinbas, S.A. Belomestnykh, K.A. Brown, J.C. Brutus, A.J. Curcio, A. Di Lieto, C. Folz, D.M. Gassner, M. Harvey, J.P. Jamilkowski, Y.C. Jing, D. Kayran, R. Kellermann, R.F. Lambiase, V. Litvinenko, G.J. Mahler, M. Mapes, W. Meng, T.A. Miller, M.G. Minty, G. Narayan, P. Orfin, T. Rao, J. Reich, B. Sheehy, J. Skaritka, L. Smart, K.S. Smith, L. Snydstrup, V. Soria, R. Than, C. Theisen, J.E. Tuozzolo, E. Wang, G. Wang, B. P. Xiao, T. Xin, W. Xu, A. Zaltsman
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

We have started the first tests of the equipment for the coherent electron cooling proof-of-principle experiment. After tests of the 500 MHz normal conducting cavities we proceeded with the low power beam tests of a CW SRF gun. The results of the tests with record beam parameters are presented.

Slides TUD03 [1.201 MB]

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WEA03

SwissFEL Status Report

undulator, linac, FEL, vacuum

567

R. Ganter
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

SwissFEL is a 5.8 GeV linac which sends electron bunches at 100 Hz into a 60 m long in-vacuum undulator line to produce hard X-rays between 0.1 nm and 0.7 nm. The SwissFEL accelerator design is based on a low emittance beam with tight tolerances on RF stability. The first lasing of SwissFEL is planned for early 2017 and two end-stations should then be brought into operation in the same year. The delivery of the SwissFEL building to PSI is planned for fall this year, but some rooms are already completed and currently in use for components assembly. The production of the C-band RF accelerating structures has now reach the nominal rate of 5 structures/month. Two different RF solid state modulator prototypes could demonstrate jitter lower than 20 ppm but stability and reliability tests are still going on. The undulators assembly and measurement sequence have started and 13 undulators are planned to be ready in the tunnel by October 2016. Large series of components like magnets, vacuum systems and mechanical supports are already in house and under assembly. Photonics components for two beamlines and two end stations are ordered and planned to be ready for 2017.

Slides WEA03 [36.505 MB]

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WEB01

A Two-Color Storage Ring FEL

FEL, undulator, cavity, operation

571

J. Yan, H. Hao, S.F. Mikhailov, V. Popov, Y.K. Wu
FEL/Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
S. Huang
PKU, Beijing, People's Republic of China
J.Y. Li
USTC/NSRL, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
N. Vinokurov
BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
J. Wu
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

Funding: This work is supported in part by the US DOE grant no. DE-FG02-97ER41033.
Using different undulator configurations on the Duke storage ring, we have successfully achieved lasing with a novel two-color storage ring FEL. Using a pair of dual-band FEL mirrors, simultaneous lasing was realized in IR (around 720 nm) and in UV (around 360 nm). With this two-color FEL, we have demonstrated independent wavelength tuning of either IR or UV lasing. With careful tuning, we have also realized harmonic lasing with the UV lasing tuned to the second harmonic of the IR lasing. The tuning of harmonic two-color lasing has also been demonstrated with the locked wavelengths. Furthermore, we have demonstrated good control of the FEL power sharing between the two colors. The two-color FEL has created new opportunities to drive a two-color Compton gamma-ray beam at the High Intensity gamma-ray Source at Duke.

Slides WEB01 [18.975 MB]

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WEB02

Waveguide THz FEL Oscillators

FEL, injection, extraction, undulator

576

S.V. Miginsky, S. Bae, B.A. Gudkov, K.H. Jang, Y.U. Jeong, H.W. Kim, K. Lee, J. Mun, S. H. Park, G.I. Shim, N. Vinokurov
KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea
S.V. Miginsky, N. Vinokurov
BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia

In today's world there is a significant demand for FEL-based THz radiation sources. They have a wide tuning range, a narrow band of radiation, and comparably high peak and average emission power. There are a significant number of these machines in the world, operating or in the development. The main difference between a long-wave FEL, of THz or a millimeter band, and a conventional one is a too big transverse size of the fundamental mode of an open optical resonator. It claims a large gap in an undulator that dramatically decreases its strength. Both factors sorely decrease the amplification and the efficiency, and often make lasing impossible. The main way to solve this problem is to use a waveguide optical resonator. It decreases and controls the transverse size of the fundamental mode. However, the waveguide causes a number of problems: power absorption in its walls; higher modes generation by inhomogeneities, as it is not ideal; electron beam injection into a FEL is more sophisticated; also outcoupling is more complicated; finally, the resonator detuning control claims some special solutions. The waveguide dispersion relation differs from one in the free space. It shifts up the wavelength of the FEL, changes the optimal detuning, and creates a parasitic mode near the critical wavelength of the waveguide. These problems and possible solutions to them are considered.

Slides WEB02 [20.394 MB]

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WEB04

Saturation Dynamics, Fine Spectrum, and Chirp Control in a CW FEL Oscillator

FEL, laser, coupling, operation

580

H. S. Marks, A. Gover, H. Kleinman
University of Tel-Aviv, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv, Israel
D. Borodin, A. Damti, A. Friedman, Y. Vashdi
Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
M. Einat, M. Kanter, Y. Lasser, Yu. Lurie, A. Yahalom
Ariel University Center of Samaria, Faculty of Engineering, Ariel, Israel

As in conventional laser physics, the saturation dynamics of a long-pulse Electrostatic Accelerator FEL (EA-FEL) oscillator consists of oscillations build-up, resonator modes competition, and establishment of narrow linewidth single mode lasing. In EA-FEL the gain curve drifts to lower frequencies during the long laser pulse due to inevitable droop in the acceleration voltage. This post-saturation drift renders fine chirp of the single mode laser frequency due to the oscillator frequency pulling effect. We have integrated a voltage-ramping element into the electrostatic accelerator terminal that makes it possible to control the acceleration voltage throughout the lasing pulse. This allows us to keep the voltage constant throughout the e-beam pulse, and so increase the single mode lasing time, avoiding mode-hopping during the pulse due to the drift of the gain curve. Furthermore, by adjusting the voltage ramp rate and polarity we obtained controllable positive/negative laser frequency chirp that can be used in a single pulse sweep for fine spectral line (10^-6) gas-spectroscopy. The study was conducted on the Israeli EA-FEL that operates at tunable frequencies between 95-110 GHz.

Slides WEB04 [2.310 MB]

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WEP002

Simulating Single Crystal Copper Photocathode Emittance

emittance, simulation, FEL, laser

587

T. Vecchione
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

Funding: US DOE contract DE-AC02-76SF00515
The performance of free-electron lasers depends on the quality of the electron beam used. In some cases this performance can be improved by optimizing the choice of photocathode with respect to emittance. With this in mind, electronic structure calculations have been included in photoemission simulations and used to predict the emittance from single crystal copper photocathodes. The results from different low-index surfaces are reported. Within the model assumptions the Cu(100) surface was identified as having minimal emittance, particularly when illuminated by 266 nm light and extracted in a 60 MV/m gradient. These findings may guide future experimental work, leading to improved machine performance.

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WEP003

Recent Understanding and Improvements of the LCLS Injector

laser, emittance, cathode, FEL

592

F. Zhou, D.K. Bohler, Y. Ding, S. Gilevich, Z. Huang, H. Loos, D.F. Ratner
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

Funding: U.S. DOE contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515.
Ultraviolet drive laser and copper photocathode are the key systems for reliably delivering <0.4 micron of emittance and high brightness free electron laser (FEL) at the linac coherent light source (LCLS). Characterizing, optimizing and controlling laser distributions in both spatial and temporal directions are important for ultra-low emittance generation. Spatial truncated Gaussian laser profile has been demonstrated to produce better emittance than a spatial uniform beam. Sensitivity of the spatial laser distribution for the emittance is measured and analysed. Stacking two 2-ps Gaussian laser beams significantly improves emittance and eventually FEL performance at the LCLS in comparison to a single 2-ps Gaussian laser pulse. In addition, recent observations at the LCLS show that the micro-bunching effect depends strongly on the cathode spot locations. The dependence of the micro-bunching and FEL performance on the cathode spot location is mapped and discussed.

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WEP005

Laser Heater Transverse Shaping to Improve Microbunching Suppresion for X-ray FELs

laser, FEL, undulator, linac

602

S. Li
Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
A.R. Fry, S. Gilevich, Z. Huang, A. Marinelli, D.F. Ratner, J. Robinson
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

In X-ray free electron lasers (FELs), a small amount of initial density or energy modulation in the electron beam will be amplified through acceleration and bunch compression process. The undesired microbunching on the electron bunch will increase slice energy spread and degrade the FEL performance. The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) laser heater (LH) system was installed to increase the uncorrelated energy spread in the electron beam in order to suppress the microbunching instability. The distribution of the induced energy spread depends strongly on the transverse profile of the heater laser and has a large effect on the microbunching suppression. In this paper we discuss strategies to shape the laser profile in order to obtain better suppression of microbunching. We present analysis to achieve the Gaussian-like energy spread using a Laguerre-Gaussian laser mode and study the efficiency and alignment tolerance for implementation.

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WEP008

Four-Dimensional Models of FEL Amplifiers and Oscillators

FEL, undulator, simulation, laser

607

J. Blau, K. R. Cohn, W.B. Colson
NPS, Monterey, California, USA

Funding: This work has been supported by the High Energy Laser Joint Technology Office.
New four-dimensional models of free electron lasers (FELs) are described, for both amplifier and oscillator configurations. Model validation and benchmarking results are shown, including comparisons to theoretical formulas and experiments.

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WEP014

LCLS-II: Status of the CW X-ray FEL Upgrade to the LCLS Facility

undulator, linac, FEL, gun

618

T.O. Raubenheimer
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

Funding: Work supported by Department of Energy contract DE-AC02-76SF00515
The LCLS-II is a CW X-ray FEL based on a 4 GeV superconducting RF linac that will upgrade the LCLS facility at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. The upgrade is being constructed by a collaboration including ANL, Cornell, Fermilab, JLab, LBNL, and SLAC. This talk will describe the status of the LCLS-II project as well as the major technical issues and R&D to address them.
Presented on behalf of the LCLS-II collaboration

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WEP016

Free Electron Lasers in 2015

FEL, undulator, laser, free-electron-laser

625

K. R. Cohn, J. Blau, W.B. Colson, J.W. Ng, M.J. Price
NPS, Monterey, California, USA

Funding: This work has been supported by the High Energy Laser Joint Technology Office.
Thirty-nine years after the first operation of the short wavelength free electron laser (FEL) at Stanford University, there continue to be many important experiments, proposed experiments, and user facilities around the world. Properties of FELs in the infrared, visible, UV, and x-ray wavelength regimes are tabulated and discussed.

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WEP022

Photon Energies beyond the Selenium K-Edge at LCLS

FEL, photon, operation, linac

630

F.-J. Decker, W.S. Colocho, Y. Ding, R.H. Iverson, H. Loos, J. Sheppard, H. Smith, J.L. Turner
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

Funding: Work supported by U.S. Department of Energy, Contract DE-AC02-76SF00515.
The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) was designed for a photon energies of 830 eV to 8.3 keV. This range was widened and up to 11.2 keV photons were already delivered for users. The Selenium K-edge at 12.6578 keV is very interesting since Selenium can replace Sulfur in biological structures and then that structure could be precisely measured. To reach this the electron energy would need to be raised by about 6% which initially didn't seem possible. The trick is to change the final compression scheme from a high correlated energy spread and moderate R56 in the compression chicane to moderate energy spread and high R56. The same bunch length can be achieved and RF energy is freed up, so the overall beam energy can be raised. Photons up to an energy of 12.82 keV (1.3% above the K-edge) with a pulse intensity of 0.93 mJ were achieved. The photon energy spread with this setup is wider at around 40-50 eV FWHM, since less correlated energy spread is left after the compression.

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WEP025

Effect of Microbunching on Seeding Schemes for LCLS-II

laser, undulator, radiation, photon

639

G. Penn, J. Qiang
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
P. Emma, E. Hemsing, Z. Huang, G. Marcus, T.O. Raubenheimer, L. Wang
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

Funding: This work was supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.
External seeding and self-seeding schemes are particularly sensitive to distortions and fluctuations in the electron beam profile. Wakefields and the microbunching instability are important sources of such imperfections. Even at modest levels, their influence can degrade the spectrum and decrease the output brightness. These effects are evaluated for seeded FELs at the soft X-ray beam line of LCLS-II. FEL simulations are performed in GENESIS based on various realistic electron distributions obtained using the IMPACT tracking code. The sensitivity depends on both the seeding scheme and the output wavelength.

Poster WEP025 [0.962 MB]

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WEP029

Influence of Seed Laser Wavefront Imperfections on HGHG Seeding Performance

laser, FEL, undulator, simulation

643

T. Plath, C. Lechner
Uni HH, Hamburg, Germany
S. Ackermann, J. Bödewadt
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

Funding: Supported by Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany under contract No. 05K1GU4 and 05K10PE1 and the German Research Foundation program graduate school 1355.
To enhance the spectral and temporal properties of a free-electron laser the FEL process can be seeded by an external light field. The quality of this light field strongly influences the final characteristics of the seeded FEL pulse. To push the limits of a seeding experiment and reach the smallest possible wavelengths it is therefore crucial to have a thorough understanding of relations between laser parameters and seeding performance. In this contribution we numerically study the influence of laser wavefront imperfections on high-gain harmonic generation seeding at the seeding experiment at FLASH.

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WEP030

First Lasing of an HGHG Seeded FEL at FLASH

FEL, laser, experiment, injection

646

K.E. Hacker, S. Khan, R. Molo
DELTA, Dortmund, Germany
S. Ackermann, Ph. Amstutz, A. Azima, M. Drescher, L.L. Lazzarino, C. Lechner, Th. Maltezopoulos, T. Plath, J. Roßbach
Uni HH, Hamburg, Germany
S. Ackermann, R.W. Aßmann, J. Bödewadt, N. Ekanayake, B. Faatz, I. Hartl, R. Ivanov, T. Laarmann, J.M. Müller
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

Funding: Supported by Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany under contract No. 05K1GU4 and 05K10PE1 and the German Research Foundation program graduate school 1355.
The free-electron laser facility FLASH at DESY operates in SASE mode with MHz bunch trains of high-intensity extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray FEL pulses. A seeded beamline which is designed to be operated parasitically to the main SASE beamline has been used to test different external FEL seeding methods. First lasing at the 7th harmonic of a 266 nm seed laser using high-gain harmonic generation has been demonstrated. Studies of the influence of the microbunching instability are being pursued.

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WEP031

Measurements and Simulations of Seeded Electron Microbunches with Collective Effects

simulation, laser, FEL, bunching

650

K.E. Hacker, S. Khan, R. Molo
DELTA, Dortmund, Germany
S. Ackermann, J. Bödewadt, M. Dohlus, N. Ekanayake, T. Laarmann, H. Schlarb
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
L.L. Lazzarino, C. Lechner, Th. Maltezopoulos, T. Plath, J. Roßbach
Uni HH, Hamburg, Germany

Funding: The experiments were carried out at FLASH at DESY. BMBF contract No. 05K10PE1, 05K10PE3, 05K13GU4, and 05K13PE3, and the German Research Foundation program graduate school 1355.
Measurements of the longitudinal phase-space distribution of electron bunches seeded with an external laser were done in order to study the impact of collective effects on seeded microbunches in free-electron lasers. Velocity bunching of a seeded microbunch appears to be a viable alternative to compression with a magnetic chicane under high-gain harmonic generation seeding conditions when the collective effects of Coulomb forces in a drift space and coherent synchrotron radiation in a chicane are considered. Measurements of these effects on seeded electron microbunches were performed with an RF deflecting structure and a dipole magnet which streak out the electron bunch for single-shot images of the longitudinal phase-space distribution. Particle tracking simulations in 3D predicted the compression dynamics of the seeded microbunches with collective effects.

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WEP037

Development Activites Related to RF Cables for Good Phase Stability

feedback, klystron, network, controls

654

J. Hu, H.-S. Kang, H.-S. Lee
PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea

XFEL systems reqiure extreme RF stabilities in amplitude and phase. RF cables as parts of the systems also require very high stabilites. RF cable measurement is performed to choose good cables. Simple measurement method and test results are presented. To enhance the phase stability of RF cables a prototype jacket surrounding a RF cable is constructed and the test result is described. Finally, a modification for phase measurement of RF cables is presented.

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WEP047

Femtosecond Timing Distribution at the European XFEL

laser, timing, optics, FEL

669

C. Sydlo, M.K. Czwalinna, M. Felber, C. Gerth, J.M. Müller, H. Schlarb, F. Zummack
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
S. Jabłoński
Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw, Poland

Accurate timing synchronization on the femtosecond timescale is an essential installation for time-resolved experiments at free-electron lasers (FELs) such as FLASH and the upcoming European XFEL. To date the required precision levels can only be achieved by a laser-based synchronization system. Such a system has been successfully deployed at FLASH and is based on the distribution of femtosecond laser pulses over actively stabilized optical fibers. For time-resolved experiments and for special diagnostics it is crucial to synchronize various laser systems to the electron beam with a long-term stability of better than 10 fs. The upcoming European XFEL has raised the demands due to its large number of stabilized optical fibers and a length of 3400 m. Specifically the increased lengths for the stabilized fibers had necessitated major advancement in precision to achieve the requirement of less than 10 fs precision. This extensive rework of the active fiber stabilization has led to a system exceeding the current existing requirements and is even prepared for increasing demands in the future. This paper reports on the laser-based synchronization system focusing on the active fiber stabilization for the European XFEL, discusses major complications, their solutions and the most recent performance results.

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WEP048

Electron Beam Diagnostics for FEL Studies at CLARA

FEL, diagnostics, laser, simulation

672

S. Spampinati
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
D. Newton
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

CLARA (Compact Linear Accelerator for Research and Applications) is a proposed 250 MeV, 100-400 nm FEL test facility at Daresbury Laboratory [1]. The purpose of CLARA is to test and validate new FEL schemes in areas such as ultra-short pulse generation, temporal coherence and pulse-tailoring. Some of the schemes that can be tested at CLARA depend on a manipulation of the electron beam properties with characteristic scales shorter than the electron beam. In this article we describe the electron beam diagnostics required to carry on these experiments and simulations of FEL pulse and electron beam measurements.
[1] J. A. Clarke et al., JINST 9, 05 (2014).

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WEP051

The Prototype of New Variable Period Undulator for Novosibirsk Free Electron Laser.

undulator, simulation, permanent-magnet, FEL

677

I.V. Davidyuk
NSU, Novosibirsk, Russia
O.A. Shevchenko, V.G. Tcheskidov
BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
N. Vinokurov
KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea

To improve the parameters of the second stage Novosibirsk free electron laser one plans to replace the existing electromagnetic undulator by permanent-magnet variable-period undulator (VPU). The VPUs have several advantages compared to conventional undulators, which include wider radiation wavelength tuning range and an option to increase the number of poles for shorter periods with constant undulator length. Both these advantages will be realized in the new undulator under development in Budker INP. The idea of the permanent-magnet VPU was proposed just several years ago and it has not been properly tested yet. There are some technical problems, which have to be solved before this idea can be implemented in practice. To check the solution of these problems we designed and manufactured a small undulator prototype, which has just several periods. In this paper, the results of mechanical and magnetic measurements of this undulator prototype are presented and compared with simulations.

Poster WEP051 [3.821 MB]

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WEP052

Studies of LCLS FEL Divergence

undulator, simulation, photon, quadrupole

681

J.L. Turner, P. Baxevanis, F.-J. Decker, Y. Ding, Z. Huang, J. Krzywinski, H. Loos, G. Marcus, N.P. Norvell
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

Funding: This work was supported by U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract DE-AC02-76SF00515
Simulations show various impacts on x-ray divergence. With the motivation to maximize intensity at the focus, these beam studies were designed to study parameter space and beam qualities impacting divergence, and therefore aperture related clipping and diffraction. With multiple simultaneous users, beam constraints increase, requiring an improving knowledge of the mechanism of impact of changing parameters. These studies have that goal in order to improve beam control.

Poster WEP052 [1.010 MB]

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WEP054

Control of Gap Dependent Phase Errors on the Undulator Segments for the European XFEL

undulator, laser, free-electron-laser, FEL

685

Y. Li, J. Pflüger
XFEL. EU, Hamburg, Germany

Strong magnetic forces in long undulators always result in some girder deformation. This problem gets more serious in long gap tuneable undulators. In addition the deformation varies with changing forces at different gaps resulting in gap dependent phase errors. For the undulators for the European XFEL this problem has been studied thoroughly and quantitatively. A compensation method is presented which uses a combination of suitable shims and pole height tuning. It is exemplified by tuning one of the undulator segments for the European XFEL back to specs.

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WEP058

Emittance Measurements at the PAL-XFEL Injector Test Facility

emittance, laser, quadrupole, gun

690

J. Lee
POSTECH, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
J.H. Han, J.H. Hong, C.H. Kim, I.S. Ko, S.J. Lee, S.J. Park, H. Yang
PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea

The PAL-XFEL Injector Test Facility (ITF) at PAL has been operating for experimental optimization of electron beam parameters and for beam test of various accelerator components. It consists of a photocathode RF gun, two S-band accelerating structures, a laser heater system, and beam diagnostics such as ICTs, BPMs, screens, beam energy spectrometers and an RF deflector. Projected and slice emittance measurements were carried out by using single quadrupole scan. In this paper, we present the emittance measurements.

Poster WEP058 [0.646 MB]

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WEP060

Longitudinal Electron Bunch Shaping Experiments at the PAL-ITF

laser, cavity, experiment, FEL

694

M. Chung, J.M. Seok
UNIST, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
J.H. Han, J.H. Hong, H.-S. Kang, C.H. Kim
PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
J.C.T. Thangaraj
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Longitudinal shaping of electron beam has received much attention recently, due to its potential applications to THz generation, dielectric wakefield acceleration, improvement of FEL performance, and controlled space-charge modulation. Using a set of alpha-BBO crystals, shaping of laser pulse and electron bunch on the order of ps is tested at the Injector Test Facility (ITF) of Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL). In particular, we investigate the response of the longitudinally-modulated beam to a dechirper, which is a vacuum chamber of two corrugated, metallic plates. Initial experimental results will be presented with analytical theory and numerical simulations.

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WEP061

Numerical and Experimental Studies on Electron Beam Properties from Asymmetric RF-gun

gun, linac, simulation, emittance

698

S. Rimjaem, N. Chaisueb, J. Saisut, C. Thongbai, W. Thongpakdi
Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
N. Kangrang
FNRF, Chiang Mai, Thailand
E. Kongmon, K. Kosaentor, P. Wichaisirimongkol
IST, Chiang Mai, Thailand

Funding: This work has been supported by the CMU Junior Research Fellowship Program, and the Department of Physics and Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University.
The electron linear accelerator at the Plasma and Beam Physics Research Facility (PBP-CMU Linac), Chiang Mai University, Thailand, is used to produce femtosecond electron bunches for generation of THz radiation. The main components of the PBP-CMU Linac are a thermionic RF electron gun, an alpha magnet, a travelling wave linac structure, quadrupole lens, steering magnets, and various diagnostic components. The RF-gun consists of a 1.6 S-band standing wave structure and a side-coupling cavity. The 2856 MHz RF wave is transmitted from the klystron to the gun through a rectangular waveguide input-port. Both the RF input-port and the side-coupling cavity cause an asymmetric electromagnetic field distribution inside the gun. The electron beam from the RF-gun has asymmetric transverse shape with an emittance value, which is higher than the beam from the symmetric fields. The problems are increased when the beam is transported from the gun through the whole accelerator system. Beam dynamic simulations are performed to investigate the effect of the asymmetric fields on the electron properties by using the codes PARMELA and ELEGANT. An integrated electron beam diagnostic station to measure the beam properties will be installed in the system to investigate these effects. Results from numerical and experimental studies are reported in this contribution.

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WEP062

Study on Undulator Radiation from Femtosecond Electron Bunches

undulator, radiation, linac, brightness

702

N. Chaisueb, S. Rimjaem
Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

Funding: This work has been supported by the CMU Junior Research Fellowship Program, the Department of Physics and Material Science, Faculty of science, Chiang Mai University, and SAST Scholarship.
Linac based terahertz (THz) source at the Plasma and Beam Physics (PBP) Research Facility, Chiang Mai University, consists of a thermionic RF electron gun, an alpha magnet for magnetic bunch compressor, a travelling wave S-band accelerating structure for post acceleration, and various beam diagnostic instruments. The PBP-CMU linac can produce relativistic femtosecond electron bunches, which are used to generate coherent THz radiation via transition radiation technique. To increase the radiation intensity, an electromagnetic undulator will be added in the beam transport line. The designed electromagnetic undulator has 40.5 periods with a period length of 56 mm and a pole gap of 15 mm. Numerical calculation result shows that the brightness of the undulator radiation, which is produced from electron bunches with an energy of 10 MeV, a peak current of 300 A, and an effective bunch length of 120 fs, is about 10 thousand times higher than the brightness of the transition radiation. This study investigates the dependence of the electron beam energy, electron bunch charge, and electron bunch length on the coherent undulator radiation by using the PARMELA code. The numerical simulation and procedure to generate the undulator radiation in the terahertz regime by using femtosecond electron bunches produced at the PBP research facility is reported and discussed in this contribution.
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support to participate this conference by the Department of Physics and Material Science and the Graduate School, Chiang Mai University.

Poster WEP062 [8.172 MB]

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WEP070

Start-to-End Simulation of the LCLS-II Beam Delivery System with Real Number of Electrons

FEL, emittance, linac, simulation

714

J. Qiang, C.E. Mitchell, C. F. Papadopoulos, M. Venturini
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
Y. Ding, P. Emma, Z. Huang, G. Marcus, Y. Nosochkov, T.O. Raubenheimer, L. Wang, M. Woodley
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

The LCLS-II as a next generation high repetition rate FEL based X-ray light source will enable significant scientific discoveries. In this paper, we report on the progress in the design of the accelerator beam delivery system through start-to-end simulations. We will present simulation results for three cases, 20 pC, 100 pC and 300 pC that are transported through the hard X-ray line and the soft X-ray line for FEL radiation.

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WEP073

Dispersion of Correlated Energy Spread Electron Beams in the Free Electron Laser

undulator, FEL, radiation, plasma

718

L.T. Campbell
USTRAT/SUPA, Glasgow, United Kingdom
A.R. Maier
CFEL, Hamburg, Germany

The effect of a correlated linear energy chirp in the electron beam in the FEL, and how to compensate for its effects by using an appropriate linear taper of the undulator magnetic field have previously been investigated considering relatively small chirps. In the following, it is shown that larger linear energy chirps, such as those found in beams produced by laser-plasma accelerators, exhibit dispersive effects in the undulator, and require a non-linear taper on the undulator field to properly optimise.

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WEP075

Femtosecond X-ray Pulse Generation with an Energy Chirped Electron Beam

radiation, undulator, simulation, FEL

722

C. Emma, C. Pellegrini
UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
Y. Ding, Z. Huang, A.A. Lutman, G. Marcus, A. Marinelli, C. Pellegrini
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

We study the generation of short (sub 10 fs) pulses in the X-ray spectral region using an energy chirped electron beam in a Self Amplified Spontaneous Emission Free Electron Laser (SASE FEL) and a self-seeding monochromator [1]-[2]. The monochromator filters a small bandwidth, short duration pulse from the frequency chirped SASE spectrum. This pulse is used to seed a small fraction of the long chirped beam, hence a short pulse with narrow bandwidth is amplified in the following undulators. We present start-to-end simulation results for LCLS operating in the soft X-ray self-seeded mode with an energy chirp of 1% over 30 fs and a bunch charge of 150pC. We demonstrate the potential to generate ~5 fs pulses with a bandwidth ~0.3eV. We also assess the possibility of further shortening the pulse by utilizing one more chicane after the self-seeding stage and shifting the radiation pulse to a 'fresh' part of the electron beam. Experimental study on this short pulse seeding mode has been planned at the LCLS.

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WEP076

Tapering Studies for TW Level X-ray FELs with a Superconducting Undulator and Built-in Focusing

undulator, FEL, simulation, extraction

726

C. Emma
UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
K. Fang, C. Pellegrini, J. Wu
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

Funding: U.S. Department of Energy DE-SC0009983.
Tapering optimization schemes for TeraWatt (TW) level X-ray Free Electron Lasers (FELs) are critically sensitive to the length of individual undulator and break sections. Break sections can be considerably shortened if the focusing quadrupole field is superimposed on the undulator field increasing the filling factor and the overall extraction efficiency of the tapered FEL. Furthermore, distributed focusing reduces the FODO length and allows one to use smaller beta functions. This reduces particle de-trapping due to betatron motion from the radial tails of the electron beam. We present numerical calculations of the tapering optimization for such an undulator using the three dimensional time dependent code GENESIS. Time dependent simulations show that 8 keV photons can be produced with over 3 TW peak power in a 100m long undulator. We also analyze in detail the time dependent effects leading to power saturation in the taper region. The impact of the synchrotron sideband growth on particle detrapping and taper saturation is discussed. We show that the optimal taper profile obtained from time independent simulation does not yield the maximum extraction efficiency when multi-frequency effects are included. A discussion of how to incorporate these effects in a revised model is presented.

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WEP078

Advances on the LUNEX5 and COXINEL Projects

FEL, laser, operation, plasma

730

M.-E. Couprie, C. Benabderrahmane, P. Berteaud, C. Bourassin-Bouchet, F. Bouvet, J.D. Bozek, F. Briquez, L. Cassinari, L. Chapuis, J. Da Silva, J. Daillant, D. Dennetière, Y. Dietrich, M. Diop, J.P. Duval, M.E. El Ajjouri, T.K. El Ajjouri, C. Herbeaux, N. Hubert, M. Khojoyan, M. Labat, N. Leclercq, A. Lestrade, A. Loulergue, J. Lüning, P. Marchand, O. Marcouillé, J.L. Marlats, F. Marteau, C. Miron, P. Morin, A. Nadji, R. Nagaoka, F. Polack, F. Ribeiro, J.P. Ricaud, P. Rommeluère, P. Roy, G. Sharma, K.T. Tavakoli, M. Thomasset, M. Tilmont, M.-A. Tordeux, M. Valléau, J. Vétéran, W. Yang, D. Zerbib
SOLEIL, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
S. Bielawski, M. Le Parquier
PhLAM/CERCLA, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
X. Davoine
CEA/DAM/DIF, Arpajon, France
N. Delerue, M. El Khaldi, W. Kaabi, F. Wicek
LAL, Orsay, France
G. Devanz, C. Madec
CEA/IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
A. Dubois
CCPMR, Paris, France
C. Evain, C. Szwaj
PhLAM/CERLA, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
D. Garzella
CEA/DSM/DRECAM/SPAM, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
G. Lambert, V. Malka, A. Rousse, C. Thaury
LOA, Palaiseau, France
A. Mosnier
CEA/DSM/IRFU, France
E. Roussel
Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy

Funding: ERC COXINEL 340015
LUNEX5 (free electron Laser Using a New accelerator for the Exploitation of X-ray radiation of 5th generation) aims at investigating compact and advanced Free Electron Laser (FEL). It comprises one one hand a 400 MeV superconducting linac for studies of advanced FEL schemes, high repetition rate operation (10 kHz), multi-FEL lines, and one the other hand a Laser Wake Field Accelerator (LWFA) for its qualification by a FEL application, an undulator line enabling advanced seeding and pilot user applications in the 40-4 nm spectral range. Following the CDR completion, different R&D programs were launched, as for instance on FEL pulse duration measurement, high repetition rate electro-optical sampling. The COXINEL ERC Advanced Grant aims at demonstrating LWFA based FEL amplification, thanks to a proper electron beam manipulation, with a test experiment under preparation. As a specific hardware is also under development such as a cryo-ready 3 m long undulator of 15 mm period is under development.

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WEP079

Inclusion of Advanced Fields and Boundary Conditions in the Analytic Theory for High Gain FELs

FEL, radiation, target, undulator

735

P. Niknejadi, J. Madey
University of Hawaii, Honolulu,, USA

The efforts in realizing x-ray free electron lasers (FELs) and enhancing their performance has stimulated remarkable theoretical developments and experimental advances in the field. Yet, the successful operation of x-ray FELs based on the self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) principle which has made them a powerful new tool, has beckoned our attention for better understanding a comprehensive physical basis of the theory that has the potential to improve the temporal structure and spectral optimization of these sources. We have previously explained the advantages of including the coherent radiation reaction force as a part of the solution to the boundary value problem for FELs that radiate into "free space" (SASE FELs) and discussed how the advanced field of the absorber can interact with the radiating particles at the time of emission.(*, **) Here we present the outline of our theoretical approach which follows from eigenmode analysis of optical guiding in FELs. We will also discuss in some detail the experimental setup that could verify and/or further our understanding of the the underlying physics of these devices.
* P. Niknejadi et al., Phys. Rev. D 91 096006 (2015)
** P. Niknejadi and J.M.J. Madey, in Proceedings of Free Electron Laser Conference, JACoW, Basel, Switzerland (2014)

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WEP082

High-Power Ultrashort Terahertz Pulses generated by a Multi-foil Radiator with Laser-Accelerated Electron Pulses

polarization, radiation, timing, laser

739

J.S. Jo, B.A. Gudkov, Y.U. Jeong, H.N. Kim, K.N. Kim, K. Lee, S.V. Miginsky, S. H. Park, W.J. Ryu, N. Vinokurov
KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea
B.A. Gudkov, S.V. Miginsky, N. Vinokurov
BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia

Terahertz (THz) wave is an attractive source for a variety of research including imaging, spectroscopy, security, etc. We proposed a new scheme of high-power and ultrashort THz generation by using the coherent transition radiation from a cone-shaped multi-foil radiator [*] and a rectangle-shaped multi-foil radiator. To perform the proof-of-principle of the multi-foil THz radiator, we used 80~100 MeV electron bunches from laser-plasma acceleration. While a cone-shaped multi-foil radiator has a circular polarization with a conic wave, we made a rectangle-shaped multi-foil radiator that has a linear polarization in a plane-like wave, which can be used more widely for various applications. We can easily control the power of multi-foil radiator by adjusting the number of foils. We compare the THz power ratio between 1 sheet and multi sheets using cooled bolometer. We will measure the pulse duration and bandwidth of the THz wave from the multi-foil radiators in a single-shot by using electro-optic sampling and cross-correlation method.
* Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 064805.

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WEP084

Microbunching-Instability-Induced Sidebands in a Seeded Free-Electron Laser

undulator, FEL, simulation, bunching

741

Z. Zhang
TUB, Beijing, People's Republic of China
Y. Ding, W.M. Fawley, Z. Huang, J. Krzywinski, A.A. Lutman, G. Marcus, A. Marinelli, D.F. Ratner
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

The measured, self-seeded soft X-ray radiation spectrum corresponding to multiple effective undulator lengths of the LCLS exhibits a pedestal-like distribution around the seeded frequency. In the absence of a post-undulator monochromator, this contamination limits the spectral purity and may seriously degrade certain user applications. In general for either externally- or self-seeded FELs, such pedestals may originate with any time-varying property of the electron beam that can modulate the complex gain function. In this paper we specifically focus on the contributions of electron beam microbunching prior to the undulator. We show that both energy and density modulations can induce sidebands in a seeded FEL configuration. Analytic FEL theory and numerical simulations are used to analyze the sideband content relative to the amplified seeded signal, and to compare with experimental results.

Poster WEP084 [1.263 MB]

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WEP085

Conceptual Theory of Spontaneous and Taper-Enhanced Superradiance and Stimulated Superradiance

radiation, wiggler, FEL, free-electron-laser

746

A. Gover, R. Ianconescu
University of Tel-Aviv, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv, Israel
C. Emma, P. Musumeci
UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
A. Friedman
Ariel University, Ariel, Israel

Funding: We acknowledge partial support by the U.S. Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF)Jerusalem, Israel
In the context of radiation emission from an electron beam Dicke's superradiance (SR) is the enhanced radiation emission from a pre-bunched beam. Stimulated Superradiance (ST-SR) is the further enhanced emission of the bunched beam in the presence of a phase-matched radiation wave. These processes were analyzed for Undulator radiation in the framework of radiation field mode-excitation theory[1]. In the nonlinear saturation regime the synchronism of the bunched beam and an injected radiation wave may be sustained by wiggler tapering [2]. Same processes are instrumental also in enhancing the radiative emission in the tapered wiggler section of seeded FEL[3]. In a long tapered wiggler the diffraction of the emitted radiation wave is not negligible even at Angstroms wavelengths (as in LCLS). A Fresnel diffraction model was provided in [4] for the SR process only. Here we outline the fundamental physical concepts of Spontaneous Superradiadce (SR), Stimulated Superradiance (ST-SR), Taper-Enhanced Superradiance (TES) and Taper-Enhanced Stimulated Superradiance Amplification (TESSA), and compare their Fourier and Phasor formulations in the radiation mode expansion and free-diffraction models. Detailed further analysis can provide better design concepts of high power FELs and improved tapering strategy for enhancing the power of seeded short wavelength FELs
1. A. Gover, PR ST-AB 8, (030701) ; (030702) (2005)
2. J. Duris et al., arxiv 2015.
3. Y. Jiao et al., PR ST-AB 15 050704 2012
4. E.A. Schneidmiller, M.V. Yurkov, PR ST-AB 18, 030705 (2015)

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WED01

Commissioning of the Delta Polarizing Undulator at LCLS

undulator, polarization, radiation, bunching

757

H.-D. Nuhn, S.D. Anderson, R.N. Coffee, Y. Ding, Z. Huang, M. Ilchen, Yu.I. Levashov, A.A. Lutman, J.P. MacArthur, A. Marinelli, S.P. Moeller, F. Peters, Z.R. Wolf
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
J. Buck
XFEL. EU, Hamburg, Germany
G. Hartmann, J. Viefhaus
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
A.O. Lindahl
University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
A.B. Temnykh
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA

Funding: Work was supported by U.S. DOE, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract DE-AC02-76SF00515. A.B. Temnykh is supported U.S. National Science Foundation awards DMR-0807731 and DMR-DMR-0936384.
The LCLS generates linearly polarized, intense, high brightness x-ray pulses from planar fixed-gap undulators, which provides only limited taper capability and lacks polarization control. The latter is of great importance for soft x-ray experiments. A new 3.2-m-long compact undulator (based on the Cornell University fixed-gap Delta design) has been developed and installed as the last LCLS undulator segment (U33) in October 2014. The Delta undulator provides full control of the polarization degree and K parameter through array position adjustments. Used on its own, it produces fully polarized spontaneous radiation in the selected state (linear, circular or elliptical). To increase the output power by orders of magnitude, the electron beam is micro-bunched by several (5-15) upstream LCLS undulator segments operated in the linear FEL regime. This micro-bunching process produces horizontally linear polarized (background) radiation. This unwanted radiation component has been greatly reduced by a reversed taper configuration, as suggested by Schneidmiller. Full elimination of the linear polarized component was achieved through spatial separation combined with transverse collimation. The paper will describe the methods tested during commissioning and will also present results of polarization measurements showing high degrees of circular polarization in the soft x-ray wavelength range.

Slides WED01 [10.165 MB]

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WED04

Status Report of PAL-XFEL Undulator Program

undulator, FEL, radiation, controls

769

D.E. Kim, M.-H. Cho, Y.-G. Jung, H.-S. Kang, I.S. Ko, H.-G. Lee, S.B. Lee, W.W. Lee, B.G. Oh, K.-H. Park, H.S. Suh
PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
S. Karabekyan, J. Pflüger
XFEL. EU, Hamburg, Germany

PAL-XFEL is a SASE based FEL using S-band linear accelerator, photo cathode RF Gun, and hybrid undulator system for final lazing. The undulator system is based on EU-XFEL undulator design with necessary modifications. The changes include new magnetic geometry reflecting changed magnetic requirements, and EPICs based control system. The undulator system is in measurement and tuning stage targeting to finish installation within 2015. In this report, the development, tuning, measurement efforts for PAL-XFEL undulator system will be reported.

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