IPAC2015 - List of Keywords (proton)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MOAB1	High Beam Intensity Harp Studies and Developments at SNS	data-acquisition, electronics, simulation, target	17
	W. Blokland ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
	Funding: ORNL/SNS is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) Harp consists of 30 wires for each of the horizontal, vertical, and diagonal planes. The purpose of the harp is to measure the position, profile, and peak density of the high intensity beam coming out of the accumulator ring and going onto the spallation target. The data-acquisition hardware is now over ten years old and many of the electronics parts are obsolete. Occasionally, the electronics must be rebooted to reset the sample-and-hold circuitry. To evaluate options for a new system, the signals from the harp were studied. This paper will describe these studies’ results, the design, and initial results of the new and simpler data-acquisition system..
	Slides MOAB1 [4.335 MB]
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MOAB2	Overview of Beam Instrumentation for the CADS Injector I Proton Linac	linac, rfq, emittance, diagnostics	21
	Y.F. Sui, J.S. Cao, Q.Y. Deng, J. He, H.Z. Ma, L. Wang, Q. Ye, L. Yu, J.H. Yue, X.Y. Zhao, Y. Zhao IHEP, People's Republic of China
	The driver linac of the China Accelerator Driven Subcritical system (C-ADS), which is composed of an ECR ion source, a low energy beam transport line (LEBT), a radio frequency quadrupole accelerator (RFQ), a medium energy beam transport line (MEBT) and cryomodules with SRF cavities to boost the energy up to 10 MeV. The injector linac will be equipped with beam diagnostics to measure the beam position, the transverse profile and emittance, the beam phase as well as beam current and beam losses. Though many are conventional design, They can provide efficient operation of drive linac. This paper gives an overview of C-ADS linac beam instrumentation.
	Slides MOAB2 [2.755 MB]
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MOBB1	Status of the Proton Beam Commissioning at the MedAustron Ion Beam Therapy Centre	injection, acceleration, extraction, synchrotron	28
	A. Garonna, M. Kronberger, T.K.D. Kulenkampff, C. Kurfürst, F. Osmić, L.C. Penescu, M.T.F. Pivi, C. Schmitzer, P. Urschütz, A. Wastl EBG MedAustron, Wr. Neustadt, Austria
	The MedAustron accelerator, located in Wiener Neustadt (Austria), will deliver clinical beams of protons (60-250 MeV) and carbon ions (120-400 MeV/n) to three ion beam therapy irradiation rooms (IR). Clinical beams and proton beams up to 800 MeV will be provided in a fourth IR, dedicated to non-clinical research. A slow-extracted proton beam of maximum clinical energy has been delivered for the first time in IR3 in October 2014, thus providing the technical proof-of-principle of the accelerator chain. The recent related beam commissioning efforts included setting up of the multi-turn injection into the synchrotron at 7 MeV, the acceleration on first harmonic up to 250 MeV, the slow extraction on the third integer resonance with a betatron core and the matching of the High Energy Beam Transfer line. The accelerator optimization phase leading to IR3 medical commissioning of proton beams is ongoing. The main characteristics of the MedAustron accelerator system will be presented, along with the results obtained during the commissioning process.
	Slides MOBB1 [6.596 MB]
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MOAC1	Awake: the Proof-of-principle R&D Experiment at CERN	laser, electron, plasma, experiment	34
	P. Muggli MPI, Muenchen, Germany M. Bernardini, T. Bohl, C. Bracco, A.C. Butterworth, S. Cipiccia, H. Damerau, S. Döbert, V. Fedosseev, E. Feldbaumer, E. Gschwendtner, W. Höfle, A. Pardons, A.V. Petrenko, J.S. Schmidt, M. Turner, H. Vincke CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The Advanced Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration Experiment (AWAKE) is a proof-of-principle R&D experiment at CERN. It is the world’s first proton driven plasma wakefield acceleration experiment, using a high-energy proton bunch to drive a plasma wakefield for electron beam acceleration. The AWAKE experiment will be installed in the former CNGS facility and uses the 400 GeV proton beam bunches from the SPS, which will be sent to a plasma source. An electron beam will be injected into the plasma cell to probe the accelerating wakefield. Challenging modifications in the area and new installations are required for AWAKE. First proton beam to the experiment is expected late 2016. The accelerating electron physics will start late 2017. This paper gives an overview of the project from a physics and engineering point of view, it describes the main activities, the milestones, the organizational set-up for the project management and coordination.
	Slides MOAC1 [21.632 MB]
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MOAD1	Development of High Gradient RF System for J-PARC Upgrade	cavity, impedance, operation, acceleration	50
	C. Ohmori, K. Hara, K. Hasegawa, M. Toda, M. Yoshii KEK, Ibaraki, Japan M. Nomura, T. Shimada, F. Tamura, M. Yamamoto JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-mura, Japan A. Schnase GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
	A new 5-cell cavity has been developed for the upgrade of the J-PARC Main Ring. In the cavity, high impedance magnetic alloy - Finemet FT3L, cores are loaded. The cavity was installed and has been used for the 250 kW beam operation. The cavity is operated with the RF voltage of 70 kV which is two times higher voltage than the present cavities. Eight more cavities will be assembled and installed in the next two years to increase the repetition rate of the Main Ring. This paper describes status of cavity operation under the beam loading and status of the mass productions of the cavities.
	Slides MOAD1 [2.551 MB]
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MOBD2	Design and Prototyping of HL-LHC Double Quarter Wave Crab Cavities for SPS Test	cavity, luminosity, simulation, HOM	64
	S. Verdú-Andrés, S.A. Belomestnykh, I. Ben-Zvi, J. Skaritka, Q. Wu, B. P. Xiao BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA L. Alberty, K. Artoos, R. Calaga, O. Capatina, T. Capelli, F. Carra, N. Kuder, R. Leuxe, C. Zanoni CERN, Geneva, Switzerland S.A. Belomestnykh, I. Ben-Zvi Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA Z. Li SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA A. Ratti LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
	Funding: Work supported by US DOE via US LARP program, through BSA LLC contract No.DE-AC02-98CH10886 and by EU FP7 HiLumi LHC grant No.284404. Used NERSC resources by US DOE contract No.DE-AC02-05CH11231. The LHC high luminosity project envisages the use of the crabbing technique for increasing and levelling the LHC luminosity. Double-Quarter Wave (DQW) resonators are compact cavities especially designed to meet the technical and performance requirements for LHC beam crabbing. A couple of DQW crab cavities are under preparation and will be tested with beam in the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) of CERN by 2017. This paper describes the design and prototyping of DQW crab cavities for the SPS test.
	Slides MOBD2 [6.909 MB]
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MOPWA007	The SARAF-LINAC Beam Dynamics	linac, rfq, emittance, simulation	89
	N. Pichoff, D. Uriot CEA/DSM/IRFU, France B. Dalena CEA/IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
	SNRC and CEA collaborate to the upgrade of the SARAF Accelerator to 5 mA CW 40 MeV deuteron and proton beams (Phase 2). This paper presents the beam dynamics in the reference design of the SARAF-LINAC (from the 4 m long 176 MHz RFQ to the HWR Superconducting linac’s end). The beam losses, mostly in longitudinal direction, estimated from error studies, are compared with acceptable losses defined for hands-on maintenance.
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MOPWA017	Design Status of the ESSvSB Switchyard	target, dipole, quadrupole, emittance	125
	E. Bouquerel IPHC, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
	The feasibility of the distribution of 5 MW proton beam power pulsed at 70 Hz onto a 4-target station for the production of neutrino super beams is discussed. To deflect and focus the beam having a magnetic rigidity of 11.0 Tm onto the targets, different configurations of beam switchyard are proposed and compared. The number of dipoles and quadrupoles composing this system is defined for each scenario. The length, the aperture, the magnetic fields and the field gradients of these optical elements are determined. The code TraceWin is used to simulate and optimize the envelopes of the beam along the beam lines. The transverse emittances at the exit of the system are shown.
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MOPWA030	Simulations of Electron Cloud Long Range Wakefields	electron, wakefield, simulation, dipole	165
	F.B. Petrov, O. Boine-Frankenheim TEMF, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
	Funding: Work supported by the BMBF under Contract No. 05H12RD7 A typical approach to electron cloud simulations is to split the problem in two steps: buildup simulations and instability simulations. In the latter step the cloud distribution is usually refreshed after each full interaction with the bunch. This approach does not consider multibunch effects. We present studies of the long range electron cloud wakefields generated in electron clouds after interaction with relativistic proton bunch trains. Several pipe geometries - relevant to CERN accelerators - with and without external magnetic field are considered. Using simple examples we show that the long range wakefields depend significantly on the secondary emission curve as well as on the pipe geometry. Additivity of electron cloud wakefields is studied as well.
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MOPWA044	Quasi-frozen Spin Method for EDM Deuteron Search	dipole, storage-ring, simulation, lattice	213
	Y. Senichev, A. Lehrach, B. Lorentz, R. Maier FZJ, Jülich, Germany S.N. Andrianov, A.N. Ivanov St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia M. Berz, E. Valetov MSU, East Lansing, Michigan, USA S. Chekmenev RWTH, Aachen, Germany
	To search for EDM using proton storage ring with purely electrostatic elements the concept of frozen spin method has been proposed by BNL. This method is based on two facts: in the equation of the spin precession the magnetic field dependence is entirely eliminated and at “magic” energy the spin precession frequency coincides with the precession frequency of the momentum. In case of deuteron the anomalous magnetic moment is negative (G=-0.142), therefore we have to use the electrical and magnetic field simultaneously keeping the frozen spin direction along the momentum as in the pure electrostatic ring. In this article we suggest the concept of the quasi-frozen spin when the spin oscillates around the momentum direction within the half value of the advanced spin phase each time returning back by special optics. Due to the low value of the anomalous magnetic moment of deuteron an effective contribution to the expected EDM effect is reduced only by a few percent.
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MOPWA058	Measurement Results of the Impedance of the RF-cavity at the RCS in J-PARC	impedance, cavity, injection, kicker	255
	Y. Shobuda, H. Harada, H. Hotchi JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken, Japan
	The kicker impedance dominates at the RCS in J-PARC. Recently, we observe beam instabilities, which are not explained by the kicker. As a candidate causing the beam instability, the impedance of the RF-cavity is measured. The longitudinal impedance is measured by stretching a single-wire inside the cavity. On the other hand, the measurement of the transverse impedance is done by horizontally shifting the single-wire, due to the accuracy problem. The measured impedance is too low to explain the beam instability.
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MOPWA060	THE COUPLING IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT OF THE FAST EXTRACTION KICKER IN CSNS/RCS *	impedance, kicker, coupling, extraction	262
	L. Huang, Y.D. Liu, S. Wang IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	Rapid Cycling Synchrotron of the China Spallation Neutron Source is a high intensity proton accelerator. In order to high intensity beam operation, the beam coupling impedance of the extracted kickers must be controlled. The measurement of longitudinal and transverse coupling impedance of the extraction kicker is described. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (11175193, 11275221)
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MOPWA061	ADS Injector I Frequency Choice at IHEP	linac, rfq, emittance, space-charge	265
	F. Yan, H. Geng, C. Meng, H.F. Ouyang, S. Pei, Y.L. Zhao IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	Funding: Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) strategic Priority Research Program-Future Advanced Nuclear Fission Energy (Accelerator-Driven Sub-critical System) The China ADS driver linac is composed of two major parts: the injector and the main linac. There are two frequency choices for the injector: 325 MHz and 162.5 MHz. The former choice is benefit for the same frequency with the front end of the main linac. For half frequency choice, to obtain the same longitudinal acceptance of the main linac comparing with 325MHz injector, the tune depression of the beam reaches the lower design limit of 0.5, no current upgrade opportunity is reserved; contrarily to get the same space charge effect, 16 more cavities would be the cost to get the same acceptance. However the disadvantage of the 325MHz injector choice is the bigger power density of the copper structure CW RFQ and the smaller longitudinal acceptance of the SC section. The details of the comparing for the two frequency choices are introduced and presented. *Work supported by Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) strategic Priority Research Program-Future Advanced Nuclear Fission Energy (Accelerator-Driven Sub-critical System)
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MOPWA066	Simulation on Buildup of Electron Cloud in Rapid Cycling Synchrotron of China Spallation Neutron Source	electron, simulation, vacuum, neutron	275
	K.W. Li, L. Huang, Y.D. Liu, S. Wang IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	Funding: Work supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (11275221) Electron cloud interaction with high energy positive beam are believed responsible for various undesirable effects such as vacuum degradation, collective beam instability and even beam loss in high power proton circular accelerator. An important uncertainty in predicting electron cloud instability lies in the detail processes on the generation and accumulation of the electron cloud. The simulation on the build-up of electron cloud is necessary to further studies on beam instability caused by electron cloud. China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is the largest scientific project in building, whose accelerator complex includes two main parts: an H⁻ linac and a rapid cycling synchrotron (RCS). The RCS accumulates the 80 MeV proton beam and accelerates it to 1.6 GeV with a repetition rate 25 Hz. During the beam injection with lower energy, the emerging electron cloud may cause a serious instability and beam loss on the vacuum pipe. A simulation code has been developed to simulate the build-up, distribution and density of electron cloud in CSNS/RCS.
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MOPJE030	Non-linear Dynamics model for the ESS Linac Simulator	octupole, linac, sextupole, space-charge	345
	E. Laface ESS, Lund, Sweden
	The ESS Proton Linac will run a beam with 62.5 mA of current. In the first meters of the accelerator, the non- linear space-charge force dominates the dynamics of the beam. The Drift Tube Linac, the Spoke resonators and the elliptical cavities, which are responsible for the 99.8% of the total energy gained by the beam along the accelerator, produce a significant longitudinal non-linear force on the proton beam. In this paper, we introduce a new theory to transport the probability density function of the beam under the effect of non-linear forces. A model based on this theory can be implemented in the ESS Linac Simulator for the fast simulations to be performed during the operations of the proton Linac.
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MOPJE031	Field Map Model for the ESS Linac Simulator	cavity, linac, framework, space-charge	348
	E. Laface ESS, Lund, Sweden I. List Cosylab, Ljubljana, Slovenia
	The proton beam driving the spallation process at the European Spallation Source, in Lund, will be accelerated and delivered onto a tungsten target by a linac. This linac is composed of four different families of accelerating structures: adrift tube linac, a section of spoke resonators and two sections of elliptical cavities for the particles’ medium and high relativistic β. These structures provide 99.8% of the total energy gained by the beam along the accelerator. It is necessary, then, to have an accurate model describing the physics of the cavities in the ESS Linac Simulator (ELS), which isthe online model that will simulate the accelerator during operation. Here, we present an RF-cavity model based on the field maps that we implemented in ELS, showing a maximum 10% deviation from TraceWin in the horizontal, vertical and longitudinal planes.
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MOPJE046	Influence of the Alignment of the Main Magnets on Resonances in the CERN Proton Synchrotron	resonance, synchrotron, alignment, operation	392
	A. Huschauer, S.S. Gilardoni, R. Wasef CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	During the Long Shutdown 1 seven out of the one hundred combined function PS main magnets were removed from the tunnel to conduct maintenance. After reinstallation, the main magnets were aligned to the reference positions and within the first week of operation of the accelerator, a beam-based re-alignment campaign was performed to reduce the excursions of the closed orbit. In order to further investigate and understand the source of betatronic resonances, which, already in 2011, were found to be excited by the bare machine, tune diagram measurements before and after this beam-based magnet alignment were conducted. In both cases the same resonances as in 2011 were found to be present; however, after the alignment, an overall increase of their strengths was observed. In this paper we present the corresponding measurement results and discuss the direct impact on the daily operation of the accelerator.
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MOPJE047	Chromaticity Dependence of the Transverse Effective Impedance in the CERN Proton Synchrotron	impedance, synchrotron, controls, space-charge	395
	S. Persichelli, N. Biancacci, S.S. Gilardoni, A. Huschauer, E. Métral, B. Salvant, R. Wasef CERN, Geneva, Switzerland M. Migliorati University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
	The current knowledge of the transverse impedance of the Proton Synchrotron (PS) has been established with beam-based measurements at different energies. The transverse coherent tune shift as a function of the beam intensity has been measured in order to evaluate the total effective imaginary part of the transverse impedance and its localization in the accelerator at the energies of 2, 7, 13 and 25 GeV. Measurements have been performed changing the chromaticity for every tune shift scan with intensity. The data analysis revealed an increase of impedance with chromaticity for all the energies considered. That transverse impedance can be compared with the previously evaluated theoretical impedance budget taking into account the individual contribution of several machine devices. The missing impedance is finally highlighted.
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MOPJE055	Design of an Intense Muon Source with a Carbon and Mercury Target	target, factory, collider, solenoid	423
	D. Stratakis, J.S. Berg BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA X.P. Ding UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA D.V. Neuffer Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	Funding: Authored by employees of Brookhaven Science Associates LLC under Contract DE-SC0012704 and with Fermi Research Alliance LLC under Contract DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the United States Department of Energy In high-intensity sources, muons are produced by firing high energy protons onto a target to produce pions. The pions decay to muons which are captured and accelerated. In the present study, we examine the performance of the channel for two different target scenarios: one based on liquid mercury and another one based on a solid carbon target. We produce distributions with the two different target materials and discuss differences in particle spectrum near the sources. We then propagate the distributions through our capture system and compare the full system performance for the two target types.
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MOPJE058	FLUKA Modeling of the ESS Accelerator	cryomodule, target, linac, radiation	434
	L. Lari, M. Eshraqi, L.S. Esposito, L. Tchelidze ESS, Lund, Sweden F. Cerutti, L.S. Esposito, L. Lari, A. Mereghetti CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	In order to evaluate the energy deposition and radiation issues concerning the ESS accelerator, a FLUKA model of the machine has been created. The geometry of the superconducting beam line is built according to the machine optics, described in the TraceWin file and the CATIA drawings of the beam elements, using the LineBuilder tool developed at CERN. The objective is to create a flexible FLUKA model that is able to be adapted to the optimization of the optics, design modifications and machine integration constraints. Preliminary results are also presented.
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MOPJE071	New Electron Cloud Detectors for the CERN Proton Synchrotron	photon, electron, detector, extraction	476
	C. Yin Vallgren, P. Chiggiato, S.S. Gilardoni, H. Neupert, M. Taborelli CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Electron cloud (EC) has already been observed during normal operation of the PS using classical shielded button pick-up detectors in drift sections. In the context of the LHC Injector Upgrade (LIU project), similar measurements are also needed for the combined function magnets of the machine, where the access to the vacuum chamber is strongly limited by the presence of the yoke. Two new electron cloud detectors have been studied, developed, and installed during the Long Shutdown (LS1) in one of such magnets. The first is based on current measurement by using a shielded button-type pick-up with a special geometry to reach the bottom surface of the vacuum pipe embedded in the magnet. The second one relies on a newly developed measurement method based on detection of the photons, which are emitted by cathodoluminescence from the electron cloud impinging on the vacuum chamber walls. Part of the emitted photons is collected through a quartz window by a Micro-Channel Plate Photomultiplier Tube (MCP-PMT). First results obtained during machine development runs show the feasibility of the photon detection scheme. The results are discussed and compared with pick-up measurements.
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MOPJE079	Tracking Studies in the LHeC Lattice	lattice, resonance, dynamic-aperture, electron	502
	E. Cruz Alaniz, D. Newton The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom E. Cruz Alaniz, D. Newton Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom R. Tomás CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Funding: This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 289485 The Large Hadron Electron Collider (LHeC) is a proposed upgrade of the LHC to provide electron-proton collisions and explore a new regime of energy and luminosity for nucleon-lepton scattering. A nominal design has previously been presented, featuring a lattice and optical configuration to focus one of the proton beams of the LHC (reaching a value of β^=10 cm) and to collide it head-on with an electron beam to produce collisions with the desired luminosity of L=10³³ cm^-2 s^-1. The proton beam optics is achieved with the aid of a new inner triplet of quadrupoles at L=10 m from the interaction point and the extension of the Achromatic Telescopic Squeezing (ATS) Scheme used for the High Luminosity-LHC project. The flexibility of this design has been studied in terms of minimising β^* and increasing L*. In this work, particle tracking is performed in a thin lens approximation of the LHeC proton lattice to compute the dynamic aperture and perform frequency map analysis for different types of chromatic correction schemes, in order to find the one who will provide the most beam stability and to study the effects of non linearities.
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MOPMA005	Non-invasive Beam Profile Monitoring	detector, vacuum, operation, ion	537
	C.P. Welsch, T. Cybulski, A. Jeff, V. Tzoganis, H.D. Zhang Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom T. Cybulski, A. Jeff, V. Tzoganis, C.P. Welsch, H.D. Zhang The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom A. Jeff CERN, Geneva, Switzerland V. Tzoganis RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
	Funding: Work supported by the Helmholtz Association under contract VH-NG-328, the EU under contracts 215080 and 289485, as well as the STFC Cockcroft core grant No. ST/G008248/1. State-of-the-art high energy and high intensity accelerators require new approaches to transverse beam profile monitoring as many established techniques will no longer work due to the high power stored in the beam. In addition, many accelerator applications such as ion beam cancer therapy or material irradiation would benefit significantly from the availability of non-invasive beam profile monitors. Research in the QUASAR Group has focused on this area over the past 5 years. Two different approaches were successfully developed: Firstly, a supersonic gas jet-based monitor was designed and commissioned. It enables the detection of the 2-dimensional transverse beam profile of essentially any charged particle beam with negligible disturbance of the primary beam and accelerator vacuum. Secondly, a monitor based on the Silicon strip VELO detector, originally developed for the LHCb experiment, was tested as an online beam monitor at the Clatterbridge Cancer Center in the UK. The design of both monitors is presented in this contribution. Results from measurements are discussed and complemented by numerical studies into the performance limits of either technique.
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MOPMA019	Simulations of the Fermilab Recycler for Losses and Collimation	simulation, space-charge, collimation, target	582
	E.G. Stern, R. Ainsworth, J.F. Amundson, B.C. Brown Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	Fermilab has recently completed an upgrade to the com- plex with the goal of delivering 700 kW of beam power as 120 GeV protons to the NuMI target. A major part of boost- ing beam power is to shorten the beam cycle by accumulating up to 12 bunches of 0.5 × 10 11 protons in the Recycler ring through slip-stacking during the Main Injector ramp. This introduces much higher intensities into the Recycler than it has had before. Meeting radiation safety requirements with high intensity operations requires understanding the ef- fects of space charge induced tune spreads and resulting halo formation, and aperture restrictions in the real machine to de- velop a collimation strategy. We report on initial simulations of slip-stacking in the Recycler performed with Synergia.
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MOPMA027	Electron Cloud Measurements in Fermilab Main Injector and Recycler	electron, vacuum, injection, operation	604
	J.S. Eldred Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA M. Backfish, J.S. Eldred, C.-Y. Tan, R.M. Zwaska Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	This conference paper presents a series of electron cloud measurements in the Fermilab Main Injector and Recycler. A new instability was observed in the Recycler in July 2014 that generates a fast transverse excitation in the first high intensity batch to be injected. Microwave measurements of electron cloud in the Recycler show a corresponding dependence on the batch injection pattern. These electron cloud measurements are compared to those made with a retarding field analyzer (RFA) installed in a field-free region of the Recycler in November. RFAs are also used in the Main Injector to evaluate the performance of beampipe coatings for the mitigation of electron cloud. Contamination from an unexpected vacuum leak revealed a potential vulnerability in the amorphous carbon beampipe coating. The diamond-like carbon coating, in contrast, reduced the electron cloud signal to 1\% of that measured in uncoated stainless steel beampipe.
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MOPMA037	Electron Cloud Buildup and Dissipation Models For PIP-II	electron, simulation, plasma, space-charge	626
	S.A. Veitzer, P. Stoltz Tech-X, Boulder, Colorado, USA
	Funding: This work was performed under the auspices of the Department of Energy as part of the ComPASS SCiDAC-2 project (DE-FC02-07ER41499), and the SCiDAC-3 project (DE-SC0008920). Buildup of electron plasmas in accelerator cavities can cause beam degradation and limit performance in high-intensity circular particle accelerators. This is especially important in machines such as the LHC, and PIP-II, where mitigation techniques such as beam scrubbing in order to decrease the SEY are expensive and time consuming. Modeling of electron cloud buildup and dissipation can provide understanding as to the potential negative effects of electron clouds on beam properties, as well as estimates of the mitigation required to maintain accelerator performance and beam quality as accelerators move to higher intensity configurations. We report here on simulations of electron cloud buildup and dissipation for geometry, beam and magnetic field configurations describing the Recycler at Fermilab. We perform electrostatic simulations in 3D with VSim PIC, including the effects of space charge and secondary electrons. We quantify the expected survival rate of electrons in these conditions, and argue that improvements in reducing the SEY is unlikely to mitigate the electron cloud effects.
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MOPMA039	Secondary Electron Yield Measurement and Electron Cloud Simulation at Fermilab	electron, simulation, vacuum, dipole	629
	Y. Ji IIT, Chicago, Illinois, USA L.K. Spentzouris Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA R.M. Zwaska Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	Funding: This work was funded by the National Science Foundation under the grant no. 1205811. Fermilab Main Injector is upgrading the accelerator to double the beam intensity from 24·10¹² protons to 48·10¹² protons, which brings the accelerator into a regime where electron cloud effects may limit the accelerator performance. In fact, an instability that could be caused by electron cloud effects has already been observed in the Recycler. Secondary Electron Yield (SEY) is an important property of the vacuum chamber material that has great influence on the process of building up free electrons. The Main Injector of the Fermilab accelerator complex offers the opportunity to measure SEY and conditioning effects in the environment of a running accelerator, since samples of these materials are located at the beampipe wall. The SEY of stainless steel (SS316L) and TiN coated SS316L in the proximity of the proton beam were measured and compared. A series of simulation studies of electron cloud build up were done for the Main Injector and Recycler using the code POSINST. Parametric studies were done to determine the maximum electron density vs. peak SEY at different beam intensities in the Fermilab Main Injector. Threshold simulations of electron cloud density verus SEY were extended from Main Injector to include the Recycler Ring. It was found that the electron cloud density around the beam depends on bunch location within the bunch train.
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MOPMA047	Nonlinear Beam Dynamics Studies of the Next Generation Strong Focusing Cyclotrons as Compact High Brightness, Low Emittance Drivers	cavity, cyclotron, focusing, wakefield	656
	S. Assadi, P.M. McIntyre, A. Sattarov Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA N. Pogue PSI, Villigen, Villigen, Switzerland
	Funding: Work is partially supported by grants from the State of Texas (ASE) & the Michelle foundation. The Strong Focusing Cyclotron development at Texas A&M University has evolved from stacks of cyclotrons to a single layer high brightness, low emittance to produce greater than 10 mA of proton beam to a desired target at 800 MeV. The latest design has a major geometric design optimization of strong focusing quadrupoles and a modified algorithm of high gradient cavities to address the small turn separation, and interaction of radially neighboring bunches and reduced the number of turns necessary to reach the desired final energy under control conditions. In this paper, we present the new design, physics of nonlinear synchrobetratron coupling, mνh+nνv=p causing beam blow-up in other form of cyclotrons and how we have resolved it. The cavity beam loading and space charge effects of multi turns at low energies to reduce losses are discussed.
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MOPMA057	Space Charge Neutralization of 750 keV Proton Beam in LANSCE Injector Line	emittance, space-charge, simulation, beam-transport	685
	Y.K. Batygin LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
	Funding: Work supported by the United States Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Agency, under contract DE-AC52-06NA25396 The 750-keV low-energy beam transport of the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) linac consists of two independent beam lines for simultaneous injection of H⁺ and H⁻ beams into the linear accelerator. Space charge effects play an important role in the beam transport therein. A series of experiments were performed to determine the level of proton beam space charge neutralization by residual gas ionization, and time required for neutralization. Study was performed as emittance scans between pair of emittance measurement stations. The value of compensated space charge was determined through comparison of results of measurements and simulations using macroparticle method and envelope code. Obtained results provide new setup for beam tuning in transport beamline.
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MOPMA058	Effect of Spherical Aberration on Beam Emittance Growth	emittance, focusing, space-charge, simulation	688
	Y.K. Batygin LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
	Funding: Work supported by the United States Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Agency, under contract DE-AC52-06NA25396 Spherical aberration in axial-symmetric magnetic focusing lenses results in S-shape figure of beam emittance. Filamentation of beam emittance in phase space is a fundamental property of a beam affected by aberrations. Analytical expression for effective beam emittance growth due to spherical aberration as a function of lens aberraion coefficient, initial beam emittance, beam radius, and focal lens of the focusing lens is obtained. Analysis is extended for beam space charge aberrations. Analytical results are confirmed by numerical calculations.
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MOPMN007	An Alternate Ring-Ring Design for eRHIC	electron, ion, collider, linac	713
	Y. Zhang JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
	Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics, under Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177 and No. DE-AC02-06CH11357 I present here a new ring-ring design of eRHIC. It utilizes high repetition rate colliding beams and is likely able to deliver the performance to meet the requirements of the science program with low technical risk and modest accelerator R&D. The expected performance includes high luminosities over multiple collision points and a broad CM energy range with a maximum value up to 2×1034 cm^-2s⁻¹ per detector, and polarization higher than 70% for the colliding electron and light ion beams. This new design calls for reuse of decommissioned facilities in the US, namely, the PEP-II high energy ring and one section of the SLAC linac as a full energy injector.
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MOPMN015	Simulation of Beam-Induced Plasma for the Mitigation of Beam-Beam Effects	plasma, simulation, electron, beam-beam-effects	734
	J. Ma, V. Samulyak, K. Yu SBU, Stony Brook, New York, USA V. Litvinenko, V. Samulyak, G. Wang BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA V. Litvinenko Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA V. Samulyak SUNY SB, Stony Brook, New York, USA
	One of the main challenges in the increase of luminosity of circular colliders is the control of the beam-beam effect. In the process of exploring beam-beam mitigation methods using plasma, we evaluated the possibility of plasma generation via ionization of neutral gas by proton beams, and performed highly resolved simulations of the beam-plasma interaction using SPACE, a 3D electromagnetic particle-in-cell code. The process of plasma generation is modelled using experimentally measured cross-section coefficients and a plasma recombination model that takes into account the presence of neutral gas and beam-induced electromagnetic fields. Numerically simulated plasma oscillations are consistent with theoretical analysis. In the beam-plasma interaction process, high-density neutral gas reduces the mean free path of plasma electrons and their acceleration. A numerical model for the drift speed as a limit of plasma electron velocity was developed. Simulations demonstrate a significant reduction of the beam electric field in the presence of plasma. Preliminary simulations using fully-ionized plasma have also been performed and compared with the case of beam-induced plasma.
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MOPMN029	Spin Resonance Strength Calculation Through Single Particle Tracking for Rhic	resonance, betatron, lattice, emittance	763
	Y. Luo, Y. Dutheil, H. Huang, F. Méot, V.H. Ranjbar BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
	Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The strengths of spin resonances for the polarized-proton operation in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider are currently calculated with code DEPOL, which numerically integrate through the whole ring based on analytical approximate formula. In this article, we calculate the spin resonance strength by performing Fourier transformation to the actual transverse magnetic field seen by a single particle travelling through the ring. Comparison is made between the results from this method and DEPOL and other approaches.
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MOPMN030	Proton Spin Tracking with Symplectic Integration of Orbit Motion	closed-orbit, resonance, ion, sextupole	766
	Y. Luo, Y. Dutheil, H. Huang, F. Méot, V.H. Ranjbar BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
	Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy. Symplectic integration for orbital motion had been adopted in SimTrack which has been extensively used for dynamic aperture calculation with beam-beam interaction for the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Recently spin tracking for protons has been implemented on top of the orbit motion in this code. In this article, we will explain the implementation of spin motion using Thomas-BMT equation, and benchmark with other spin tracking codes currently used for RHIC. Possibility and remedy for very-long term particle tracking, such as on the RHIC energy acceleration, is also explored.
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MOPHA025	Control System for FRANZ Facility	controls, ion, ion-source, neutron	830
	S.M. Alzubaidi, O. Meusel, U. Ratzinger, C. Wagner IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
	The Frankfurt Neutron Source at the Stern- Gerlach Zentrum (FRANZ) will use the reaction of 7Li(p, n)7Be to produce an intense neutron beam. The neutron energy will be between 10 and 500 keV depending on the primary proton beam, which is variable between 1.8 and 2.2 MeV. A volume type ion source will be used to deliver a 120 keV proton beam with currents up to 200 mA. Like any other facility, FRANZ will need a powerful and reliable control system that also allows monitoring the whole accelerator target areas and experiments. Also interlock and safety systems have to be included to protect personnel from radiation hazards associated with accelerator operations and accompanying experiments. The FRANZ control system is still under development. The ion source will be the first element to be controlled, and to gain experience. A test ion source will be used for testing and examining the performance of this control system. In this paper, the plasma properties, filament ageing and an internal control loop for stable beam production with respect to controlling issues will be discussed.
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MOPHA047	RF System Design for the TOP-IMPLART Accelerator	controls, LLRF, klystron, linac	897
	V. Surrenti, G. Bazzano, P. Nenzi, L. Picardi, C. Ronsivalle ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma), Italy F. Ambrosini Università di Roma "La Sapienza", SAPIENZA-DIET, Roma, Italy
	In the ENEA-Frascati research center a linear accelerator for proton therapy is under development in the framework of TOP-IMPLART Project carried out by ENEA in collaboration with ISS and IRE-IFO. The machine is based on a 7 MeV injector operating at a frequency of 425 MHz followed by a sequence of 2997.92 MHz accelerating modules. Five 10 MW klystrons will be used to power all high frequency structures up to a beam energy of 150 MeV. The maximum repetition frequency is 100 Hz and the pulse duration is 4 μs. The RF amplitude and phase stability requirements of the accelerating field are within ±2% and ±2 degrees respectively. For therapeutic use the beam energy will be varied between 85 and 150 MeV by switching off the last modules and varying the electric field amplitude in the last module switched on. Fast control of the RF power supplied to the individual structures allows an energy variation on a pulse by pulse basis; furthermore the system must be able to control the RF phase between accelerating structures. This work describes the RF power distribution scheme and the RF phase and amplitude monitoring system implemented into an embedded control system.
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MOPHA050	Online Spill Intensity Monitoring for Improving Extraction Quality at CNAO	electron, ion, electronics, extraction	907
	M. Caldara University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy J. Bosser, G.M.A. Calvi, L. Lanzavecchia, A. Parravicini, C. Viviani CNAO Foundation, Milan, Italy E. Rojatti UniPV, Pavia, Italy
	The CNAO Foundation is the first Italian center for deep hadrontherapy with Protons and Carbon Ions, performing treatments since September 2011. The extracted beam energy and intensity can vary over a wide range (60-250 MeV for Protons and 120-400 MeV/u for Carbon Ions, 4e6/10¹⁰ pps); the beam intensity uniformity during the slow extraction process is a fundamental requirement for achieving accurate and fast treatments. CNAO developed an online Fast Intensity Monitor (FIM), not perturbing the extracted beam, capable of measuring beam intensity with a bandwidth of 50kHz and a resolution of 1%. It consists of a thin (0.8 μm) metallic foil that emits secondary electrons when traversed by the beam. The electrons are multiplied by a Channeltron device, polarized at high voltage versus ground. The Channeltron output current is amplified and converted in a Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) signal, which is then decoupled and transmitted to the equipment room, where an FPGA implements a servo-spill. The work presents the detector, the floating electronics, the preliminary measurements with beam and the integration in a closed loop on the synchrotron air-core quadrupole obtaining promising results.
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MOPHA051	Scintillating Fibers used as Profile Monitors for the CNAO HEBT Lines	detector, ion, extraction, vacuum	910
	E. Rojatti UniPV, Pavia, Italy J. Bosser, M. Haguenauer, P. Poilleux CERN, Geneva, Switzerland J. Bosser, G.M.A. Calvi, L. Lanzavecchia, A. Parravicini, M. Pullia, C. Viviani CNAO Foundation, Milan, Italy M. Caldara University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
	The CNAO (Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica) Foundation is the first Italian center for deep hadrontherapy with Protons and Carbon Ions. Several beam monitors exploiting the scintillation process have been designed to check the beam quality in the extraction lines, in order to guarantee patients safety. The SFH (Scintillating Fibers Harp), the QPM (Qualification Profile Monitor), and the SFP (Scintillating Fibers plus Photodiodes) are made up by two orthogonal scintillating fibers harps with not dead area for the horizontal and the vertical beam profiles measurement. The QPM and the SFH are both installed on the beam line and they use a CCD camera for the signal acquisition. The SFP is a SFH upgrade project aimed to replace the camera with two Photodiodes arrays coupled to the fibers in vacuum. The WD (Watch Dog) detector, not already installed, has been designed to check the beam position through the intensity of the beam tails. It uses two couples of scintillating fibers displaced transversally to the beam direction, coupled to four APDs (Avalanche Photodiodes). This work describes the beam detectors, their achieved performances and the most recent beam measurements.
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MOPHA058	Beam Based Gain Calibration for Beam Position Monitor at J-PARC Main Ring	simulation, operation, synchrotron, closed-orbit	927
	H. Kuboki, J. Takano, M. Tejima, T. Toyama KEK, Ibaraki, Japan S. Hatakeyama JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-mura, Japan
	Funding: MEXT KAKENHI Grant Number 25105002, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas titled "Unification and Development of the Neutrino Science Frontier" Beam Position Monitor (BPM) is one of the essential elements in a synchrotron facility. It provides the accurate beam positions, which are used to correct the closed orbit distortion. Each BPM is installed with the electronics which enable to acquire the data of the turn-by-turn beam positions. Here, we define the "gain" as the proportionality coefficient between the signal detected at the ADC and the ideal signal without any errors. The signal strength from a BPM electrode varies depending on 1) transmission characteristics of a long cable, 2) processing circuit, and 3) contact resistance at the connected parts. These are the origin of the gain deviations. In order to correct the deviations, a Beam Based Gain Calibration (BBGC) method has been proposed . Development of a new method for adequate gain calibration is required because any calibration method for routine operation has not been established for BPMs with diagonal-cut electrodes used at J-PARC Main Ring. The results of analysis will be presented using the Total Least Square fitting as an adequate method for the BBGC with sufficient accuracy within 0.6% in one standard deviation. M. Tejima et al., DIPAC2011 (2011).
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MOPTY008	Preliminary Hardware Implementation of Compensation Mechanism of Superconducting Cavity Failure in C-ADS Linac	FPGA, hardware, linac, cavity	953
	Z. Xue, J.P. Dai IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China L. Cheng, Y. Yang SINANO, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
	For the proton linear accelerators used in applications such as ADS, due to the nature of the operation, it is essential to have beam failures at the rate several orders of magnitude lower than usual performance of similar accelerators. In order to achieve this extremely high performance reliability requirement, in addition to hardware improvement, a failure tolerant design is mandatory. A compensation mechanism to cope with hardware failure, mainly RF failures of superconducting cavities, will be in place in order to maintain the high uptime, short recovery time and extremely low frequency of beam loss. The hardware implementation of the mechanism poses high challenges due to the extremely tight timing constraints, high logic complexity, and mostly important, high flexibility and short turnaround time due to varying operation contexts. We will explore the hardware implementation of the scheme using fast electronic devices and Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). In order to achieve the goals of short recovery time and flexibility in compensation algorithms, an advanced hardware design methodology including high-level synthesis will be used.
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MOPTY016	Study of Diamond Detector Application at the Front End of a High Intensity Hadron Accelerator	detector, radiation, cavity, hadron	972
	G. Ren, D.H. He, W. Li, Y. Li USTC/NSRL, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China M. Zeng Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	Diamond detectors function as beam loss or luminosity monitors for high energy accelerators, such as LHC, Babar, etc. Because of regular detectors‘ insufficient protection of the front end, diamond detectors owning significant characteristics, like time resolution in the nanosecond range, radiation hardness and negligible temperature dependence. Thus, diamond detectors have been becoming promising candidates for detecting BLMs of fully super-conducting hadron accelerator, such as C-ADS, FRIB. In this paper, the sensitivity of diamond detectors was simulated by Monte Carlo program FLUKA and GEAN4. Meanwhile, we tested the performance of a new prototype of CVD diamond detector, and compared it with Si-PIN and Bergoz detectors at the storage ring of the HLS II. The results of the diamond detector were consistent with other two detectors well. More evaluation of diamond detectors in low energy radiation field are ongoing.
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MOPTY030	Capacitive Linear-Cut Beam Position Monitor Design for Ion Synchrotron at KHIMA Project	synchrotron, vacuum, target, operation	998
	J.G. Hwang, C.H. Kim, S.H. Nam, S.Y. Noh KIRAMS/KHIMA, Seoul, Republic of Korea G. Hahn, W.T. Hwang, T.K. Yang KIRAMS, Seoul, Republic of Korea E.-S. Kim Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
	The KHIMA (Korea Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator) project is launched to construct the carbon and proton beam base ion therapy machine. It, which consists of the injector with RFQ and IH-DTL linacs, medium beam transport line, synchrotron, and high energy beam transport line, will be provided the carbon beam up to 430 MeV/u and proton beam up to 230 MeV for cancer therapy. The high precision beam position monitor is required to match and control the beam trajectory for the beam injection and closed orbit in synchrotron. It was also used for measuring the beta-function, tune, and chromaticity. Since the bunch length at heavy ion synchrotron is relatively long, a few meters, a box-like device with long plates of typically 20 cm is used to enhance the signal strength and to get a precise linear dependence with respect to the beam displacement. In this presentation, we show the electromagnetic design of the electrode and surroundings to satisfy the resolution of 100 um, the criteria for mechanical aspect to satisfy the position accuracy of 200 um, the measurement result of position accuracy by using the wire test-bench, and the beam-test results with long (~ 1.6 us) electron beam in PAL.
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MOPTY044	Machine Protection Systems and their Impact on Beam Availability and Accelerator Reliability	operation, linac, storage-ring, software	1029
	R. Andersson, E. Bargalló, A. Nordt ESS, Lund, Sweden E. Adli University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
	Over the last decades, the complexity and performance levels of machine protection have developed. The level of reliability and availability analysis prior to operation differs between facilities, just as the pragmatic changes of the machine protection during operation. This paper studies the experience and development of machine protection for some of the state of the art proton and ion accelerators, and how it relates to reducing damage to and downtime of the machine. The findings are discussed and categorized, with emphasis on proton accelerators. The paper is concluded with some recommendations for a future high power linear proton accelerator.
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MOPTY045	ESS Availability and Reliability Approach	neutron, experiment, operation, target	1033
	E. Bargalló, K.H. Andersen, R. Andersson, A. De Isusi, A. Nordt, E.J. Pitcher ESS, Lund, Sweden
	Reliability and availability are key metrics for achieving the scientific vision of the ESS. The approach taken to analyze and to improve these metrics in order to achieve the goals is described in this contribution. The methodology used to obtain the requirements considers not only the availability and reliability figures but also the specific needs extracted from users expectations from the neutron source in order to succeed in their experiments. A top-down requirements allocation is being developed at the same time that bottom-up reliability and availability analyses is being performed. The experiments expected at ESS and their needs in terms of neutron beam performance (reliability, availability and quality) are described as well as the tools used to analyze it. Moreover, the consequences of these analyses in the design phase are discussed.
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MOPTY047	ESS Cold LINAC BLM Locations Determination	detector, simulation, linac, quadrupole	1039
	M. Jarosz, A. Jansson, J.C. Kazantzidis, T.J. Shea, L. Tchelidze ESS, Lund, Sweden
	Funding: This project (oPAC) is funded by the European Union under contract PITN-GA-2011-289485. The linear accelerator of ESS will produce a 5 MW proton beam. Beam of this power must be strictly monitored by a specialized Beam Loss Monitoring (BLM) System to detect any abnormal losses and to ensure that operational losses do not lead to excessive activation. A long series of beam loss simulations was performed using MARS Monte Carlo code system in order to optimize the number and setting mounting locations of the detectors for best coverage, distinguishability and sensitivity. Simulations anticipated multiple possible beam loss scenarios resulting in different loss patterns. The results of energy deposition in air in the linac tunnel in multiple locations were analysed in several different ways. Incorporated methods varied from simple brute force approach to more sophisticated singular value decomposition based algorithms, all resulting in detector layout proposals. Locations selected for BLMs were evaluated for all methods.
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MOPTY048	Machine Protection Strategy for the ESS	operation, neutron, controls, target	1042
	A. Nordt, T. Friedrich, T. Korhonen ESS, Lund, Sweden C. Hilbes ZHAW, Winterthur, Switzerland
	The ESS proton beam power of 125MW per pulse (5MW average) will be unprecedented and its uncontrolled release could lead to serious damage of equipment within a few microseconds only. To optimize the operational efficiency of the ESS facility allowing for very high beam availability with high reliability towards the end-users, accidents should be avoided and interruptions of beam operation have to be rare and limited to a short time. Finding the right balance between efficient protection of equipment from damage and high beam availability is the key idea on which the ESS Machine Protection Strategy is being based on. Implementing and realizing the measures needed to provide the correct level of machine protection in case of a complex facility like the ESS, requires a systematic approach, which will be discussed in this paper. A method of how to derive machine protection relevant requirements and how to assure completeness of these will be outlined as well.
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MOPTY052	Experimental and Simulation Studies of Hydrodynamic Tunneling of Ultra-Relativistic Protons	target, simulation, experiment, cavity	1048
	F. Burkart, R. Schmidt, D. Wollmann, M. Zerlauth CERN, Geneva, Switzerland A.R. Piriz Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain A. Shutov IPCP, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, Russia N.A. Tahir GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
	The expected damage due to the release of the full LHC beam energy at a single aperture bottleneck has been studied. These studies have shown that the range of the 7 TeV LHC proton beam is significantly extended compared to that of a single proton due to hydrodynamic tunneling effect. For instance, it was evaluated that the protons and their showers will penetrate up to a length of 25 m in solid carbon compared to a static range of around 3 m. To check the validity of these simulations, beam- target heating experiments using the 440 GeV proton beam generated by the SPS were performed at the HiRadMat test facility at CERN . Solid copper targets were facially irradiated by the beam and measurements confirmed hydrodynamic tunneling of the protons and their showers. Simulations have been done by running the energy deposition code FLUKA and the 2D hydrodynamic code, BIG2, iteratively. Very good agreement has been found between the simulations and the experimental results * providing confidence in the validity of the studies for the LHC. This paper presents the simulation studies, the results of a benchmarking experiment, and the detailed target investigations. * N.A. Tahir et al., Phys. Rev. Special Topics Accel. Beams 15 (2012) 051003. ** R. Schmidt et al., Phys. Plasmas 21 (2014) 080701.
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MOPWI017	Beam Extinction Monitoring in the Mu2e Experiment	target, detector, experiment, shielding	1185
	E. Prebys, A. Gaponenko, P.H. Kasper Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA L.M. Bartoszek Bartoszek Engineering, Aurora, Illinois, USA
	Funding: This work is supported by the US Department of Energy under contract No. De-AC02-07CH11359. The Mu2e Experiment at Fermilab will search for the conversion of a muon to an electron in the field of an atomic nucleus with unprecedented sensitivity. The experiment requires a beam consisting of proton bunches approximately 200ns FW long, separated by 1.7 microseconds, with no out-of-time protons at the 10^-10 fractional level. The verification of this level of extinction is very challenging. The proposed technique uses a special purpose spectrometer which will observe particles scattered from the production target of the experiment. The acceptance will be limited such that there will be no saturation effects from the in-time beam. The precise level and profile of the out-of-time beam can then be built up statistically, by integrating over many bunches.
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MOPWI018	New Hadron Monitor By Using A Gas-Filled RF Resonator	electron, plasma, hadron, radiation	1189
	K. Yonehara, A.V. Tollestrup, R.M. Zwaska Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA G. Fasce CNI, Roma, Italy G. Flanagan, R.P. Johnson Muons, Inc, Illinois, USA
	It is trend to build an intense neutrino beam facility for the fundamental physics research, e.g. LBNF at Fermilab, T2K at KEK, and CNGS at CERN. They have investigated a hadron monitor to diagnose the primary/secondary beam quality. The existing hadron monitor based on an ionization chamber is not robust in the high-radiation environment vicinity of MW-class secondary particle production targets. We propose a gas-filled RF resonator to use as the hadron monitor since it is simple and hence radiation robust in this environment. When charged particles pass through the resonator they produce ionized plasma via the Coulomb interaction with the inert gas. The beam-induced plasma changes the permittivity of inert gas. As a result, a resonant frequency in the resonator shifts with the amount of ionized electrons. The radiation sensitivity is adjustable by the inert gas pressure and the RF amplitude. The hadron profile will be reconstructed with a tomography technique in the hodoscope which consists of X, Y, and theta layers by using a strip-shaped gas resonator. The sensitivity and possible system design will be shown in this presentation.
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MOPWI032	Analysis of Primary Stripper Foils at SNS by an Electron Beam Foil Test Stand	electron, gun, operation, experiment	1230
	E.P. Barrowclough, C.S. Feigerle University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA C.F. Luck, M.A. Plum, R.W. Shaw, L.L. Wilson ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
	Funding: ORNL/SNS is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725. Diamond foils are used at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) as the primary strippers of hydride ions. A nanocrystalline diamond film, typically 17x45 mm with an aerial density of 0.35 mg/cm², is deposited on a corrugated silicon substrate by plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition. After growth, 30 mm of the silicon substrate is etched away, leaving a freestanding diamond foil with a silicon handle that can be inserted into SNS for operation. An electron beam test facility was constructed to study stripper foil degradation and impact on foil lifetime. The electron beam capabilities include: current up to 5 mA, focused spot size of 0.30 mm², and rastering in the x- and y-directions. A 30 keV and 1.6 mA/mm² electron beam deposits the same power density on a diamond foil as a 1.4 MW beam on SNS target. Rastering of the electron beam can expose a similar area of the foil as SNS beams. Experiments were conducted using the foil test stand to study: foil flutter and lifetime; effects of corrugation patterns, aerial densities, crystal size (micro vs. nano), and boron doping; temperature distributions and film emissivity; and conversion rate of nanocrystalline diamond into graphite.
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MOPWI033	Advantages to an Online Multi-particle Beam Dynamics Model for High-power Proton Linacs	linac, operation, emittance, beam-losses	1234
	L. Rybarcyk, S.A. Baily, X. Pang LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
	High-power proton linacs like the 800-MeV LANSCE accelerator typically use a physics-based approach and online single-particle and envelope beam dynamics models to establish nominal set points for operation. However, these models are not good enough to enable immediate transition to high-power operation. Instead, some amount of empirical adjustment is necessary to achieve stable, low beam-loss operation. At Los Alamos, we have been developing a new online model, which employs multiparticle beam dynamics, as a tool for providing more information and insight to the operations staff, especially during this transition to high-power operations. This presentation will discuss some of the advantages and benefits of using this type of tool in the tune-up and operation of a high-power proton linac.
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MOPWI041	Identification of Intra-Bunch Transverse Dynamics for Model Based Wideband Feedback Control at CERN Super Proton Synchrotron	controls, feedback, simulation, synchrotron	1249
	O. Turgut, J.E. Dusatko, J.D. Fox, C.H. Rivetta SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA W. Höfle CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC02-76SF00515 and the US LHC Accelerator Research program (LARP). Multi-input multi-output (MIMO) feedback design techniques can be helpful to stabilize intra-bunch transverse instabilities induced by electron-clouds or transverse mode couplings at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). These MIMO techniques require a reduced order model of intra-bunch dynamics. We estimate a linear reduced order MIMO models for transverse intra-bunch dynamics and use these models to design model based MIMO feedback controllers. The effort is motivated by the plans to increase currents in the SPS as part of the HL-LHC upgrade. Parameters of the reduced order models are estimated based on driven beam SPS measurements. We study different types of controllers. We test the model based designs using macro particle simulation codes (CMAD and HEADTAIL) and compare its performance with FIR filters tested during beam measurements of the feedback system in SPS machine development (MD) studies.
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TUXB1	FRANZ and Small-Scale Accelerator-Driven Neutron Sources	neutron, target, rfq, operation	1276
	C. Wiesner, S.M. Alzubaidi, M. Droba, M. Heilmann, O. Hinrichs, B. Klump, O. Meusel, D. Noll, O. Payir, H. Podlech, U. Ratzinger, A. Schempp, S. Schmidt, P.P. Schneider, M. Schwarz, W. Schweizer, K. Volk, C. Wagner IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany R. Reifarth IKF, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany
	This paper gives an overview of the opportunities and challenges of high-intensity, low-energy light-ion accelerators for neutron production. Applications of this technology range from the study of stellar nucleosynthesis and astrophysical phenomena to medical applications such as Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). The paper includes details of the FRANZ facility, under development at Frankfurt University.
	Slides TUXB1 [3.514 MB]
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TUXB2	Upgrade of the Unilac for Fair	DTL, linac, ion, emittance	1281
	L. Groening, A. Adonin, R. M. Brodhage, X. Du, R. Hollinger, O.K. Kester, S. Mickat, A. Orzhekhovskaya, B. Schlitt, G. Schreiber, H. Vormann, C. Xiao GSI, Darmstadt, Germany H. Hähnel, U. Ratzinger, A. Seibel, R. Tiede IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
	The UNIversal Linear Accelerator (UNILAC) at GSI serves as injector for all ion species from protons to uranium since four decades. Its 10⁸ MHz Alvarez type DTL providing acceleration from 1.4 MeV/u to 11.4 MeV/u has suffered from material fatigue. The DTL will be replaced by a completely new section with almost same design parameters, i.e. pulsed current of up to 15 mA of 238U²⁸⁺ at 11.4 MeV/u. A dedicated terminal & LEBT for operation with 238U⁴⁺ is currently constructed. The uranium sources need to be upgraded in order to provide increased beam brilliances and for operation at 3 Hz. In parallel a 70 MeV / 70 mA proton linac based on H-mode cavities is under design and construction. This contribution will also give a brief summary of the overall status of the FAIR project.
	Slides TUXB2 [4.634 MB]
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TUXB3	700 kW Main Injector Operations for NOvA at FNAL	booster, operation, electron, experiment	1286
	P. Adamson Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	Following a successful career as an antiproton storage and cooling ring, the Fermilab Recycler was repurposed as a proton stacker as part of the NOvA project, in order to increase the maximum NuMI beam power from 400 kW to 700 kW. Using the Recycler to prepare beam for acceleration in the Main Injector, we have been able to increase the beam power delivered to NuMI to a sustained weekly average in excess of 400 kW and a best hourly average of 482.8 kW. I discuss the commissioning progress to date, and describe the remaining steps along the way to achieving the 700 kW design goal.
	Slides TUXB3 [3.401 MB]
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TUBB1	Charge Stripper Development for FRIB	ion, heavy-ion, linac, plasma	1339
	F. Marti, P. Guetschow, J.A. Nolen FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA A. Hershcovitch, P. Thieberger BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA Y. Momozaki, J.A. Nolen, C.B. Reed ANL, Argonne, Illinois, USA
	Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science under Cooperative Agreement DE-SC0000661 and NSF grant PHY-1102511 The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) at Michigan State University is building a heavy ion linac to produce rare isotopes by the fragmentation method. The linac will accelerate ions up to U to energies above 200 MeV/u with beam powers up to 400 kW. At energies between 16 and 20 MeV/u the ions will be stripped to higher charge states to increase the energy gain downstream in the linac. The main challenges in the stripper design are due to the high power deposited by the ions in the stripping media (~ 30 MW/cm³) and radiation damage if solids are used. For that reason self-recovering stripper media must be used. The baseline stripper choice is a high-velocity, thin film of liquid lithium with an alternative option of a helium gas stripper. We present in this paper the status of the R&D and construction of the final stripper. Extensive experimental work has been performed on both options.
	Slides TUBB1 [3.534 MB]
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TUBB2	The Accelerator Facility of the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research	ion, target, antiproton, heavy-ion	1343
	P.J. Spiller, F. Becker, A. Dolinskyy, L. Groening, O.K. Kester, K. Knie, H. Reich-Sprenger, W. Vinzenz, M. Winkler GSI, Darmstadt, Germany D. Prasuhn FZJ, Jülich, Germany
	The accelerators of the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research – FAIR are under construction. The sophisticated system of accelerators is designed to produce stable and secondary beams with a significant variety of intensities and beam energies. FAIR will explore the intensity frontier of heavy ion accelerators and the beams for the experiments will have highest beam quality for cutting edge physics to be conducted. The main driver accelerator of FAIR will be the SIS100 synchrotron. In order to produce the intense rare isotope beams (RIB) at FAIR, a unique superconducting fragment separator is under construction. A system of storage rings will collect and cool secondary particles from the FAIR. Intense work on test infrastructure for the huge number of superconducting magnets of the FAIR machines is ongoing at GSI and several partner labs. In addition, the GSI accelerator facility is being prepared to serve as injector for the FAIR accelerators. As the construction of the FAIR accelerators and the procurement has started, an overview of the designs, procurements plans and infrastructure preparation can be provided.
	Slides TUBB2 [4.653 MB]
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TUPTY006	Study of Electron Cloud Instabilities in FCC-hh	electron, photon, emittance, simulation	2007
	K. Ohmi KEK, Ibaraki, Japan L. Mether, D. Schulte, F. Zimmermann CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Electron cloud effects are serious issue for LHC and future hadron colliders, FCC-hh. Electron cloud causes coherent instabilities due to collective motion between beam and electrons. Electron cloud also causes incoherent emittance growth due to nonlinear force of beam-cloud electron force. We discuss the fast head-tail instability and the emittance growth in FCC-hh.
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TUPTY007	Study of Beam-beam Effects in FCC-he	luminosity, electron, simulation, emittance	2010
	K. Ohmi KEK, Ibaraki, Japan F. Zimmermann CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Beam-beam effects of the ring-ring scheme of FCC-he and LHeC are being studied using weak-strong simulations. The beam-beam tune shift of the electron beam is one order larger than that of proton beam. The study of the electron motion under the beam-beam interaction is the main subject. Luminosity and equilibrium beam size and beam lifetime are analysed.
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TUPTY010	The Luminosity Reduction with Hourglass Effect and Crossing Angle in an e-p Collider	luminosity, collider, electron, acceleration	2016
	Y.M. Peng IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China Y. Zhang JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
	This paper derived the luminosity reduction caused by crossing angle and hourglass effect in an asymmetric collision. Here, we gave the general expressions of the geometrical reduction factor of luminosity for the asymmetric case caused by crossing angle and hourglass effect, for tri-Gaussian bunches colliding. We also gave it simple expression in some special cases to recover the earlier results, such as the formulas for only hour-glass effect exist and only crossing angle exist. The expressions used in e-p collider are also analysed in detail.
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TUPTY015	Study on the transverse painting during the injection process for CSNS/RCS	injection, neutron, linac, target	2025
	M.Y. Huang, L. Huang, N. Huang, J. Qiu, S. Wang, S.Y. Xu IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	Funding: Work supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (11205185, 11175020, 11175193 ) For the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), a combination of the H⁻ stripping and phase space painting method is used to accumulate a high intensity beam in the Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS). In this paper, firstly, the injection processes with different painting ranges and different painting methods were studied. With the codes ORBIT and MATLAB, the particle distribution and painting image were obtained. Then, the reasonable painting range which is suitable for the aperture size and magnet gap can be selected. Since the real field uniformity of BH3 and BV3 is not completely in conformity with the design requirement, the painting method and painting range also need to be selected to reduce the effects of bad field uniformity.
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TUPTY017	Ion Polarization Control in the MPD and SPD Detectors of the NICA Collider	polarization, solenoid, collider, detector	2031
	A.D. Kovalenko, A.V. Butenko, V.D. Kekelidze, V.A. Mikhaylov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia Y. Filatov MIPT, Dolgoprudniy, Moscow Region, Russia A.M. Kondratenko, M.A. Kondratenko Science and Technique Laboratory Zaryad, Novosibirsk, Russia
	Two solenoid Siberian snakes are placed in the opposite collider’s straight sections are used to control deuteron’s and proton’s polarization in the NICA collider. Solenoid snakes substantially reconstruct beam’s orbital motion. The change of the polarization direction in the vertical plane of MPD and SPD detectors occurs due to insertion of polarization control (PC) solenoids in the magnetic lattice of the collider. The solenoids rotating particle’s spin by small angels practically do not influence on the beam’s orbital motion parameters. The dynamic of the polarization vector as function of the orbit length for cases of longitudinal and vertical polarization in the MPD and SPD detectors are presented.
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TUPTY020	Building a Luminosity Model for the LHC and HL-LHC	emittance, luminosity, brightness, injection	2042
	F. Antoniou, G. Arduini, Y. Papaphilippou, G. Papotti CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	One key objective of the High Luminosity LHC Upgrade is to determine a set of beam parameters and the hardware configuration that will enable the LHC to reach a peak luminosity of 5×10³⁴ cm^-2 s^-1 and ultimately 7.5x10³⁴ cm^-2 s^-1 with levelling, allowing an integrated luminosity of 250-300 fb^-1 per year. In order to determine the integrated performance it is important to develop a realistic model of the luminosity evolution during a physics fill. In this paper, the different mechanisms affecting luminosity lifetime in the LHC are discussed and a luminosity model is presented. The model is benchmarked with data from LHC Run I.
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TUPTY024	Updated Simulation Studies of Damage Limit of LHC Tertiary Collimators	simulation, optics, collimation, kicker	2053
	E. Quaranta, A. Bertarelli, R. Bruce, F. Carra, F. Cerutti, P. Gradassi, A. Lechner, S. Redaelli, E. Skordis CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The tertiary collimators (TCTs) in the LHC, installed in front of the experiments, in standard operation intercept fractions of 10³ halo particles. However, they risk to be hit by high-intensity primary beams in case of asynchronous beam dump. TCT damage thresholds were initially inferred from results of destructive tests on a TCT jaw, supported by numerical simulations, assuming simplified impact scenarios with one single bunch hitting the jaw with a given impact parameter. In this paper, more realistic failure conditions, including a train of bunches and taking into account the full collimation hierarchy, are used to derive updated damage limits. The results are used to update the margins in the collimation hierarchy and could thus potentially have an influence on the LHC performance.
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TUPTY025	Betatron Cleaning for Heavy Ion Beams with IR7 Dispersion Suppressor Collimators	ion, heavy-ion, collimation, simulation	2057
	P.D. Hermes, R. Bruce, J.M. Jowett, S. Redaelli CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The betatron collimators in IR7 constitute the backbone of the collimation system of the LHC. A fraction of the secondary halo protons or heavy-ion fragments, scattered out of the primary collimator, is not captured by the secondary collimators but hit cold magnets in the IR7 dispersion suppressor (DS) where the dispersion starts to increase. A possible approach to reduce these losses is based on the installation of additional collimators in the DS region. In this paper, simulations of the cleaning efficiency for Pb⁸²⁺ ions are used to evaluate the effect of the additional collimators. The results indicate a significant improvement of the heavy-ion cleaning efficiency.
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TUPTY027	SixTrack Simulations of Beam Cleaning During High-beta Operation in the LHC	simulation, background, experiment, collimation	2060
	R. Bruce CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The 1000 m high-beta run in the LHC provided very clean conditions for observing experimental backgrounds. In ATLAS, a much higher background was observed for Beam 2 than for Beam 1, suspected to be caused by upstream showers from beam losses on collimators or aperture. However, no local beam losses were observed in the vicinity. This paper presents SixTrack simulations of the beam cleaning during the high-beta run. The results demonstrate that, for the special optics and collimator settings used, the highest loss location in IR1 is at the TAS absorber just in front of the ATLAS detector, where no beam loss monitor is installed. Furthermore, the highest losses are seen in Beam 2. The results could thus provide a possible explanation of the ATLAS observations, although detailed shower calculations would be needed for a quantitative comparison.
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TUPTY028	Collimator Layouts for HL-LHC in the Experimental Insertions	ion, collimation, luminosity, heavy-ion	2064
	R. Bruce, F. Cerutti, L.S. Esposito, J.M. Jowett, A. Lechner, E. Quaranta, S. Redaelli, M. Schaumann, E. Skordis, G.E. Steele CERN, Geneva, Switzerland H. Garcia Morales, R. Kwee-Hinzmann JAI, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
	This paper presents the layout of collimators for HL-LHC in the experimental insertions. On the incoming beam, we propose to install additional tertiary collimators to protect potential new aperture bottlenecks in cells 4 and 5, which in addition reduce the experimental background. For the outgoing beam, the layout of the present LHC with three physics debris absorbers gives sufficient protection for high-luminosity proton operation. However, collisional processes for heavy ions cause localized beam losses with the potential to quench magnets. To alleviate these losses, an installation of dispersion suppressor collimators is proposed.
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TUPTY029	Collimation Cleaning at the LHC with Advanced Secondary Collimator Materials	collimation, simulation, scattering, impedance	2068
	E. Quaranta, R. Bruce, A. Mereghetti, S. Redaelli, A. Rossi CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The LHC collimation system must ensure efficient beam halo cleaning in all machine conditions. The first run in 2010-2013 showed that the LHC performance may be limited by collimator material-related concerns, such as the contribution from the present carbon-based secondary collimators to the machine impedance and, consequently, to the beam instability. Novel materials based on composites are currently under development for the next generation of LHC collimators to address these limitations. Particle tracking simulations of collimation efficiency were performed using the Sixtrack code and a material database updated to model these composites. In this paper, the simulation results will be presented with the aim of studying the effect of the advanced collimators on the LHC beam cleaning.
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TUPTY045	Interactions between Macroparticles and High-Energy Proton Beams	electron, simulation, beam-losses, vacuum	2112
	S. Rowan, A. Apollonio, B. Auchmann, A. Lechner, O. Picha, W. Riegler, H. Schindler, R. Schmidt, F. Zimmermann CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	A known threat to the availability of the LHC is the interaction of macroparticles (dust particles) with the LHC proton beam. At the foreseen beam energy of 6.5 TeV during Run 2, quench margins in the superconducting magnets will be 2-3 times lower, and beam losses due such interactions may result in magnet quenches. The study introduce an improved numerical model of such interactions, as well as Monte-Carlo simulations that give the probability that such events will result in a beam-dump during Run 2.
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TUPTY046	Impact of Beam Losses in the LHC Collimation Regions	collimation, simulation, dipole, coupling	2116
	E. Skordis, R. Bruce, F. Cerutti, A. Ferrari, P.D. Hermes, A. Lechner, A. Mereghetti, P.G. Ortega, S. Redaelli, V. Vlachoudis CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The upgrade of the LHC energy and brightness, from the 2015 restart at close to design energy until the HL-LHC era with considerable hardware development and layout renewal, poses tight challenges in terms of machine protection. The collimation insertions and especially the one dedicated to betatron cleaning (IR7), where most of the beam halo is intercepted to spare from losses the cold sectors of the ring, will be subject to a significant increase of radiation load, whose leakage to the nearby dispersion suppressors must be kept sustainable. The past LHC run, while displaying a remarkable performance of the collimation system, offered the opportunity for a demanding benchmarking of the complex simulation chain describing the beam losses and the macroscopic effects of the induced particle showers, this way strengthening the confidence in the reliability of its predictions. This paper discusses the adopted calculation strategy and its evolution options, showing the accuracy achieved with respect to Beam Loss Monitor measurements in controlled loss scenarios. Expectations at design energy, including lifetime considerations concerning critical elements, will also be presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2015-TUPTY046
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TUPTY051	Injection Protection Upgrade for the HL-LHC	injection, impedance, simulation, kicker	2136
	J.A. Uythoven, N. Biancacci, C. Bracco, L. Gentini, B. Goddard, A. Lechner, F.L. Maciariello, A. Perillo Marcone, B. Salvant, N.V. Shetty, G.E. Steele, F.M. Velotti CERN, Geneva, Switzerland O. Frasciello, M. Zobov INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma), Italy
	The injector complex of the LHC is undergoing important changes in the light of the LIU project to provide brighter beams to the LHC. For this reason and as part of the High Luminosity LHC project the injection protection system of the LHC will be upgraded in the Long Shutdown 2 (2018 - 2019) to be able to protect downstream elements against injection failures with the high brightness, high intensity HL-LHC beams. The upgraded LHC injection protection system will consist of a segmented injection protection absorber TDIS, and auxiliary collimators and masks. The layout modifications are described, and the machine element protection and absorber jaw robustness studies are presented for the new systems.
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TUPTY062	FCC-hh Hadron Collider - Parameter Scenarios and Staging Options	luminosity, operation, damping, radiation	2173
	M. Benedikt, B. Goddard, D. Schulte, F. Zimmermann CERN, Geneva, Switzerland M.J. Syphers NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA M.J. Syphers Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	FCC-hh is a proposed future energy-frontier hadron collider, based on dipole magnets with a field around 16 T installed in a new tunnel with a circumference of about 100 km, which would provide proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 100 TeV, as well as heavy-ion collisions at the equivalent energy. The FCC-hh should deliver a high integrated proton-proton luminosity at the level of several 100 fb^-1 per year, or more. The challenges for operating FCC-hh with high beam current and at high luminosity include the heat load from synchrotron radiation in a cold environment, the radiation from collision debris around the interaction region, and machine protection. In this paper, starting from the FCC-hh design baseline parameters we explore different approaches for increasing the integrated luminosity, and discuss the impact of key individual parameters, such as the turnaround time. We also present some injector considerations and options for early hadron-collider operation.
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TUPTY069	Simulation of Hollow Electron Lenses as LHC Beam Halo Reducers using Merlin	electron, collimation, betatron, simulation	2188
	H. Rafique, R.J. Barlow University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom R.B. Appleby, S.C. Tygier UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom R. Bruce, S. Redaelli CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Funding: Research supported by FP7 HiLumi LHC (Grant agreement 284404) The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and its High Luminosity (HL) upgrade foresee unprecedented stored beam energies of up to 700 MJ. The collimation system is responsible for cleaning the beam halo and is vital for successful machine operation. Hollow electron lenses (HEL) are being considered for the LHC, based on Tevatron designs and operational experience, for active halo control. HELs can be used as soft scraper devices, and can operate close to the beam core without undergoing damage. We use the Merlin C++ accelerator libraries to implement a HEL and examine the effect on the beam halo for various test scenarios.
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TUPWI003	Proton Beam Applications for Silicon Bulk Micromachining	ion, experiment, linac, quadrupole	2241
	P. Nenzi, G. Bazzano, F. Marracino, L. Picardi, C. Ronsivalle, V. Surrenti, M. Vadrucci ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma), Italy F. Ambrosini University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy F. Ambrosini Università di Roma "La Sapienza", SAPIENZA-DIET, Roma, Italy M. Balucani, A. Klyshko University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy C. Snels, M. Tucci ENEA Casaccia, Roma, Italy
	The irradiation of silicon with ion beams is an established technique to modify its properties. Protons are used for micromachining applications, in conjunction with porous silicon. Porous silicon does not form in areas irradiated with a given fluence of protons (>10¹⁴ cm^-2). Our work concentrated on the applicability of masked irradiation of silicon wafers with 1.8 MeV proton beams delivered by the TOP-IMPLART LINAC. In our experiments 1-10 Ω*cm n,p-type silicon wafers were masked and irradiated with protons at fluences between 10¹⁴ and 10¹⁵ protons/cm². Porous silicon did not form in the irradiated areas up to a distance from the surface corresponding to the stopping range (30um). The suppression of porous silicon formation is due to the to the neutralization of dopant impurities by implanted protons that increases the local resistivity. The interest in using RF LINAC for micromachining applications lies in the possibility of deep implantation, that allows the realization of 3D structures for MEMS applications. The use of metal masks with uniform beams, instead of scanned micro- and nano-metric ion probes, increases throughput achievable in industrial processing of wafers.
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TUPWI004	Status of the TOP-IMPLART Proton LINAC	linac, operation, controls, klystron	2245
	P. Nenzi, A. Ampollini, G. Bazzano, F. Marracino, L. Picardi, C. Ronsivalle, V. Surrenti, M. Vadrucci ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma), Italy F. Ambrosini University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy F. Ambrosini Università di Roma "La Sapienza", SAPIENZA-DIET, Roma, Italy C. Snels ENEA Casaccia, Roma, Italy
	In this work we present the latest update on the TOP-IMPLART LINAC. It is a 150 MeV proton linear accelerator for protontherapy application under realization at ENEA-Frascati in the framework of a project developed by ENEA, the Italian National Institute of Health (ISS) and Regina Elena National Cancer Institute-IFO-Rome. The accelerator consists of a 7 MeV injector operating at 425 MHz followed by a LINAC booster working at 2997.92 MHz at a maximum repetition frequency of 100 Hz. The medium energy section up to 35 MeV is a sequence of four SCDTL modules (Side Coupled Drift Tube LINAC) powered by a single 10 MW klystron: the first module bringing beam energy from 7MeV to 11.6MeV with an input power of 1.3 MW in a 4usec pulse has been successfully commissioned with a 10 uA per pulse beam accelerated at the design energy demonstrating the functionality of low energy proton acceleration at high RF frequency. The effects on beam dynamics, caused by the absence of any harmonic relation between the two operating frequencies of the LINAC has been simulated and experimentally verified during the commissioning activity. The second and third module installation and testing is undergoing.
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TUPWI005	Proton Irradiations of Micro-TOM Red Hairy Roots to Mimic Space Conditions	experiment, controls, radiation, framework	2249
	M. Vadrucci, A. Ampollini, G. Bazzano, P. Nenzi, L. Picardi, C. Ronsivalle, V. Surrenti ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma), Italy F. Ambrosini Università di Roma "La Sapienza", SAPIENZA-DIET, Roma, Italy E. Benvenuto, A. Desiderio, S. Massa, C. Snels, M.E. Villani ENEA Casaccia, Roma, Italy
	Funding: Radiation Sources Laboratory UTAPRAD Department ENEA C.R. Frascati Via E. Fermi, 45 00044 Frascati (RM), Italy ENEA The purpose of the BIOxTREME project, launched by ENEA and funded by ASI (Italian Space Agency), is to formulate new biological drugs having a stimulant activity on the immune system finalizing the production for a ready to use resource in Bioregenerative Life Support Systems (BLSSs) for space missions with extended durations, in deep space, and with multiple crews. One of the project tasks is to study the effects of physical insults on plants, simulating cosmic environment on production platforms by static magnetic fields, microgravity and ionizing radiation. In order to examine the biological effects, to test plant radio-resistance and to build dose-response curves we carried out proton irradiations of a tomato cultivar Micro-Tom red hairy roots with the TOP-IMPLART accelerator at the ENEA Frascati Research center. The biological samples were placed in a holder specially made in a movable real-time monitoring chamber calibrated in dose. The fluence-homogeneity measurements over the sample and the calibration of the monitoring system were performed using GafChromic EBT3 films. The paper describes the experimental set-up and reports the preliminary results.
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TUPWI009	Development of Un-destructive Inspection System for Large Concrete Infrastructure by using Accelerator Based Compact Neutron Source	neutron, detector, target, photon	2262
	A. Taketani, H. Baba, T. Hashiguchi, G. Hu, Y. Ikeda, Q. Jia, H. Ota, Y. Otake, Y. Seki, S. Wang, Y. Yamagata, S. Yanagimachi RIKEN, Saitama, Japan K. Hirota Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan K. Kino Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan S. Tanaka KEK, Tsukuba, Japan
	Aged large concrete structure, such as highway, bridges and so on, need to be inspected in order to maintain with less cost by un-destructive method. We have been developing un-destructive inspection system by using fast neutron which can penetrate thick concrete. The system will be consisted of (1) Transportable Accelerator based Neutron Source, (2) Fast neutron imaging detector, and (3) Image processing for getting 3D image. RIKEN Accelerator based compact Neutron Source (RANS), which consists of 7MeV proton LINAC and target station, has been operating since 2013. RANS can generate thermal (~25meV) and fast (~2MeV) neutron. Fast neutron detector are developed with plastic scintillator and semiconductor photon sensors. It can see 10mm thick steel rod with 2mm accuracy through 300mm thick concrete.
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TUPWI014	Design of a Superconducting Gantry for Protons	dipole, quadrupole, lattice, target	2268
	C. Bonțoiu, I. Martel, J. Sanchez-Segovia University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain R. Berjillos, J.P.B. Perez TTI, Santander, Spain
	The last decade brought much interest in proton therapy within the medical and accelerator communities. Using normal conducting technology, the high-energy beams required can be handled only with large and heavy magnets which causes prohibitive costs. While lattice design work on a superconducting gantry has been carried out for a decade there is yet no practical implementation. The University of Huelva in collaboration with the Andalusian Foundation for Health Research (FABIS) is currently involved in developing and assembling a prototype for a compact superconducting proton gantry. Magnet design and performance is described along with beam dynamics results for the main gantry arcs and for the final spot scanning system using realistic magnetic field maps thoroughly.
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TUPWI016	Gantry 3: Further Development of the PSI PROSCAN Proton Therapy Facility	controls, cyclotron, coupling, dipole	2275
	A. Koschik PSI, Villigen, Villigen, Switzerland C. Bula, J.P. Duppich, A. Gerbershagen, M. Grossmann, J.M. Schippers, J. Welte PSI, Villigen, Switzerland
	PSI and its Center for Proton Therapy (CPT) is extending its research capabilities in the field of proton therapy and pencil beam scanning technology. Gantry 3 will be an additional treatment room at the PROSCAN facility at PSI, Villigen, Switzerland. It will feature a 360 degree scanning Gantry delivered by Varian Medical Systems. The Gantry design is based on Varian technology, which will be combined with advanced PSI active scanning technology. The further development of fast energy switching as well as precise spot and continuous line scanning irradiation modes are main research topics at the PROSCAN facility. A major challenge with Gantry 3 is the link of the existing PSI PROSCAN system with the Varian PROBEAM system, while retaining the system integrity and high performance level. Additionally, Gantry 3 will be installed and commissioned while keeping the other treatment rooms (Gantry 1, Gantry 2, Optis 2) in full operation. The current development and project status is presented.
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TUPWI019	Neutron Shielding Optimization Studies	neutron, shielding, target, detector	2282
	A. Bungau, R.J. Barlow University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom J.R. Alonso, L.M. Bartoszek, J.M. Conrad MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA M. Shaevitz Columbia University, New York, USA
	The IsoDAR sterile-neutrino search calls for a high neutron flux from a 60 MeV proton beam striking a beryllium target, that flood a sleeve of highly-enriched ⁷Li, the beta-decay of the resulting ⁸Li giving the desired neutrinos for the very-short-baseline experiment. The target is placed very close to an existing large neutrino detector; all such existing or planned detectors are deep underground, in low-background environments. It is necessary to design a shielding enclosure to prevent neutrons from causing unacceptable activation of the environment. GEANT4 is being used to study neutron attenuation, and optimizing the layers of shielding material to minimize thickness. Materials being studied include iron and two new types of concrete developed by Jefferson Laboratory, one very light with shredded plastic aggregate, the other with high quantities of boron. Initial studies indicate that a total shielding thickness of 1.5 meters produces the required attenuation factor, further studies may allow decrease in thickness. Minimizing it will reduce the amount of cavity excavation needed to house the target system in confined underground spaces.
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TUPWI021	Progress on a 30 - 350 MeV Normal-Conducting Scaling FFAG for Proton Therapy	lattice, ion, injection, extraction	2285
	J.M. Garland, R.B. Appleby, H.L. Owen, S.C. Tygier UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
	Funding: Work supported by the STFC (UK) under grant no. ST/K002503/1 We present our progress on a new design for a 30 - 350 MeV scaling FFAG for proton therapy and tomography - NORMA (NOrmal-conducting Racetrack Medical Accelerator) which allows the realisation of proton computed tomography (pCT) and utilises normal conducting magnets in both a circular and racetrack configuration which are designed using advanced optimisation algorithms developed in PyZgoubi. The ring and racetrack configurations have average circumferences of around 60 and 70 m respectively, peak magnetic fields of < 1.8 T, average orbit excursions < 50 cm and dynamic aperture calculations of > 50 mm.mrad using a novel technique. The racetrack design has a total magnet-free straight length of 4.9 m at two opposing points, designed to ease injection and extraction systems.
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TUPWI022	GEM*STAR Accelerator-Driven Subcritical System for Improved Safety, Waste Management, and Plutonium Disposition	neutron, target, simulation, operation	2289
	R.P. Johnson, R.J. Abrams, M.A.C. Cummings, G. Flanagan, T.J. Roberts Muons, Inc, Illinois, USA C. Bowman ADNA, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA R.B. Vogelaar Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
	Operation of high-power SRF particle accelerators at two US national laboratories allows us to consider a less-expensive nuclear reactor that operates without the need for a critical core, fuel enrichment, or reprocessing. A multipurpose reactor design that takes advantage of this new accelerator capability includes an internal spallation neutron target and high-temperature molten-salt fuel with continuous purging of volatile radioactive fission products. The reactor contains less than a critical mass and almost a million times fewer volatile radioactive fission products than conventional reactors like those at Fukushima. We describe GEMSTAR , a reactor that without redesign will burn spent nuclear fuel, natural uranium, thorium, or surplus weapons material. A first application is to burn 34 tonnes of excess weapons grade plutonium as an important step in nuclear disarmament under the 2000 Plutonium Management and Disposition Agreement *. The process heat generated by this W-Pu can be used for the Fischer-Tropsch conversion of natural gas and renewable carbon into 42 billion gallons of low-CO2-footprint, drop-in, synthetic diesel fuel for the DOD. Charles D. Bowman, R. Bruce Vogelaar, et al., Handbook of Nuclear Engineering, Springer Science+Business Media LLC (2010). ** http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2010/04/140097.htm

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MOAB1

High Beam Intensity Harp Studies and Developments at SNS

data-acquisition, electronics, simulation, target

17

W. Blokland
ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA

Funding: ORNL/SNS is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725
The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) Harp consists of 30 wires for each of the horizontal, vertical, and diagonal planes. The purpose of the harp is to measure the position, profile, and peak density of the high intensity beam coming out of the accumulator ring and going onto the spallation target. The data-acquisition hardware is now over ten years old and many of the electronics parts are obsolete. Occasionally, the electronics must be rebooted to reset the sample-and-hold circuitry. To evaluate options for a new system, the signals from the harp were studied. This paper will describe these studies’ results, the design, and initial results of the new and simpler data-acquisition system..

Slides MOAB1 [4.335 MB]

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MOAB2

Overview of Beam Instrumentation for the CADS Injector I Proton Linac

linac, rfq, emittance, diagnostics

21

Y.F. Sui, J.S. Cao, Q.Y. Deng, J. He, H.Z. Ma, L. Wang, Q. Ye, L. Yu, J.H. Yue, X.Y. Zhao, Y. Zhao
IHEP, People's Republic of China

The driver linac of the China Accelerator Driven Subcritical system (C-ADS), which is composed of an ECR ion source, a low energy beam transport line (LEBT), a radio frequency quadrupole accelerator (RFQ), a medium energy beam transport line (MEBT) and cryomodules with SRF cavities to boost the energy up to 10 MeV. The injector linac will be equipped with beam diagnostics to measure the beam position, the transverse profile and emittance, the beam phase as well as beam current and beam losses. Though many are conventional design, They can provide efficient operation of drive linac. This paper gives an overview of C-ADS linac beam instrumentation.

Slides MOAB2 [2.755 MB]

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MOBB1

Status of the Proton Beam Commissioning at the MedAustron Ion Beam Therapy Centre

injection, acceleration, extraction, synchrotron

28

A. Garonna, M. Kronberger, T.K.D. Kulenkampff, C. Kurfürst, F. Osmić, L.C. Penescu, M.T.F. Pivi, C. Schmitzer, P. Urschütz, A. Wastl
EBG MedAustron, Wr. Neustadt, Austria

The MedAustron accelerator, located in Wiener Neustadt (Austria), will deliver clinical beams of protons (60-250 MeV) and carbon ions (120-400 MeV/n) to three ion beam therapy irradiation rooms (IR). Clinical beams and proton beams up to 800 MeV will be provided in a fourth IR, dedicated to non-clinical research. A slow-extracted proton beam of maximum clinical energy has been delivered for the first time in IR3 in October 2014, thus providing the technical proof-of-principle of the accelerator chain. The recent related beam commissioning efforts included setting up of the multi-turn injection into the synchrotron at 7 MeV, the acceleration on first harmonic up to 250 MeV, the slow extraction on the third integer resonance with a betatron core and the matching of the High Energy Beam Transfer line. The accelerator optimization phase leading to IR3 medical commissioning of proton beams is ongoing. The main characteristics of the MedAustron accelerator system will be presented, along with the results obtained during the commissioning process.

Slides MOBB1 [6.596 MB]

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MOAC1

Awake: the Proof-of-principle R&D Experiment at CERN

laser, electron, plasma, experiment

34

P. Muggli
MPI, Muenchen, Germany
M. Bernardini, T. Bohl, C. Bracco, A.C. Butterworth, S. Cipiccia, H. Damerau, S. Döbert, V. Fedosseev, E. Feldbaumer, E. Gschwendtner, W. Höfle, A. Pardons, A.V. Petrenko, J.S. Schmidt, M. Turner, H. Vincke
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The Advanced Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration Experiment (AWAKE) is a proof-of-principle R&D experiment at CERN. It is the world’s first proton driven plasma wakefield acceleration experiment, using a high-energy proton bunch to drive a plasma wakefield for electron beam acceleration. The AWAKE experiment will be installed in the former CNGS facility and uses the 400 GeV proton beam bunches from the SPS, which will be sent to a plasma source. An electron beam will be injected into the plasma cell to probe the accelerating wakefield. Challenging modifications in the area and new installations are required for AWAKE. First proton beam to the experiment is expected late 2016. The accelerating electron physics will start late 2017. This paper gives an overview of the project from a physics and engineering point of view, it describes the main activities, the milestones, the organizational set-up for the project management and coordination.

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MOAD1

Development of High Gradient RF System for J-PARC Upgrade

cavity, impedance, operation, acceleration

50

C. Ohmori, K. Hara, K. Hasegawa, M. Toda, M. Yoshii
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
M. Nomura, T. Shimada, F. Tamura, M. Yamamoto
JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-mura, Japan
A. Schnase
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany

A new 5-cell cavity has been developed for the upgrade of the J-PARC Main Ring. In the cavity, high impedance magnetic alloy - Finemet FT3L, cores are loaded. The cavity was installed and has been used for the 250 kW beam operation. The cavity is operated with the RF voltage of 70 kV which is two times higher voltage than the present cavities. Eight more cavities will be assembled and installed in the next two years to increase the repetition rate of the Main Ring. This paper describes status of cavity operation under the beam loading and status of the mass productions of the cavities.

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MOBD2

Design and Prototyping of HL-LHC Double Quarter Wave Crab Cavities for SPS Test

cavity, luminosity, simulation, HOM

64

S. Verdú-Andrés, S.A. Belomestnykh, I. Ben-Zvi, J. Skaritka, Q. Wu, B. P. Xiao
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
L. Alberty, K. Artoos, R. Calaga, O. Capatina, T. Capelli, F. Carra, N. Kuder, R. Leuxe, C. Zanoni
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
S.A. Belomestnykh, I. Ben-Zvi
Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA
Z. Li
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
A. Ratti
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA

Funding: Work supported by US DOE via US LARP program, through BSA LLC contract No.DE-AC02-98CH10886 and by EU FP7 HiLumi LHC grant No.284404. Used NERSC resources by US DOE contract No.DE-AC02-05CH11231.
The LHC high luminosity project envisages the use of the crabbing technique for increasing and levelling the LHC luminosity. Double-Quarter Wave (DQW) resonators are compact cavities especially designed to meet the technical and performance requirements for LHC beam crabbing. A couple of DQW crab cavities are under preparation and will be tested with beam in the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) of CERN by 2017. This paper describes the design and prototyping of DQW crab cavities for the SPS test.

Slides MOBD2 [6.909 MB]

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MOPWA007

The SARAF-LINAC Beam Dynamics

linac, rfq, emittance, simulation

89

N. Pichoff, D. Uriot
CEA/DSM/IRFU, France
B. Dalena
CEA/IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

SNRC and CEA collaborate to the upgrade of the SARAF Accelerator to 5 mA CW 40 MeV deuteron and proton beams (Phase 2). This paper presents the beam dynamics in the reference design of the SARAF-LINAC (from the 4 m long 176 MHz RFQ to the HWR Superconducting linac’s end). The beam losses, mostly in longitudinal direction, estimated from error studies, are compared with acceptable losses defined for hands-on maintenance.

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MOPWA017

Design Status of the ESSvSB Switchyard

target, dipole, quadrupole, emittance

125

E. Bouquerel
IPHC, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France

The feasibility of the distribution of 5 MW proton beam power pulsed at 70 Hz onto a 4-target station for the production of neutrino super beams is discussed. To deflect and focus the beam having a magnetic rigidity of 11.0 Tm onto the targets, different configurations of beam switchyard are proposed and compared. The number of dipoles and quadrupoles composing this system is defined for each scenario. The length, the aperture, the magnetic fields and the field gradients of these optical elements are determined. The code TraceWin is used to simulate and optimize the envelopes of the beam along the beam lines. The transverse emittances at the exit of the system are shown.

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MOPWA030

Simulations of Electron Cloud Long Range Wakefields

electron, wakefield, simulation, dipole

165

F.B. Petrov, O. Boine-Frankenheim
TEMF, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany

Funding: Work supported by the BMBF under Contract No. 05H12RD7
A typical approach to electron cloud simulations is to split the problem in two steps: buildup simulations and instability simulations. In the latter step the cloud distribution is usually refreshed after each full interaction with the bunch. This approach does not consider multibunch effects. We present studies of the long range electron cloud wakefields generated in electron clouds after interaction with relativistic proton bunch trains. Several pipe geometries - relevant to CERN accelerators - with and without external magnetic field are considered. Using simple examples we show that the long range wakefields depend significantly on the secondary emission curve as well as on the pipe geometry. Additivity of electron cloud wakefields is studied as well.

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MOPWA044

Quasi-frozen Spin Method for EDM Deuteron Search

dipole, storage-ring, simulation, lattice

213

Y. Senichev, A. Lehrach, B. Lorentz, R. Maier
FZJ, Jülich, Germany
S.N. Andrianov, A.N. Ivanov
St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
M. Berz, E. Valetov
MSU, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
S. Chekmenev
RWTH, Aachen, Germany

To search for EDM using proton storage ring with purely electrostatic elements the concept of frozen spin method has been proposed by BNL. This method is based on two facts: in the equation of the spin precession the magnetic field dependence is entirely eliminated and at “magic” energy the spin precession frequency coincides with the precession frequency of the momentum. In case of deuteron the anomalous magnetic moment is negative (G=-0.142), therefore we have to use the electrical and magnetic field simultaneously keeping the frozen spin direction along the momentum as in the pure electrostatic ring. In this article we suggest the concept of the quasi-frozen spin when the spin oscillates around the momentum direction within the half value of the advanced spin phase each time returning back by special optics. Due to the low value of the anomalous magnetic moment of deuteron an effective contribution to the expected EDM effect is reduced only by a few percent.

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MOPWA058

Measurement Results of the Impedance of the RF-cavity at the RCS in J-PARC

impedance, cavity, injection, kicker

255

Y. Shobuda, H. Harada, H. Hotchi
JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken, Japan

The kicker impedance dominates at the RCS in J-PARC. Recently, we observe beam instabilities, which are not explained by the kicker. As a candidate causing the beam instability, the impedance of the RF-cavity is measured. The longitudinal impedance is measured by stretching a single-wire inside the cavity. On the other hand, the measurement of the transverse impedance is done by horizontally shifting the single-wire, due to the accuracy problem. The measured impedance is too low to explain the beam instability.

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MOPWA060

THE COUPLING IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT OF THE FAST EXTRACTION KICKER IN CSNS/RCS *

impedance, kicker, coupling, extraction

262

L. Huang, Y.D. Liu, S. Wang
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

Rapid Cycling Synchrotron of the China Spallation Neutron Source is a high intensity proton accelerator. In order to high intensity beam operation, the beam coupling impedance of the extracted kickers must be controlled. The measurement of longitudinal and transverse coupling impedance of the extraction kicker is described.
Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (11175193, 11275221)

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MOPWA061

ADS Injector I Frequency Choice at IHEP

linac, rfq, emittance, space-charge

265

F. Yan, H. Geng, C. Meng, H.F. Ouyang, S. Pei, Y.L. Zhao
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

Funding: Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) strategic Priority Research Program-Future Advanced Nuclear Fission Energy (Accelerator-Driven Sub-critical System)
The China ADS driver linac is composed of two major parts: the injector and the main linac. There are two frequency choices for the injector: 325 MHz and 162.5 MHz. The former choice is benefit for the same frequency with the front end of the main linac. For half frequency choice, to obtain the same longitudinal acceptance of the main linac comparing with 325MHz injector, the tune depression of the beam reaches the lower design limit of 0.5, no current upgrade opportunity is reserved; contrarily to get the same space charge effect, 16 more cavities would be the cost to get the same acceptance. However the disadvantage of the 325MHz injector choice is the bigger power density of the copper structure CW RFQ and the smaller longitudinal acceptance of the SC section. The details of the comparing for the two frequency choices are introduced and presented.
*Work supported by Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) strategic Priority Research Program-Future Advanced Nuclear Fission Energy (Accelerator-Driven Sub-critical System)

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MOPWA066

Simulation on Buildup of Electron Cloud in Rapid Cycling Synchrotron of China Spallation Neutron Source

electron, simulation, vacuum, neutron

275

K.W. Li, L. Huang, Y.D. Liu, S. Wang
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

Funding: Work supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (11275221)
Electron cloud interaction with high energy positive beam are believed responsible for various undesirable effects such as vacuum degradation, collective beam instability and even beam loss in high power proton circular accelerator. An important uncertainty in predicting electron cloud instability lies in the detail processes on the generation and accumulation of the electron cloud. The simulation on the build-up of electron cloud is necessary to further studies on beam instability caused by electron cloud. China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is the largest scientific project in building, whose accelerator complex includes two main parts: an H⁻ linac and a rapid cycling synchrotron (RCS). The RCS accumulates the 80 MeV proton beam and accelerates it to 1.6 GeV with a repetition rate 25 Hz. During the beam injection with lower energy, the emerging electron cloud may cause a serious instability and beam loss on the vacuum pipe. A simulation code has been developed to simulate the build-up, distribution and density of electron cloud in CSNS/RCS.

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MOPJE030

Non-linear Dynamics model for the ESS Linac Simulator

octupole, linac, sextupole, space-charge

345

E. Laface
ESS, Lund, Sweden

The ESS Proton Linac will run a beam with 62.5 mA of current. In the first meters of the accelerator, the non- linear space-charge force dominates the dynamics of the beam. The Drift Tube Linac, the Spoke resonators and the elliptical cavities, which are responsible for the 99.8% of the total energy gained by the beam along the accelerator, produce a significant longitudinal non-linear force on the proton beam. In this paper, we introduce a new theory to transport the probability density function of the beam under the effect of non-linear forces. A model based on this theory can be implemented in the ESS Linac Simulator for the fast simulations to be performed during the operations of the proton Linac.

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MOPJE031

Field Map Model for the ESS Linac Simulator

cavity, linac, framework, space-charge

348

E. Laface
ESS, Lund, Sweden
I. List
Cosylab, Ljubljana, Slovenia

The proton beam driving the spallation process at the European Spallation Source, in Lund, will be accelerated and delivered onto a tungsten target by a linac. This linac is composed of four different families of accelerating structures: adrift tube linac, a section of spoke resonators and two sections of elliptical cavities for the particles’ medium and high relativistic β. These structures provide 99.8% of the total energy gained by the beam along the accelerator. It is necessary, then, to have an accurate model describing the physics of the cavities in the ESS Linac Simulator (ELS), which isthe online model that will simulate the accelerator during operation. Here, we present an RF-cavity model based on the field maps that we implemented in ELS, showing a maximum 10% deviation from TraceWin in the horizontal, vertical and longitudinal planes.

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MOPJE046

Influence of the Alignment of the Main Magnets on Resonances in the CERN Proton Synchrotron

resonance, synchrotron, alignment, operation

392

A. Huschauer, S.S. Gilardoni, R. Wasef
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

During the Long Shutdown 1 seven out of the one hundred combined function PS main magnets were removed from the tunnel to conduct maintenance. After reinstallation, the main magnets were aligned to the reference positions and within the first week of operation of the accelerator, a beam-based re-alignment campaign was performed to reduce the excursions of the closed orbit. In order to further investigate and understand the source of betatronic resonances, which, already in 2011, were found to be excited by the bare machine, tune diagram measurements before and after this beam-based magnet alignment were conducted. In both cases the same resonances as in 2011 were found to be present; however, after the alignment, an overall increase of their strengths was observed. In this paper we present the corresponding measurement results and discuss the direct impact on the daily operation of the accelerator.

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MOPJE047

Chromaticity Dependence of the Transverse Effective Impedance in the CERN Proton Synchrotron

impedance, synchrotron, controls, space-charge

395

S. Persichelli, N. Biancacci, S.S. Gilardoni, A. Huschauer, E. Métral, B. Salvant, R. Wasef
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
M. Migliorati
University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy

The current knowledge of the transverse impedance of the Proton Synchrotron (PS) has been established with beam-based measurements at different energies. The transverse coherent tune shift as a function of the beam intensity has been measured in order to evaluate the total effective imaginary part of the transverse impedance and its localization in the accelerator at the energies of 2, 7, 13 and 25 GeV. Measurements have been performed changing the chromaticity for every tune shift scan with intensity. The data analysis revealed an increase of impedance with chromaticity for all the energies considered. That transverse impedance can be compared with the previously evaluated theoretical impedance budget taking into account the individual contribution of several machine devices. The missing impedance is finally highlighted.

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MOPJE055

Design of an Intense Muon Source with a Carbon and Mercury Target

target, factory, collider, solenoid

423

D. Stratakis, J.S. Berg
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
X.P. Ding
UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
D.V. Neuffer
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Funding: Authored by employees of Brookhaven Science Associates LLC under Contract DE-SC0012704 and with Fermi Research Alliance LLC under Contract DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the United States Department of Energy
In high-intensity sources, muons are produced by firing high energy protons onto a target to produce pions. The pions decay to muons which are captured and accelerated. In the present study, we examine the performance of the channel for two different target scenarios: one based on liquid mercury and another one based on a solid carbon target. We produce distributions with the two different target materials and discuss differences in particle spectrum near the sources. We then propagate the distributions through our capture system and compare the full system performance for the two target types.

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MOPJE058

FLUKA Modeling of the ESS Accelerator

cryomodule, target, linac, radiation

434

L. Lari, M. Eshraqi, L.S. Esposito, L. Tchelidze
ESS, Lund, Sweden
F. Cerutti, L.S. Esposito, L. Lari, A. Mereghetti
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

In order to evaluate the energy deposition and radiation issues concerning the ESS accelerator, a FLUKA model of the machine has been created. The geometry of the superconducting beam line is built according to the machine optics, described in the TraceWin file and the CATIA drawings of the beam elements, using the LineBuilder tool developed at CERN. The objective is to create a flexible FLUKA model that is able to be adapted to the optimization of the optics, design modifications and machine integration constraints. Preliminary results are also presented.

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MOPJE071

New Electron Cloud Detectors for the CERN Proton Synchrotron

photon, electron, detector, extraction

476

C. Yin Vallgren, P. Chiggiato, S.S. Gilardoni, H. Neupert, M. Taborelli
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Electron cloud (EC) has already been observed during normal operation of the PS using classical shielded button pick-up detectors in drift sections. In the context of the LHC Injector Upgrade (LIU project), similar measurements are also needed for the combined function magnets of the machine, where the access to the vacuum chamber is strongly limited by the presence of the yoke. Two new electron cloud detectors have been studied, developed, and installed during the Long Shutdown (LS1) in one of such magnets. The first is based on current measurement by using a shielded button-type pick-up with a special geometry to reach the bottom surface of the vacuum pipe embedded in the magnet. The second one relies on a newly developed measurement method based on detection of the photons, which are emitted by cathodoluminescence from the electron cloud impinging on the vacuum chamber walls. Part of the emitted photons is collected through a quartz window by a Micro-Channel Plate Photomultiplier Tube (MCP-PMT). First results obtained during machine development runs show the feasibility of the photon detection scheme. The results are discussed and compared with pick-up measurements.

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MOPJE079

Tracking Studies in the LHeC Lattice

lattice, resonance, dynamic-aperture, electron

502

E. Cruz Alaniz, D. Newton
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
E. Cruz Alaniz, D. Newton
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
R. Tomás
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Funding: This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 289485
The Large Hadron Electron Collider (LHeC) is a proposed upgrade of the LHC to provide electron-proton collisions and explore a new regime of energy and luminosity for nucleon-lepton scattering. A nominal design has previously been presented, featuring a lattice and optical configuration to focus one of the proton beams of the LHC (reaching a value of β^*=10 cm) and to collide it head-on with an electron beam to produce collisions with the desired luminosity of L=10³³ cm^-2 s^-1. The proton beam optics is achieved with the aid of a new inner triplet of quadrupoles at L*=10 m from the interaction point and the extension of the Achromatic Telescopic Squeezing (ATS) Scheme used for the High Luminosity-LHC project. The flexibility of this design has been studied in terms of minimising β^* and increasing L*. In this work, particle tracking is performed in a thin lens approximation of the LHeC proton lattice to compute the dynamic aperture and perform frequency map analysis for different types of chromatic correction schemes, in order to find the one who will provide the most beam stability and to study the effects of non linearities.

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MOPMA005

Non-invasive Beam Profile Monitoring

detector, vacuum, operation, ion

537

C.P. Welsch, T. Cybulski, A. Jeff, V. Tzoganis, H.D. Zhang
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
T. Cybulski, A. Jeff, V. Tzoganis, C.P. Welsch, H.D. Zhang
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
A. Jeff
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
V. Tzoganis
RIKEN, Saitama, Japan

Funding: Work supported by the Helmholtz Association under contract VH-NG-328, the EU under contracts 215080 and 289485, as well as the STFC Cockcroft core grant No. ST/G008248/1.
State-of-the-art high energy and high intensity accelerators require new approaches to transverse beam profile monitoring as many established techniques will no longer work due to the high power stored in the beam. In addition, many accelerator applications such as ion beam cancer therapy or material irradiation would benefit significantly from the availability of non-invasive beam profile monitors. Research in the QUASAR Group has focused on this area over the past 5 years. Two different approaches were successfully developed: Firstly, a supersonic gas jet-based monitor was designed and commissioned. It enables the detection of the 2-dimensional transverse beam profile of essentially any charged particle beam with negligible disturbance of the primary beam and accelerator vacuum. Secondly, a monitor based on the Silicon strip VELO detector, originally developed for the LHCb experiment, was tested as an online beam monitor at the Clatterbridge Cancer Center in the UK. The design of both monitors is presented in this contribution. Results from measurements are discussed and complemented by numerical studies into the performance limits of either technique.

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MOPMA019

Simulations of the Fermilab Recycler for Losses and Collimation

simulation, space-charge, collimation, target

582

E.G. Stern, R. Ainsworth, J.F. Amundson, B.C. Brown
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Fermilab has recently completed an upgrade to the com- plex with the goal of delivering 700 kW of beam power as 120 GeV protons to the NuMI target. A major part of boost- ing beam power is to shorten the beam cycle by accumulating up to 12 bunches of 0.5 × 10 11 protons in the Recycler ring through slip-stacking during the Main Injector ramp. This introduces much higher intensities into the Recycler than it has had before. Meeting radiation safety requirements with high intensity operations requires understanding the ef- fects of space charge induced tune spreads and resulting halo formation, and aperture restrictions in the real machine to de- velop a collimation strategy. We report on initial simulations of slip-stacking in the Recycler performed with Synergia.

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MOPMA027

Electron Cloud Measurements in Fermilab Main Injector and Recycler

electron, vacuum, injection, operation

604

J.S. Eldred
Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
M. Backfish, J.S. Eldred, C.-Y. Tan, R.M. Zwaska
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

This conference paper presents a series of electron cloud measurements in the Fermilab Main Injector and Recycler. A new instability was observed in the Recycler in July 2014 that generates a fast transverse excitation in the first high intensity batch to be injected. Microwave measurements of electron cloud in the Recycler show a corresponding dependence on the batch injection pattern. These electron cloud measurements are compared to those made with a retarding field analyzer (RFA) installed in a field-free region of the Recycler in November. RFAs are also used in the Main Injector to evaluate the performance of beampipe coatings for the mitigation of electron cloud. Contamination from an unexpected vacuum leak revealed a potential vulnerability in the amorphous carbon beampipe coating. The diamond-like carbon coating, in contrast, reduced the electron cloud signal to 1\% of that measured in uncoated stainless steel beampipe.

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MOPMA037

Electron Cloud Buildup and Dissipation Models For PIP-II

electron, simulation, plasma, space-charge

626

S.A. Veitzer, P. Stoltz
Tech-X, Boulder, Colorado, USA

Funding: This work was performed under the auspices of the Department of Energy as part of the ComPASS SCiDAC-2 project (DE-FC02-07ER41499), and the SCiDAC-3 project (DE-SC0008920).
Buildup of electron plasmas in accelerator cavities can cause beam degradation and limit performance in high-intensity circular particle accelerators. This is especially important in machines such as the LHC, and PIP-II, where mitigation techniques such as beam scrubbing in order to decrease the SEY are expensive and time consuming. Modeling of electron cloud buildup and dissipation can provide understanding as to the potential negative effects of electron clouds on beam properties, as well as estimates of the mitigation required to maintain accelerator performance and beam quality as accelerators move to higher intensity configurations. We report here on simulations of electron cloud buildup and dissipation for geometry, beam and magnetic field configurations describing the Recycler at Fermilab. We perform electrostatic simulations in 3D with VSim PIC, including the effects of space charge and secondary electrons. We quantify the expected survival rate of electrons in these conditions, and argue that improvements in reducing the SEY is unlikely to mitigate the electron cloud effects.

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MOPMA039

Secondary Electron Yield Measurement and Electron Cloud Simulation at Fermilab

electron, simulation, vacuum, dipole

629

Y. Ji
IIT, Chicago, Illinois, USA
L.K. Spentzouris
Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
R.M. Zwaska
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Funding: This work was funded by the National Science Foundation under the grant no. 1205811.
Fermilab Main Injector is upgrading the accelerator to double the beam intensity from 24·10¹² protons to 48·10¹² protons, which brings the accelerator into a regime where electron cloud effects may limit the accelerator performance. In fact, an instability that could be caused by electron cloud effects has already been observed in the Recycler. Secondary Electron Yield (SEY) is an important property of the vacuum chamber material that has great influence on the process of building up free electrons. The Main Injector of the Fermilab accelerator complex offers the opportunity to measure SEY and conditioning effects in the environment of a running accelerator, since samples of these materials are located at the beampipe wall. The SEY of stainless steel (SS316L) and TiN coated SS316L in the proximity of the proton beam were measured and compared. A series of simulation studies of electron cloud build up were done for the Main Injector and Recycler using the code POSINST. Parametric studies were done to determine the maximum electron density vs. peak SEY at different beam intensities in the Fermilab Main Injector. Threshold simulations of electron cloud density verus SEY were extended from Main Injector to include the Recycler Ring. It was found that the electron cloud density around the beam depends on bunch location within the bunch train.

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MOPMA047

Nonlinear Beam Dynamics Studies of the Next Generation Strong Focusing Cyclotrons as Compact High Brightness, Low Emittance Drivers

cavity, cyclotron, focusing, wakefield

656

S. Assadi, P.M. McIntyre, A. Sattarov
Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
N. Pogue
PSI, Villigen, Villigen, Switzerland

Funding: Work is partially supported by grants from the State of Texas (ASE) & the Michelle foundation.
The Strong Focusing Cyclotron development at Texas A&M University has evolved from stacks of cyclotrons to a single layer high brightness, low emittance to produce greater than 10 mA of proton beam to a desired target at 800 MeV. The latest design has a major geometric design optimization of strong focusing quadrupoles and a modified algorithm of high gradient cavities to address the small turn separation, and interaction of radially neighboring bunches and reduced the number of turns necessary to reach the desired final energy under control conditions. In this paper, we present the new design, physics of nonlinear synchrobetratron coupling, mνh+nνv=p causing beam blow-up in other form of cyclotrons and how we have resolved it. The cavity beam loading and space charge effects of multi turns at low energies to reduce losses are discussed.

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MOPMA057

Space Charge Neutralization of 750 keV Proton Beam in LANSCE Injector Line

emittance, space-charge, simulation, beam-transport

685

Y.K. Batygin
LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

Funding: Work supported by the United States Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Agency, under contract DE-AC52-06NA25396
The 750-keV low-energy beam transport of the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) linac consists of two independent beam lines for simultaneous injection of H⁺ and H⁻ beams into the linear accelerator. Space charge effects play an important role in the beam transport therein. A series of experiments were performed to determine the level of proton beam space charge neutralization by residual gas ionization, and time required for neutralization. Study was performed as emittance scans between pair of emittance measurement stations. The value of compensated space charge was determined through comparison of results of measurements and simulations using macroparticle method and envelope code. Obtained results provide new setup for beam tuning in transport beamline.

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MOPMA058

Effect of Spherical Aberration on Beam Emittance Growth

emittance, focusing, space-charge, simulation

688

Y.K. Batygin
LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

Funding: Work supported by the United States Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Agency, under contract DE-AC52-06NA25396
Spherical aberration in axial-symmetric magnetic focusing lenses results in S-shape figure of beam emittance. Filamentation of beam emittance in phase space is a fundamental property of a beam affected by aberrations. Analytical expression for effective beam emittance growth due to spherical aberration as a function of lens aberraion coefficient, initial beam emittance, beam radius, and focal lens of the focusing lens is obtained. Analysis is extended for beam space charge aberrations. Analytical results are confirmed by numerical calculations.

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MOPMN007

An Alternate Ring-Ring Design for eRHIC

electron, ion, collider, linac

713

Y. Zhang
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA

Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics, under Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177 and No. DE-AC02-06CH11357
I present here a new ring-ring design of eRHIC. It utilizes high repetition rate colliding beams and is likely able to deliver the performance to meet the requirements of the science program with low technical risk and modest accelerator R&D. The expected performance includes high luminosities over multiple collision points and a broad CM energy range with a maximum value up to 2×1034 cm^-2s⁻¹ per detector, and polarization higher than 70% for the colliding electron and light ion beams. This new design calls for reuse of decommissioned facilities in the US, namely, the PEP-II high energy ring and one section of the SLAC linac as a full energy injector.

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MOPMN015

Simulation of Beam-Induced Plasma for the Mitigation of Beam-Beam Effects

plasma, simulation, electron, beam-beam-effects

734

J. Ma, V. Samulyak, K. Yu
SBU, Stony Brook, New York, USA
V. Litvinenko, V. Samulyak, G. Wang
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
V. Litvinenko
Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA
V. Samulyak
SUNY SB, Stony Brook, New York, USA

One of the main challenges in the increase of luminosity of circular colliders is the control of the beam-beam effect. In the process of exploring beam-beam mitigation methods using plasma, we evaluated the possibility of plasma generation via ionization of neutral gas by proton beams, and performed highly resolved simulations of the beam-plasma interaction using SPACE, a 3D electromagnetic particle-in-cell code. The process of plasma generation is modelled using experimentally measured cross-section coefficients and a plasma recombination model that takes into account the presence of neutral gas and beam-induced electromagnetic fields. Numerically simulated plasma oscillations are consistent with theoretical analysis. In the beam-plasma interaction process, high-density neutral gas reduces the mean free path of plasma electrons and their acceleration. A numerical model for the drift speed as a limit of plasma electron velocity was developed. Simulations demonstrate a significant reduction of the beam electric field in the presence of plasma. Preliminary simulations using fully-ionized plasma have also been performed and compared with the case of beam-induced plasma.

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MOPMN029

Spin Resonance Strength Calculation Through Single Particle Tracking for Rhic

resonance, betatron, lattice, emittance

763

Y. Luo, Y. Dutheil, H. Huang, F. Méot, V.H. Ranjbar
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
The strengths of spin resonances for the polarized-proton operation in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider are currently calculated with code DEPOL, which numerically integrate through the whole ring based on analytical approximate formula. In this article, we calculate the spin resonance strength by performing Fourier transformation to the actual transverse magnetic field seen by a single particle travelling through the ring. Comparison is made between the results from this method and DEPOL and other approaches.

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MOPMN030

Proton Spin Tracking with Symplectic Integration of Orbit Motion

closed-orbit, resonance, ion, sextupole

766

Y. Luo, Y. Dutheil, H. Huang, F. Méot, V.H. Ranjbar
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
Symplectic integration for orbital motion had been adopted in SimTrack which has been extensively used for dynamic aperture calculation with beam-beam interaction for the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Recently spin tracking for protons has been implemented on top of the orbit motion in this code. In this article, we will explain the implementation of spin motion using Thomas-BMT equation, and benchmark with other spin tracking codes currently used for RHIC. Possibility and remedy for very-long term particle tracking, such as on the RHIC energy acceleration, is also explored.

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MOPHA025

Control System for FRANZ Facility

controls, ion, ion-source, neutron

830

S.M. Alzubaidi, O. Meusel, U. Ratzinger, C. Wagner
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

The Frankfurt Neutron Source at the Stern- Gerlach Zentrum (FRANZ) will use the reaction of 7Li(p, n)7Be to produce an intense neutron beam. The neutron energy will be between 10 and 500 keV depending on the primary proton beam, which is variable between 1.8 and 2.2 MeV. A volume type ion source will be used to deliver a 120 keV proton beam with currents up to 200 mA. Like any other facility, FRANZ will need a powerful and reliable control system that also allows monitoring the whole accelerator target areas and experiments. Also interlock and safety systems have to be included to protect personnel from radiation hazards associated with accelerator operations and accompanying experiments. The FRANZ control system is still under development. The ion source will be the first element to be controlled, and to gain experience. A test ion source will be used for testing and examining the performance of this control system. In this paper, the plasma properties, filament ageing and an internal control loop for stable beam production with respect to controlling issues will be discussed.

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MOPHA047

RF System Design for the TOP-IMPLART Accelerator

controls, LLRF, klystron, linac

897

V. Surrenti, G. Bazzano, P. Nenzi, L. Picardi, C. Ronsivalle
ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma), Italy
F. Ambrosini
Università di Roma "La Sapienza", SAPIENZA-DIET, Roma, Italy

In the ENEA-Frascati research center a linear accelerator for proton therapy is under development in the framework of TOP-IMPLART Project carried out by ENEA in collaboration with ISS and IRE-IFO. The machine is based on a 7 MeV injector operating at a frequency of 425 MHz followed by a sequence of 2997.92 MHz accelerating modules. Five 10 MW klystrons will be used to power all high frequency structures up to a beam energy of 150 MeV. The maximum repetition frequency is 100 Hz and the pulse duration is 4 μs. The RF amplitude and phase stability requirements of the accelerating field are within ±2% and ±2 degrees respectively. For therapeutic use the beam energy will be varied between 85 and 150 MeV by switching off the last modules and varying the electric field amplitude in the last module switched on. Fast control of the RF power supplied to the individual structures allows an energy variation on a pulse by pulse basis; furthermore the system must be able to control the RF phase between accelerating structures. This work describes the RF power distribution scheme and the RF phase and amplitude monitoring system implemented into an embedded control system.

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MOPHA050

Online Spill Intensity Monitoring for Improving Extraction Quality at CNAO

electron, ion, electronics, extraction

907

M. Caldara
University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
J. Bosser, G.M.A. Calvi, L. Lanzavecchia, A. Parravicini, C. Viviani
CNAO Foundation, Milan, Italy
E. Rojatti
UniPV, Pavia, Italy

The CNAO Foundation is the first Italian center for deep hadrontherapy with Protons and Carbon Ions, performing treatments since September 2011. The extracted beam energy and intensity can vary over a wide range (60-250 MeV for Protons and 120-400 MeV/u for Carbon Ions, 4e6/10¹⁰ pps); the beam intensity uniformity during the slow extraction process is a fundamental requirement for achieving accurate and fast treatments. CNAO developed an online Fast Intensity Monitor (FIM), not perturbing the extracted beam, capable of measuring beam intensity with a bandwidth of 50kHz and a resolution of 1%. It consists of a thin (0.8 μm) metallic foil that emits secondary electrons when traversed by the beam. The electrons are multiplied by a Channeltron device, polarized at high voltage versus ground. The Channeltron output current is amplified and converted in a Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) signal, which is then decoupled and transmitted to the equipment room, where an FPGA implements a servo-spill. The work presents the detector, the floating electronics, the preliminary measurements with beam and the integration in a closed loop on the synchrotron air-core quadrupole obtaining promising results.

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MOPHA051

Scintillating Fibers used as Profile Monitors for the CNAO HEBT Lines

detector, ion, extraction, vacuum

910

E. Rojatti
UniPV, Pavia, Italy
J. Bosser, M. Haguenauer, P. Poilleux
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
J. Bosser, G.M.A. Calvi, L. Lanzavecchia, A. Parravicini, M. Pullia, C. Viviani
CNAO Foundation, Milan, Italy
M. Caldara
University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy

The CNAO (Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica) Foundation is the first Italian center for deep hadrontherapy with Protons and Carbon Ions. Several beam monitors exploiting the scintillation process have been designed to check the beam quality in the extraction lines, in order to guarantee patients safety. The SFH (Scintillating Fibers Harp), the QPM (Qualification Profile Monitor), and the SFP (Scintillating Fibers plus Photodiodes) are made up by two orthogonal scintillating fibers harps with not dead area for the horizontal and the vertical beam profiles measurement. The QPM and the SFH are both installed on the beam line and they use a CCD camera for the signal acquisition. The SFP is a SFH upgrade project aimed to replace the camera with two Photodiodes arrays coupled to the fibers in vacuum. The WD (Watch Dog) detector, not already installed, has been designed to check the beam position through the intensity of the beam tails. It uses two couples of scintillating fibers displaced transversally to the beam direction, coupled to four APDs (Avalanche Photodiodes). This work describes the beam detectors, their achieved performances and the most recent beam measurements.

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MOPHA058

Beam Based Gain Calibration for Beam Position Monitor at J-PARC Main Ring

simulation, operation, synchrotron, closed-orbit

927

H. Kuboki, J. Takano, M. Tejima, T. Toyama
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
S. Hatakeyama
JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-mura, Japan

Funding: MEXT KAKENHI Grant Number 25105002, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas titled "Unification and Development of the Neutrino Science Frontier"
Beam Position Monitor (BPM) is one of the essential elements in a synchrotron facility. It provides the accurate beam positions, which are used to correct the closed orbit distortion. Each BPM is installed with the electronics which enable to acquire the data of the turn-by-turn beam positions. Here, we define the "gain" as the proportionality coefficient between the signal detected at the ADC and the ideal signal without any errors. The signal strength from a BPM electrode varies depending on 1) transmission characteristics of a long cable, 2) processing circuit, and 3) contact resistance at the connected parts. These are the origin of the gain deviations. In order to correct the deviations, a Beam Based Gain Calibration (BBGC) method has been proposed *. Development of a new method for adequate gain calibration is required because any calibration method for routine operation has not been established for BPMs with diagonal-cut electrodes used at J-PARC Main Ring. The results of analysis will be presented using the Total Least Square fitting as an adequate method for the BBGC with sufficient accuracy within 0.6% in one standard deviation.
* M. Tejima et al., DIPAC2011 (2011).

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MOPTY008

Preliminary Hardware Implementation of Compensation Mechanism of Superconducting Cavity Failure in C-ADS Linac

FPGA, hardware, linac, cavity

953

Z. Xue, J.P. Dai
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China
L. Cheng, Y. Yang
SINANO, Suzhou, People's Republic of China

For the proton linear accelerators used in applications such as ADS, due to the nature of the operation, it is essential to have beam failures at the rate several orders of magnitude lower than usual performance of similar accelerators. In order to achieve this extremely high performance reliability requirement, in addition to hardware improvement, a failure tolerant design is mandatory. A compensation mechanism to cope with hardware failure, mainly RF failures of superconducting cavities, will be in place in order to maintain the high uptime, short recovery time and extremely low frequency of beam loss. The hardware implementation of the mechanism poses high challenges due to the extremely tight timing constraints, high logic complexity, and mostly important, high flexibility and short turnaround time due to varying operation contexts. We will explore the hardware implementation of the scheme using fast electronic devices and Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). In order to achieve the goals of short recovery time and flexibility in compensation algorithms, an advanced hardware design methodology including high-level synthesis will be used.

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MOPTY016

Study of Diamond Detector Application at the Front End of a High Intensity Hadron Accelerator

detector, radiation, cavity, hadron

972

G. Ren, D.H. He, W. Li, Y. Li
USTC/NSRL, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
M. Zeng
Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China

Diamond detectors function as beam loss or luminosity monitors for high energy accelerators, such as LHC, Babar, etc. Because of regular detectors‘ insufficient protection of the front end, diamond detectors owning significant characteristics, like time resolution in the nanosecond range, radiation hardness and negligible temperature dependence. Thus, diamond detectors have been becoming promising candidates for detecting BLMs of fully super-conducting hadron accelerator, such as C-ADS, FRIB. In this paper, the sensitivity of diamond detectors was simulated by Monte Carlo program FLUKA and GEAN4. Meanwhile, we tested the performance of a new prototype of CVD diamond detector, and compared it with Si-PIN and Bergoz detectors at the storage ring of the HLS II. The results of the diamond detector were consistent with other two detectors well. More evaluation of diamond detectors in low energy radiation field are ongoing.

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MOPTY030

Capacitive Linear-Cut Beam Position Monitor Design for Ion Synchrotron at KHIMA Project

synchrotron, vacuum, target, operation

998

J.G. Hwang, C.H. Kim, S.H. Nam, S.Y. Noh
KIRAMS/KHIMA, Seoul, Republic of Korea
G. Hahn, W.T. Hwang, T.K. Yang
KIRAMS, Seoul, Republic of Korea
E.-S. Kim
Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea

The KHIMA (Korea Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator) project is launched to construct the carbon and proton beam base ion therapy machine. It, which consists of the injector with RFQ and IH-DTL linacs, medium beam transport line, synchrotron, and high energy beam transport line, will be provided the carbon beam up to 430 MeV/u and proton beam up to 230 MeV for cancer therapy. The high precision beam position monitor is required to match and control the beam trajectory for the beam injection and closed orbit in synchrotron. It was also used for measuring the beta-function, tune, and chromaticity. Since the bunch length at heavy ion synchrotron is relatively long, a few meters, a box-like device with long plates of typically 20 cm is used to enhance the signal strength and to get a precise linear dependence with respect to the beam displacement. In this presentation, we show the electromagnetic design of the electrode and surroundings to satisfy the resolution of 100 um, the criteria for mechanical aspect to satisfy the position accuracy of 200 um, the measurement result of position accuracy by using the wire test-bench, and the beam-test results with long (~ 1.6 us) electron beam in PAL.

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MOPTY044

Machine Protection Systems and their Impact on Beam Availability and Accelerator Reliability

operation, linac, storage-ring, software

1029

R. Andersson, E. Bargalló, A. Nordt
ESS, Lund, Sweden
E. Adli
University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Over the last decades, the complexity and performance levels of machine protection have developed. The level of reliability and availability analysis prior to operation differs between facilities, just as the pragmatic changes of the machine protection during operation. This paper studies the experience and development of machine protection for some of the state of the art proton and ion accelerators, and how it relates to reducing damage to and downtime of the machine. The findings are discussed and categorized, with emphasis on proton accelerators. The paper is concluded with some recommendations for a future high power linear proton accelerator.

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MOPTY045

ESS Availability and Reliability Approach

neutron, experiment, operation, target

1033

E. Bargalló, K.H. Andersen, R. Andersson, A. De Isusi, A. Nordt, E.J. Pitcher
ESS, Lund, Sweden

Reliability and availability are key metrics for achieving the scientific vision of the ESS. The approach taken to analyze and to improve these metrics in order to achieve the goals is described in this contribution. The methodology used to obtain the requirements considers not only the availability and reliability figures but also the specific needs extracted from users expectations from the neutron source in order to succeed in their experiments. A top-down requirements allocation is being developed at the same time that bottom-up reliability and availability analyses is being performed. The experiments expected at ESS and their needs in terms of neutron beam performance (reliability, availability and quality) are described as well as the tools used to analyze it. Moreover, the consequences of these analyses in the design phase are discussed.

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MOPTY047

ESS Cold LINAC BLM Locations Determination

detector, simulation, linac, quadrupole

1039

M. Jarosz, A. Jansson, J.C. Kazantzidis, T.J. Shea, L. Tchelidze
ESS, Lund, Sweden

Funding: This project (oPAC) is funded by the European Union under contract PITN-GA-2011-289485.
The linear accelerator of ESS will produce a 5 MW proton beam. Beam of this power must be strictly monitored by a specialized Beam Loss Monitoring (BLM) System to detect any abnormal losses and to ensure that operational losses do not lead to excessive activation. A long series of beam loss simulations was performed using MARS Monte Carlo code system in order to optimize the number and setting mounting locations of the detectors for best coverage, distinguishability and sensitivity. Simulations anticipated multiple possible beam loss scenarios resulting in different loss patterns. The results of energy deposition in air in the linac tunnel in multiple locations were analysed in several different ways. Incorporated methods varied from simple brute force approach to more sophisticated singular value decomposition based algorithms, all resulting in detector layout proposals. Locations selected for BLMs were evaluated for all methods.

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MOPTY048

Machine Protection Strategy for the ESS

operation, neutron, controls, target

1042

A. Nordt, T. Friedrich, T. Korhonen
ESS, Lund, Sweden
C. Hilbes
ZHAW, Winterthur, Switzerland

The ESS proton beam power of 125MW per pulse (5MW average) will be unprecedented and its uncontrolled release could lead to serious damage of equipment within a few microseconds only. To optimize the operational efficiency of the ESS facility allowing for very high beam availability with high reliability towards the end-users, accidents should be avoided and interruptions of beam operation have to be rare and limited to a short time. Finding the right balance between efficient protection of equipment from damage and high beam availability is the key idea on which the ESS Machine Protection Strategy is being based on. Implementing and realizing the measures needed to provide the correct level of machine protection in case of a complex facility like the ESS, requires a systematic approach, which will be discussed in this paper. A method of how to derive machine protection relevant requirements and how to assure completeness of these will be outlined as well.

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MOPTY052

Experimental and Simulation Studies of Hydrodynamic Tunneling of Ultra-Relativistic Protons

target, simulation, experiment, cavity

1048

F. Burkart, R. Schmidt, D. Wollmann, M. Zerlauth
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
A.R. Piriz
Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
A. Shutov
IPCP, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, Russia
N.A. Tahir
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany

The expected damage due to the release of the full LHC beam energy at a single aperture bottleneck has been studied. These studies have shown that the range of the 7 TeV LHC proton beam is significantly extended compared to that of a single proton due to hydrodynamic tunneling effect. For instance, it was evaluated that the protons and their showers will penetrate up to a length of 25 m in solid carbon compared to a static range of around 3 m. To check the validity of these simulations, beam- target heating experiments using the 440 GeV proton beam generated by the SPS were performed at the HiRadMat test facility at CERN *. Solid copper targets were facially irradiated by the beam and measurements confirmed hydrodynamic tunneling of the protons and their showers. Simulations have been done by running the energy deposition code FLUKA and the 2D hydrodynamic code, BIG2, iteratively. Very good agreement has been found between the simulations and the experimental results ** providing confidence in the validity of the studies for the LHC. This paper presents the simulation studies, the results of a benchmarking experiment, and the detailed target investigations.
* N.A. Tahir et al., Phys. Rev. Special Topics Accel. Beams 15 (2012) 051003.
** R. Schmidt et al., Phys. Plasmas 21 (2014) 080701.

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MOPWI017

Beam Extinction Monitoring in the Mu2e Experiment

target, detector, experiment, shielding

1185

E. Prebys, A. Gaponenko, P.H. Kasper
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
L.M. Bartoszek
Bartoszek Engineering, Aurora, Illinois, USA

Funding: This work is supported by the US Department of Energy under contract No. De-AC02-07CH11359.
The Mu2e Experiment at Fermilab will search for the conversion of a muon to an electron in the field of an atomic nucleus with unprecedented sensitivity. The experiment requires a beam consisting of proton bunches approximately 200ns FW long, separated by 1.7 microseconds, with no out-of-time protons at the 10^-10 fractional level. The verification of this level of extinction is very challenging. The proposed technique uses a special purpose spectrometer which will observe particles scattered from the production target of the experiment. The acceptance will be limited such that there will be no saturation effects from the in-time beam. The precise level and profile of the out-of-time beam can then be built up statistically, by integrating over many bunches.

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MOPWI018

New Hadron Monitor By Using A Gas-Filled RF Resonator

electron, plasma, hadron, radiation

1189

K. Yonehara, A.V. Tollestrup, R.M. Zwaska
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
G. Fasce
CNI, Roma, Italy
G. Flanagan, R.P. Johnson
Muons, Inc, Illinois, USA

It is trend to build an intense neutrino beam facility for the fundamental physics research, e.g. LBNF at Fermilab, T2K at KEK, and CNGS at CERN. They have investigated a hadron monitor to diagnose the primary/secondary beam quality. The existing hadron monitor based on an ionization chamber is not robust in the high-radiation environment vicinity of MW-class secondary particle production targets. We propose a gas-filled RF resonator to use as the hadron monitor since it is simple and hence radiation robust in this environment. When charged particles pass through the resonator they produce ionized plasma via the Coulomb interaction with the inert gas. The beam-induced plasma changes the permittivity of inert gas. As a result, a resonant frequency in the resonator shifts with the amount of ionized electrons. The radiation sensitivity is adjustable by the inert gas pressure and the RF amplitude. The hadron profile will be reconstructed with a tomography technique in the hodoscope which consists of X, Y, and theta layers by using a strip-shaped gas resonator. The sensitivity and possible system design will be shown in this presentation.

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MOPWI032

Analysis of Primary Stripper Foils at SNS by an Electron Beam Foil Test Stand

electron, gun, operation, experiment

1230

E.P. Barrowclough, C.S. Feigerle
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
C.F. Luck, M.A. Plum, R.W. Shaw, L.L. Wilson
ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA

Funding: ORNL/SNS is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725.
Diamond foils are used at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) as the primary strippers of hydride ions. A nanocrystalline diamond film, typically 17x45 mm with an aerial density of 0.35 mg/cm², is deposited on a corrugated silicon substrate by plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition. After growth, 30 mm of the silicon substrate is etched away, leaving a freestanding diamond foil with a silicon handle that can be inserted into SNS for operation. An electron beam test facility was constructed to study stripper foil degradation and impact on foil lifetime. The electron beam capabilities include: current up to 5 mA, focused spot size of 0.30 mm², and rastering in the x- and y-directions. A 30 keV and 1.6 mA/mm² electron beam deposits the same power density on a diamond foil as a 1.4 MW beam on SNS target. Rastering of the electron beam can expose a similar area of the foil as SNS beams. Experiments were conducted using the foil test stand to study: foil flutter and lifetime; effects of corrugation patterns, aerial densities, crystal size (micro vs. nano), and boron doping; temperature distributions and film emissivity; and conversion rate of nanocrystalline diamond into graphite.

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MOPWI033

Advantages to an Online Multi-particle Beam Dynamics Model for High-power Proton Linacs

linac, operation, emittance, beam-losses

1234

L. Rybarcyk, S.A. Baily, X. Pang
LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

High-power proton linacs like the 800-MeV LANSCE accelerator typically use a physics-based approach and online single-particle and envelope beam dynamics models to establish nominal set points for operation. However, these models are not good enough to enable immediate transition to high-power operation. Instead, some amount of empirical adjustment is necessary to achieve stable, low beam-loss operation. At Los Alamos, we have been developing a new online model, which employs multiparticle beam dynamics, as a tool for providing more information and insight to the operations staff, especially during this transition to high-power operations. This presentation will discuss some of the advantages and benefits of using this type of tool in the tune-up and operation of a high-power proton linac.

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MOPWI041

Identification of Intra-Bunch Transverse Dynamics for Model Based Wideband Feedback Control at CERN Super Proton Synchrotron

controls, feedback, simulation, synchrotron

1249

O. Turgut, J.E. Dusatko, J.D. Fox, C.H. Rivetta
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
W. Höfle
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC02-76SF00515 and the US LHC Accelerator Research program (LARP).
Multi-input multi-output (MIMO) feedback design techniques can be helpful to stabilize intra-bunch transverse instabilities induced by electron-clouds or transverse mode couplings at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). These MIMO techniques require a reduced order model of intra-bunch dynamics. We estimate a linear reduced order MIMO models for transverse intra-bunch dynamics and use these models to design model based MIMO feedback controllers. The effort is motivated by the plans to increase currents in the SPS as part of the HL-LHC upgrade. Parameters of the reduced order models are estimated based on driven beam SPS measurements. We study different types of controllers. We test the model based designs using macro particle simulation codes (CMAD and HEADTAIL) and compare its performance with FIR filters tested during beam measurements of the feedback system in SPS machine development (MD) studies.

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TUXB1

FRANZ and Small-Scale Accelerator-Driven Neutron Sources

neutron, target, rfq, operation

1276

C. Wiesner, S.M. Alzubaidi, M. Droba, M. Heilmann, O. Hinrichs, B. Klump, O. Meusel, D. Noll, O. Payir, H. Podlech, U. Ratzinger, A. Schempp, S. Schmidt, P.P. Schneider, M. Schwarz, W. Schweizer, K. Volk, C. Wagner
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
R. Reifarth
IKF, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany

This paper gives an overview of the opportunities and challenges of high-intensity, low-energy light-ion accelerators for neutron production. Applications of this technology range from the study of stellar nucleosynthesis and astrophysical phenomena to medical applications such as Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). The paper includes details of the FRANZ facility, under development at Frankfurt University.

Slides TUXB1 [3.514 MB]

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TUXB2

Upgrade of the Unilac for Fair

DTL, linac, ion, emittance

1281

L. Groening, A. Adonin, R. M. Brodhage, X. Du, R. Hollinger, O.K. Kester, S. Mickat, A. Orzhekhovskaya, B. Schlitt, G. Schreiber, H. Vormann, C. Xiao
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
H. Hähnel, U. Ratzinger, A. Seibel, R. Tiede
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

The UNIversal Linear Accelerator (UNILAC) at GSI serves as injector for all ion species from protons to uranium since four decades. Its 10⁸ MHz Alvarez type DTL providing acceleration from 1.4 MeV/u to 11.4 MeV/u has suffered from material fatigue. The DTL will be replaced by a completely new section with almost same design parameters, i.e. pulsed current of up to 15 mA of 238U²⁸⁺ at 11.4 MeV/u. A dedicated terminal & LEBT for operation with 238U⁴⁺ is currently constructed. The uranium sources need to be upgraded in order to provide increased beam brilliances and for operation at 3 Hz. In parallel a 70 MeV / 70 mA proton linac based on H-mode cavities is under design and construction. This contribution will also give a brief summary of the overall status of the FAIR project.

Slides TUXB2 [4.634 MB]

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TUXB3

700 kW Main Injector Operations for NOvA at FNAL

booster, operation, electron, experiment

1286

P. Adamson
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Following a successful career as an antiproton storage and cooling ring, the Fermilab Recycler was repurposed as a proton stacker as part of the NOvA project, in order to increase the maximum NuMI beam power from 400 kW to 700 kW. Using the Recycler to prepare beam for acceleration in the Main Injector, we have been able to increase the beam power delivered to NuMI to a sustained weekly average in excess of 400 kW and a best hourly average of 482.8 kW. I discuss the commissioning progress to date, and describe the remaining steps along the way to achieving the 700 kW design goal.

Slides TUXB3 [3.401 MB]

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TUBB1

Charge Stripper Development for FRIB

ion, heavy-ion, linac, plasma

1339

F. Marti, P. Guetschow, J.A. Nolen
FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
A. Hershcovitch, P. Thieberger
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
Y. Momozaki, J.A. Nolen, C.B. Reed
ANL, Argonne, Illinois, USA

Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science under Cooperative Agreement DE-SC0000661 and NSF grant PHY-1102511
The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) at Michigan State University is building a heavy ion linac to produce rare isotopes by the fragmentation method. The linac will accelerate ions up to U to energies above 200 MeV/u with beam powers up to 400 kW. At energies between 16 and 20 MeV/u the ions will be stripped to higher charge states to increase the energy gain downstream in the linac. The main challenges in the stripper design are due to the high power deposited by the ions in the stripping media (~ 30 MW/cm³) and radiation damage if solids are used. For that reason self-recovering stripper media must be used. The baseline stripper choice is a high-velocity, thin film of liquid lithium with an alternative option of a helium gas stripper. We present in this paper the status of the R&D and construction of the final stripper. Extensive experimental work has been performed on both options.

Slides TUBB1 [3.534 MB]

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TUBB2

The Accelerator Facility of the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research

ion, target, antiproton, heavy-ion

1343

P.J. Spiller, F. Becker, A. Dolinskyy, L. Groening, O.K. Kester, K. Knie, H. Reich-Sprenger, W. Vinzenz, M. Winkler
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
D. Prasuhn
FZJ, Jülich, Germany

The accelerators of the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research – FAIR are under construction. The sophisticated system of accelerators is designed to produce stable and secondary beams with a significant variety of intensities and beam energies. FAIR will explore the intensity frontier of heavy ion accelerators and the beams for the experiments will have highest beam quality for cutting edge physics to be conducted. The main driver accelerator of FAIR will be the SIS100 synchrotron. In order to produce the intense rare isotope beams (RIB) at FAIR, a unique superconducting fragment separator is under construction. A system of storage rings will collect and cool secondary particles from the FAIR. Intense work on test infrastructure for the huge number of superconducting magnets of the FAIR machines is ongoing at GSI and several partner labs. In addition, the GSI accelerator facility is being prepared to serve as injector for the FAIR accelerators. As the construction of the FAIR accelerators and the procurement has started, an overview of the designs, procurements plans and infrastructure preparation can be provided.

Slides TUBB2 [4.653 MB]

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TUPTY006

Study of Electron Cloud Instabilities in FCC-hh

electron, photon, emittance, simulation

2007

K. Ohmi
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
L. Mether, D. Schulte, F. Zimmermann
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Electron cloud effects are serious issue for LHC and future hadron colliders, FCC-hh. Electron cloud causes coherent instabilities due to collective motion between beam and electrons. Electron cloud also causes incoherent emittance growth due to nonlinear force of beam-cloud electron force. We discuss the fast head-tail instability and the emittance growth in FCC-hh.

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TUPTY007

Study of Beam-beam Effects in FCC-he

luminosity, electron, simulation, emittance

2010

K. Ohmi
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
F. Zimmermann
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Beam-beam effects of the ring-ring scheme of FCC-he and LHeC are being studied using weak-strong simulations. The beam-beam tune shift of the electron beam is one order larger than that of proton beam. The study of the electron motion under the beam-beam interaction is the main subject. Luminosity and equilibrium beam size and beam lifetime are analysed.

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TUPTY010

The Luminosity Reduction with Hourglass Effect and Crossing Angle in an e-p Collider

luminosity, collider, electron, acceleration

2016

Y.M. Peng
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China
Y. Zhang
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA

This paper derived the luminosity reduction caused by crossing angle and hourglass effect in an asymmetric collision. Here, we gave the general expressions of the geometrical reduction factor of luminosity for the asymmetric case caused by crossing angle and hourglass effect, for tri-Gaussian bunches colliding. We also gave it simple expression in some special cases to recover the earlier results, such as the formulas for only hour-glass effect exist and only crossing angle exist. The expressions used in e-p collider are also analysed in detail.

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TUPTY015

Study on the transverse painting during the injection process for CSNS/RCS

injection, neutron, linac, target

2025

M.Y. Huang, L. Huang, N. Huang, J. Qiu, S. Wang, S.Y. Xu
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

Funding: Work supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (11205185, 11175020, 11175193 )
For the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), a combination of the H⁻ stripping and phase space painting method is used to accumulate a high intensity beam in the Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS). In this paper, firstly, the injection processes with different painting ranges and different painting methods were studied. With the codes ORBIT and MATLAB, the particle distribution and painting image were obtained. Then, the reasonable painting range which is suitable for the aperture size and magnet gap can be selected. Since the real field uniformity of BH3 and BV3 is not completely in conformity with the design requirement, the painting method and painting range also need to be selected to reduce the effects of bad field uniformity.

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TUPTY017

Ion Polarization Control in the MPD and SPD Detectors of the NICA Collider

polarization, solenoid, collider, detector

2031

A.D. Kovalenko, A.V. Butenko, V.D. Kekelidze, V.A. Mikhaylov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
Y. Filatov
MIPT, Dolgoprudniy, Moscow Region, Russia
A.M. Kondratenko, M.A. Kondratenko
Science and Technique Laboratory Zaryad, Novosibirsk, Russia

Two solenoid Siberian snakes are placed in the opposite collider’s straight sections are used to control deuteron’s and proton’s polarization in the NICA collider. Solenoid snakes substantially reconstruct beam’s orbital motion. The change of the polarization direction in the vertical plane of MPD and SPD detectors occurs due to insertion of polarization control (PC) solenoids in the magnetic lattice of the collider. The solenoids rotating particle’s spin by small angels practically do not influence on the beam’s orbital motion parameters. The dynamic of the polarization vector as function of the orbit length for cases of longitudinal and vertical polarization in the MPD and SPD detectors are presented.

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TUPTY020

Building a Luminosity Model for the LHC and HL-LHC

emittance, luminosity, brightness, injection

2042

F. Antoniou, G. Arduini, Y. Papaphilippou, G. Papotti
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

One key objective of the High Luminosity LHC Upgrade is to determine a set of beam parameters and the hardware configuration that will enable the LHC to reach a peak luminosity of 5×10³⁴ cm^-2 s^-1 and ultimately 7.5x10³⁴ cm^-2 s^-1 with levelling, allowing an integrated luminosity of 250-300 fb^-1 per year. In order to determine the integrated performance it is important to develop a realistic model of the luminosity evolution during a physics fill. In this paper, the different mechanisms affecting luminosity lifetime in the LHC are discussed and a luminosity model is presented. The model is benchmarked with data from LHC Run I.

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TUPTY024

Updated Simulation Studies of Damage Limit of LHC Tertiary Collimators

simulation, optics, collimation, kicker

2053

E. Quaranta, A. Bertarelli, R. Bruce, F. Carra, F. Cerutti, P. Gradassi, A. Lechner, S. Redaelli, E. Skordis
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The tertiary collimators (TCTs) in the LHC, installed in front of the experiments, in standard operation intercept fractions of 10³ halo particles. However, they risk to be hit by high-intensity primary beams in case of asynchronous beam dump. TCT damage thresholds were initially inferred from results of destructive tests on a TCT jaw, supported by numerical simulations, assuming simplified impact scenarios with one single bunch hitting the jaw with a given impact parameter. In this paper, more realistic failure conditions, including a train of bunches and taking into account the full collimation hierarchy, are used to derive updated damage limits. The results are used to update the margins in the collimation hierarchy and could thus potentially have an influence on the LHC performance.

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TUPTY025

Betatron Cleaning for Heavy Ion Beams with IR7 Dispersion Suppressor Collimators

ion, heavy-ion, collimation, simulation

2057

P.D. Hermes, R. Bruce, J.M. Jowett, S. Redaelli
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The betatron collimators in IR7 constitute the backbone of the collimation system of the LHC. A fraction of the secondary halo protons or heavy-ion fragments, scattered out of the primary collimator, is not captured by the secondary collimators but hit cold magnets in the IR7 dispersion suppressor (DS) where the dispersion starts to increase. A possible approach to reduce these losses is based on the installation of additional collimators in the DS region. In this paper, simulations of the cleaning efficiency for Pb⁸²⁺ ions are used to evaluate the effect of the additional collimators. The results indicate a significant improvement of the heavy-ion cleaning efficiency.

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TUPTY027

SixTrack Simulations of Beam Cleaning During High-beta Operation in the LHC

simulation, background, experiment, collimation

2060

R. Bruce
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The 1000 m high-beta run in the LHC provided very clean conditions for observing experimental backgrounds. In ATLAS, a much higher background was observed for Beam 2 than for Beam 1, suspected to be caused by upstream showers from beam losses on collimators or aperture. However, no local beam losses were observed in the vicinity. This paper presents SixTrack simulations of the beam cleaning during the high-beta run. The results demonstrate that, for the special optics and collimator settings used, the highest loss location in IR1 is at the TAS absorber just in front of the ATLAS detector, where no beam loss monitor is installed. Furthermore, the highest losses are seen in Beam 2. The results could thus provide a possible explanation of the ATLAS observations, although detailed shower calculations would be needed for a quantitative comparison.

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TUPTY028

Collimator Layouts for HL-LHC in the Experimental Insertions

ion, collimation, luminosity, heavy-ion

2064

R. Bruce, F. Cerutti, L.S. Esposito, J.M. Jowett, A. Lechner, E. Quaranta, S. Redaelli, M. Schaumann, E. Skordis, G.E. Steele
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
H. Garcia Morales, R. Kwee-Hinzmann
JAI, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom

This paper presents the layout of collimators for HL-LHC in the experimental insertions. On the incoming beam, we propose to install additional tertiary collimators to protect potential new aperture bottlenecks in cells 4 and 5, which in addition reduce the experimental background. For the outgoing beam, the layout of the present LHC with three physics debris absorbers gives sufficient protection for high-luminosity proton operation. However, collisional processes for heavy ions cause localized beam losses with the potential to quench magnets. To alleviate these losses, an installation of dispersion suppressor collimators is proposed.

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TUPTY029

Collimation Cleaning at the LHC with Advanced Secondary Collimator Materials

collimation, simulation, scattering, impedance

2068

E. Quaranta, R. Bruce, A. Mereghetti, S. Redaelli, A. Rossi
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The LHC collimation system must ensure efficient beam halo cleaning in all machine conditions. The first run in 2010-2013 showed that the LHC performance may be limited by collimator material-related concerns, such as the contribution from the present carbon-based secondary collimators to the machine impedance and, consequently, to the beam instability. Novel materials based on composites are currently under development for the next generation of LHC collimators to address these limitations. Particle tracking simulations of collimation efficiency were performed using the Sixtrack code and a material database updated to model these composites. In this paper, the simulation results will be presented with the aim of studying the effect of the advanced collimators on the LHC beam cleaning.

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TUPTY045

Interactions between Macroparticles and High-Energy Proton Beams

electron, simulation, beam-losses, vacuum

2112

S. Rowan, A. Apollonio, B. Auchmann, A. Lechner, O. Picha, W. Riegler, H. Schindler, R. Schmidt, F. Zimmermann
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

A known threat to the availability of the LHC is the interaction of macroparticles (dust particles) with the LHC proton beam. At the foreseen beam energy of 6.5 TeV during Run 2, quench margins in the superconducting magnets will be 2-3 times lower, and beam losses due such interactions may result in magnet quenches. The study introduce an improved numerical model of such interactions, as well as Monte-Carlo simulations that give the probability that such events will result in a beam-dump during Run 2.

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TUPTY046

Impact of Beam Losses in the LHC Collimation Regions

collimation, simulation, dipole, coupling

2116

E. Skordis, R. Bruce, F. Cerutti, A. Ferrari, P.D. Hermes, A. Lechner, A. Mereghetti, P.G. Ortega, S. Redaelli, V. Vlachoudis
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The upgrade of the LHC energy and brightness, from the 2015 restart at close to design energy until the HL-LHC era with considerable hardware development and layout renewal, poses tight challenges in terms of machine protection. The collimation insertions and especially the one dedicated to betatron cleaning (IR7), where most of the beam halo is intercepted to spare from losses the cold sectors of the ring, will be subject to a significant increase of radiation load, whose leakage to the nearby dispersion suppressors must be kept sustainable. The past LHC run, while displaying a remarkable performance of the collimation system, offered the opportunity for a demanding benchmarking of the complex simulation chain describing the beam losses and the macroscopic effects of the induced particle showers, this way strengthening the confidence in the reliability of its predictions. This paper discusses the adopted calculation strategy and its evolution options, showing the accuracy achieved with respect to Beam Loss Monitor measurements in controlled loss scenarios. Expectations at design energy, including lifetime considerations concerning critical elements, will also be presented.

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TUPTY051

Injection Protection Upgrade for the HL-LHC

injection, impedance, simulation, kicker

2136

J.A. Uythoven, N. Biancacci, C. Bracco, L. Gentini, B. Goddard, A. Lechner, F.L. Maciariello, A. Perillo Marcone, B. Salvant, N.V. Shetty, G.E. Steele, F.M. Velotti
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
O. Frasciello, M. Zobov
INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma), Italy

The injector complex of the LHC is undergoing important changes in the light of the LIU project to provide brighter beams to the LHC. For this reason and as part of the High Luminosity LHC project the injection protection system of the LHC will be upgraded in the Long Shutdown 2 (2018 - 2019) to be able to protect downstream elements against injection failures with the high brightness, high intensity HL-LHC beams. The upgraded LHC injection protection system will consist of a segmented injection protection absorber TDIS, and auxiliary collimators and masks. The layout modifications are described, and the machine element protection and absorber jaw robustness studies are presented for the new systems.

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TUPTY062

FCC-hh Hadron Collider - Parameter Scenarios and Staging Options

luminosity, operation, damping, radiation

2173

M. Benedikt, B. Goddard, D. Schulte, F. Zimmermann
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
M.J. Syphers
NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
M.J. Syphers
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

FCC-hh is a proposed future energy-frontier hadron collider, based on dipole magnets with a field around 16 T installed in a new tunnel with a circumference of about 100 km, which would provide proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 100 TeV, as well as heavy-ion collisions at the equivalent energy. The FCC-hh should deliver a high integrated proton-proton luminosity at the level of several 100 fb^-1 per year, or more. The challenges for operating FCC-hh with high beam current and at high luminosity include the heat load from synchrotron radiation in a cold environment, the radiation from collision debris around the interaction region, and machine protection. In this paper, starting from the FCC-hh design baseline parameters we explore different approaches for increasing the integrated luminosity, and discuss the impact of key individual parameters, such as the turnaround time. We also present some injector considerations and options for early hadron-collider operation.

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TUPTY069

Simulation of Hollow Electron Lenses as LHC Beam Halo Reducers using Merlin

electron, collimation, betatron, simulation

2188

H. Rafique, R.J. Barlow
University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
R.B. Appleby, S.C. Tygier
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
R. Bruce, S. Redaelli
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Funding: Research supported by FP7 HiLumi LHC (Grant agreement 284404)
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and its High Luminosity (HL) upgrade foresee unprecedented stored beam energies of up to 700 MJ. The collimation system is responsible for cleaning the beam halo and is vital for successful machine operation. Hollow electron lenses (HEL) are being considered for the LHC, based on Tevatron designs and operational experience, for active halo control. HELs can be used as soft scraper devices, and can operate close to the beam core without undergoing damage. We use the Merlin C++ accelerator libraries to implement a HEL and examine the effect on the beam halo for various test scenarios.

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TUPWI003

Proton Beam Applications for Silicon Bulk Micromachining

ion, experiment, linac, quadrupole

2241

P. Nenzi, G. Bazzano, F. Marracino, L. Picardi, C. Ronsivalle, V. Surrenti, M. Vadrucci
ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma), Italy
F. Ambrosini
University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
F. Ambrosini
Università di Roma "La Sapienza", SAPIENZA-DIET, Roma, Italy
M. Balucani, A. Klyshko
University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
C. Snels, M. Tucci
ENEA Casaccia, Roma, Italy

The irradiation of silicon with ion beams is an established technique to modify its properties. Protons are used for micromachining applications, in conjunction with porous silicon. Porous silicon does not form in areas irradiated with a given fluence of protons (>10¹⁴ cm^-2). Our work concentrated on the applicability of masked irradiation of silicon wafers with 1.8 MeV proton beams delivered by the TOP-IMPLART LINAC. In our experiments 1-10 Ω*cm n,p-type silicon wafers were masked and irradiated with protons at fluences between 10¹⁴ and 10¹⁵ protons/cm². Porous silicon did not form in the irradiated areas up to a distance from the surface corresponding to the stopping range (30um). The suppression of porous silicon formation is due to the to the neutralization of dopant impurities by implanted protons that increases the local resistivity. The interest in using RF LINAC for micromachining applications lies in the possibility of deep implantation, that allows the realization of 3D structures for MEMS applications. The use of metal masks with uniform beams, instead of scanned micro- and nano-metric ion probes, increases throughput achievable in industrial processing of wafers.

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TUPWI004

Status of the TOP-IMPLART Proton LINAC

linac, operation, controls, klystron

2245

P. Nenzi, A. Ampollini, G. Bazzano, F. Marracino, L. Picardi, C. Ronsivalle, V. Surrenti, M. Vadrucci
ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma), Italy
F. Ambrosini
University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
F. Ambrosini
Università di Roma "La Sapienza", SAPIENZA-DIET, Roma, Italy
C. Snels
ENEA Casaccia, Roma, Italy

In this work we present the latest update on the TOP-IMPLART LINAC. It is a 150 MeV proton linear accelerator for protontherapy application under realization at ENEA-Frascati in the framework of a project developed by ENEA, the Italian National Institute of Health (ISS) and Regina Elena National Cancer Institute-IFO-Rome. The accelerator consists of a 7 MeV injector operating at 425 MHz followed by a LINAC booster working at 2997.92 MHz at a maximum repetition frequency of 100 Hz. The medium energy section up to 35 MeV is a sequence of four SCDTL modules (Side Coupled Drift Tube LINAC) powered by a single 10 MW klystron: the first module bringing beam energy from 7MeV to 11.6MeV with an input power of 1.3 MW in a 4usec pulse has been successfully commissioned with a 10 uA per pulse beam accelerated at the design energy demonstrating the functionality of low energy proton acceleration at high RF frequency. The effects on beam dynamics, caused by the absence of any harmonic relation between the two operating frequencies of the LINAC has been simulated and experimentally verified during the commissioning activity. The second and third module installation and testing is undergoing.

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TUPWI005

Proton Irradiations of Micro-TOM Red Hairy Roots to Mimic Space Conditions

experiment, controls, radiation, framework

2249

M. Vadrucci, A. Ampollini, G. Bazzano, P. Nenzi, L. Picardi, C. Ronsivalle, V. Surrenti
ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma), Italy
F. Ambrosini
Università di Roma "La Sapienza", SAPIENZA-DIET, Roma, Italy
E. Benvenuto, A. Desiderio, S. Massa, C. Snels, M.E. Villani
ENEA Casaccia, Roma, Italy

Funding: Radiation Sources Laboratory UTAPRAD Department ENEA C.R. Frascati Via E. Fermi, 45 00044 Frascati (RM), Italy ENEA
The purpose of the BIOxTREME project, launched by ENEA and funded by ASI (Italian Space Agency), is to formulate new biological drugs having a stimulant activity on the immune system finalizing the production for a ready to use resource in Bioregenerative Life Support Systems (BLSSs) for space missions with extended durations, in deep space, and with multiple crews. One of the project tasks is to study the effects of physical insults on plants, simulating cosmic environment on production platforms by static magnetic fields, microgravity and ionizing radiation. In order to examine the biological effects, to test plant radio-resistance and to build dose-response curves we carried out proton irradiations of a tomato cultivar Micro-Tom red hairy roots with the TOP-IMPLART accelerator at the ENEA Frascati Research center. The biological samples were placed in a holder specially made in a movable real-time monitoring chamber calibrated in dose. The fluence-homogeneity measurements over the sample and the calibration of the monitoring system were performed using GafChromic EBT3 films. The paper describes the experimental set-up and reports the preliminary results.

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TUPWI009

Development of Un-destructive Inspection System for Large Concrete Infrastructure by using Accelerator Based Compact Neutron Source

neutron, detector, target, photon

2262

A. Taketani, H. Baba, T. Hashiguchi, G. Hu, Y. Ikeda, Q. Jia, H. Ota, Y. Otake, Y. Seki, S. Wang, Y. Yamagata, S. Yanagimachi
RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
K. Hirota
Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
K. Kino
Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
S. Tanaka
KEK, Tsukuba, Japan

Aged large concrete structure, such as highway, bridges and so on, need to be inspected in order to maintain with less cost by un-destructive method. We have been developing un-destructive inspection system by using fast neutron which can penetrate thick concrete. The system will be consisted of (1) Transportable Accelerator based Neutron Source, (2) Fast neutron imaging detector, and (3) Image processing for getting 3D image. RIKEN Accelerator based compact Neutron Source (RANS), which consists of 7MeV proton LINAC and target station, has been operating since 2013. RANS can generate thermal (~25meV) and fast (~2MeV) neutron. Fast neutron detector are developed with plastic scintillator and semiconductor photon sensors. It can see 10mm thick steel rod with 2mm accuracy through 300mm thick concrete.

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TUPWI014

Design of a Superconducting Gantry for Protons

dipole, quadrupole, lattice, target

2268

C. Bonțoiu, I. Martel, J. Sanchez-Segovia
University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
R. Berjillos, J.P.B. Perez
TTI, Santander, Spain

The last decade brought much interest in proton therapy within the medical and accelerator communities. Using normal conducting technology, the high-energy beams required can be handled only with large and heavy magnets which causes prohibitive costs. While lattice design work on a superconducting gantry has been carried out for a decade there is yet no practical implementation. The University of Huelva in collaboration with the Andalusian Foundation for Health Research (FABIS) is currently involved in developing and assembling a prototype for a compact superconducting proton gantry. Magnet design and performance is described along with beam dynamics results for the main gantry arcs and for the final spot scanning system using realistic magnetic field maps thoroughly.

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TUPWI016

Gantry 3: Further Development of the PSI PROSCAN Proton Therapy Facility

controls, cyclotron, coupling, dipole

2275

A. Koschik
PSI, Villigen, Villigen, Switzerland
C. Bula, J.P. Duppich, A. Gerbershagen, M. Grossmann, J.M. Schippers, J. Welte
PSI, Villigen, Switzerland

PSI and its Center for Proton Therapy (CPT) is extending its research capabilities in the field of proton therapy and pencil beam scanning technology. Gantry 3 will be an additional treatment room at the PROSCAN facility at PSI, Villigen, Switzerland. It will feature a 360 degree scanning Gantry delivered by Varian Medical Systems. The Gantry design is based on Varian technology, which will be combined with advanced PSI active scanning technology. The further development of fast energy switching as well as precise spot and continuous line scanning irradiation modes are main research topics at the PROSCAN facility. A major challenge with Gantry 3 is the link of the existing PSI PROSCAN system with the Varian PROBEAM system, while retaining the system integrity and high performance level. Additionally, Gantry 3 will be installed and commissioned while keeping the other treatment rooms (Gantry 1, Gantry 2, Optis 2) in full operation. The current development and project status is presented.

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TUPWI019

Neutron Shielding Optimization Studies

neutron, shielding, target, detector

2282

A. Bungau, R.J. Barlow
University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
J.R. Alonso, L.M. Bartoszek, J.M. Conrad
MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
M. Shaevitz
Columbia University, New York, USA

The IsoDAR sterile-neutrino search calls for a high neutron flux from a 60 MeV proton beam striking a beryllium target, that flood a sleeve of highly-enriched ⁷Li, the beta-decay of the resulting ⁸Li giving the desired neutrinos for the very-short-baseline experiment. The target is placed very close to an existing large neutrino detector; all such existing or planned detectors are deep underground, in low-background environments. It is necessary to design a shielding enclosure to prevent neutrons from causing unacceptable activation of the environment. GEANT4 is being used to study neutron attenuation, and optimizing the layers of shielding material to minimize thickness. Materials being studied include iron and two new types of concrete developed by Jefferson Laboratory, one very light with shredded plastic aggregate, the other with high quantities of boron. Initial studies indicate that a total shielding thickness of 1.5 meters produces the required attenuation factor, further studies may allow decrease in thickness. Minimizing it will reduce the amount of cavity excavation needed to house the target system in confined underground spaces.

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TUPWI021

Progress on a 30 - 350 MeV Normal-Conducting Scaling FFAG for Proton Therapy

lattice, ion, injection, extraction

2285

J.M. Garland, R.B. Appleby, H.L. Owen, S.C. Tygier
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom

Funding: Work supported by the STFC (UK) under grant no. ST/K002503/1
We present our progress on a new design for a 30 - 350 MeV scaling FFAG for proton therapy and tomography - NORMA (NOrmal-conducting Racetrack Medical Accelerator) which allows the realisation of proton computed tomography (pCT) and utilises normal conducting magnets in both a circular and racetrack configuration which are designed using advanced optimisation algorithms developed in PyZgoubi. The ring and racetrack configurations have average circumferences of around 60 and 70 m respectively, peak magnetic fields of < 1.8 T, average orbit excursions < 50 cm and dynamic aperture calculations of > 50 mm.mrad using a novel technique. The racetrack design has a total magnet-free straight length of 4.9 m at two opposing points, designed to ease injection and extraction systems.

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TUPWI022

GEM*STAR Accelerator-Driven Subcritical System for Improved Safety, Waste Management, and Plutonium Disposition

neutron, target, simulation, operation

2289

R.P. Johnson, R.J. Abrams, M.A.C. Cummings, G. Flanagan, T.J. Roberts
Muons, Inc, Illinois, USA
C. Bowman
ADNA, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
R.B. Vogelaar
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA

Operation of high-power SRF particle accelerators at two US national laboratories allows us to consider a less-expensive nuclear reactor that operates without the need for a critical core, fuel enrichment, or reprocessing. A multipurpose reactor design that takes advantage of this new accelerator capability includes an internal spallation neutron target and high-temperature molten-salt fuel with continuous purging of volatile radioactive fission products. The reactor contains less than a critical mass and almost a million times fewer volatile radioactive fission products than conventional reactors like those at Fukushima. We describe GEM*STAR *, a reactor that without redesign will burn spent nuclear fuel, natural uranium, thorium, or surplus weapons material. A first application is to burn 34 tonnes of excess weapons grade plutonium as an important step in nuclear disarmament under the 2000 Plutonium Management and Disposition Agreement **. The process heat generated by this W-Pu can be used for the Fischer-Tropsch conversion of natural gas and renewable carbon into 42 billion gallons of low-CO2-footprint, drop-in, synthetic diesel fuel for the DOD.
* Charles D. Bowman, R. Bruce Vogelaar, et al., Handbook of Nuclear Engineering, Springer Science+Business Media LLC (2010).
** http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2010/04/140097.htm

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TUPWI026

A Monochromatic Gamma Source without Neutrons

neutron, photon, rfq, DTL

2292

R.W. Garnett, S.S. Kurennoy, L. Rybarcyk, T.N. Taddeucci
LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

Funding: This work is supported by the U. S. Department of Energy Contract DE-AC52-06NA25396.
High-energy gamma rays can be efficiently produced using the direct excitation of the 15.1-MeV level in 12C via the (p, p’) reaction. This reaction has the threshold energy of 16.38 MeV. The threshold for neutron production via 12C (p, n) is 19.66 MeV, so there is an energy window of 3.28 MeV where the 15.1-MeV photons can be produced without any direct neutrons. Thick-target yield estimates indicate that just below the neutron production threshold, the photon output is about twice that of the more well-known 11B (d, n) reaction requiring 4-MeV deuterons, with the expected 15.1-MeV photon flux to be approximately 10¹¹ s^-1 sr^-1 per 1 mA of 19.6-MeV proton current on a carbon target. A compact pulsed proton accelerator capable of 10-mA or greater peak currents to drive such a gamma source will be presented. The accelerator concept is based on a 4-rod RFQ followed by compact H-mode structures with PMQ focusing.

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TUPWI027

Radiography Capabilities for Matter-Radiation Interactions in Extremes

electron, scattering, quadrupole, linac

2295

P.L. Walstrom, R.L. Barber, C.A. Chapman, R.W. Garnett, T.S. Gomez, J.A. O'Toole, H.R. Salazar
LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

Funding: This work is supported by the U. S. Department of Energy Contract DE-AC52-06NA25396.
The Matter-Radiation Interactions in Extremes (MaRIE) experimental facility will be used to discover and design the advanced materials needed to meet 21st century national security and energy security challenges. This new facility will provide the new tools scientists need to develop next-generation materials that will perform predictably and on-demand for currently unattainable lifetimes in extreme environments. The MaRIE facility is based on upgrades to the existing LANSCE 800-MeV proton linac and a new 12-GeV electron linac and associated X-ray FEL to provide simultaneous multiple probe beams, and new experimental areas. In addition to the high-energy photon probe beam, both electron and proton radiography capabilities will be available at the MaRIE facility. Recently, detailed radiography system studies have been performed to develop conceptual layouts of high-magnification electron and proton radiography systems that can meet the experimental requirements for the expected first experiments to be performed at the facility. A description of the radiography systems, their performance requirements, and a proposed facility layout will be presented.

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TUPWI028

Varying Amplitude Raster Pattern for High Power Isotope Production Targets

target, isotope-production, flattop, experiment

2298

J.S. Kolski, J. Audia, H.T. Bach, Y.K. Batygin, J.T. Bradley III, M. Connors, J.W. Engle, E. Espinoza, E. Figueroa, M.J. Hall, M.P. Martinez, F.M. Nortier, D. Reass, W. Roybal, H.A. Watkins
LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

The Isotope Production Facility (IPF) at LANSCE produces medical radionuclides strontium-82 and germanium-68 by bombarding rubidium chloride and gallium metal targets respectively with a 100 MeV proton beam, 230 uA average current. Rastering the proton beam is necessary to distribute beam power deposited as heat in the target and allow for higher average beam current for isotope production. We currently use a single circle raster pattern with constant amplitude and frequency. In this paper, we demonstrate two different varying amplitude raster patterns (concentric circle and spiral) to achieve uniform target coverage and expose more target volume to beam heating. In this proof-of-principle experiment, we compare beam spot uniformity measured by irradiating films and foils for both raster patterns.

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TUPWI030

Numerical Calculation of the Ion Polarization in MEIC

polarization, collider, controls, solenoid

2304

V.S. Morozov, Y.S. Derbenev, F. Lin, Y. Zhang
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
Y. Filatov
MIPT, Dolgoprudniy, Moscow Region, Russia
A.M. Kondratenko, M.A. Kondratenko
Science and Technique Laboratory Zaryad, Novosibirsk, Russia

Funding: Authored by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under U.S. DOE Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177 and DE-AC02-06CH11357.
Ion polarization in the Medium-energy Electron-Ion Collider (MEIC) is controlled by means of universal 3D spin rotators designed on the basis of “weak” solenoids. We use numerical calculations to demonstrate that the 3D rotators have negligible effect on the orbital properties of the ring. We present calculations of the polarization dynamics along the collider’s orbit for both longitudinal and transverse polarization directions at a beam interaction point. We calculate the degree of depolarization due to the longitudinal and transverse beam emittances in case when the zero-integer spin resonance is compensated.

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TUPWI035

MEIC Proton Beam Formation with a Low Energy Linac

booster, ion, collider, linac

2322

Y. Zhang
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA

The MIEC proton and ion beams are generated, accumulated, accelerated and cooled in a new green-field ion injector complex designed specifically to support its high luminosity goal. This injector consists of sources, a linac and a small booster ring. In this paper we explore feasibility of a short ion linac that injects low energy protons and ions into the booster ring.

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TUPWI037

Electron Cooling Study for MEIC

electron, emittance, solenoid, ion

2326

H. Zhang, Y.S. Derbenev, D. Douglas, Y. Zhang
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA

Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics, under Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177 and No. DE-AC02-06CH11357.
Electron cooling of the ion beams is one critical R&D to achieve high luminosities in JLab’s MEIC proposal. In the present MEIC design, a multi-staged cooling scheme is adapted, which includes DC electron cooling in the booster ring and bunched beam electron cooling in the collider ring at both the injection energy and the collision energy. We explored the feasibility of using both magnetized and non-magnetized electron beam for cooling, and concluded that a magnetized electron beam is necessary. Electron cooling simulation results for the newly updated MEIC design is also presented.

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TUPWI038

A High Energy e-p/A Collider Based on CepC-SppC

electron, collider, luminosity, ion

2329

Y. Zhang
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
Y.M. Peng
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

Construction of CepC and SppC, the proposed future energy frontier circular e⁺e⁻ and pp colliders in China, provides an opportunity to realize e-p or e-A collisions in a CM energy range up to 4.1 TeV. This paper presents a preliminary conceptual design of this e-p/A collider. The design parameters and anticipated luminosities will be given. We also discuss staging approaches to realize this collider with a low cost and at an earlier time.

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TUPWI039

Modeling Crabbing Dynamics in an Electron-Ion Collider

electron, betatron, collider, ion

2333

A. Castilla, J.R. Delayen, T. Satogata
ODU, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
A. Castilla, J.R. Delayen, V.S. Morozov, T. Satogata
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
A. Castilla
DCI-UG, León, Mexico

Funding: *Authored by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under U.S. DOE Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177.
A local crabbing scheme requires π/2 (mod π) horizontal betatron phase advances from an interaction point (IP) to the crab cavities on each side of it. However, realistic phase advances generated by sets of quadrupoles, or Final Focusing Blocks (FFB), between the crab cavities located in the expanded beam regions and the IP differ slightly from π/2. To understand the effect of crabbing on the beam dynamics in this case, a simple model of the optics of the Medium Energy Electron-Ion Collider (MEIC) including local crabbing was developed using linear matrices and then studied numerically over multiple turns (1000 passes) of both electron and proton bunches. The same model was applied to both local and global crabbing schemes to determine the linear-order dynamical effects of the synchro-betatron coupling induced by crabbing.

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TUPWI047

Target and Orbit Feedback Simulations of a muSR Beamline at BNL

target, solenoid, feedback, kicker

2353

W. Fischer, M. Blaskiewicz, P.H. Pile
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
W.W. MacKay
Weirich Consulting Services, Inc., Huntersville, North Carolina, USA

Funding: Work supported by U.S. DOE under contract No DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
Well-polarized positive surface muons are a tool to measure the magnetic properties of materials since the precession rate of the spin can be determined from the observation of the positron directions when the muons decay. The use of the AGS complex at BNL has been explored for a muSR facility previously. Here we report simulations of a beamline with a target inside a solenoid, and of an orbit feedback system with single muon beam positioning monitors based on technology available today.

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TUPWI049

Polarized Proton Beam for eRHIC

polarization, emittance, resonance, booster

2360

H. Huang, F. Méot, V. Ptitsyn, T. Roser
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
RHIC has provided polarized proton collisions from 31 GeV to 255 GeV in past decade. To preserve polarization through numerous depolarizing resonances through the whole accelerator chain, harmonic orbit correction, partial snakes, horizontal tune jump system and full snakes have been used. In addition, close attentions have been paid to betatron tune control, orbit control and beam line alignment. The polarization of 60% at 255 GeV has been delivered to experiments with 1.8×10¹¹ bunch intensity. For the eRHIC era, the beam brightness has to be maintained to reach the desired luminosity. Since we only have one hadron ring in the eRHIC era, existing spin rotator and snakes can be converted to six snake configuration for one hadron ring. With properly arranged six snakes, the polarization can be maintained at 70% at 250 GeV. This paper summarizes the effort and plan to reach high polarization with small emittance for eRHIC.

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TUPWI060

RHIC Polarized Proton-Proton Operation at 100 GeV in Run 15

electron, polarization, emittance, operation

2384

V. Schoefer, E.C. Aschenauer, G. Atoian, M. Blaskiewicz, K.A. Brown, D. Bruno, R. Connolly, T. D'Ottavio, K.A. Drees, Y. Dutheil, W. Fischer, C.J. Gardner, X. Gu, T. Hayes, H. Huang, J.S. Laster, C. Liu, Y. Luo, Y. Makdisi, G.J. Marr, A. Marusic, F. Méot, K. Mernick, R.J. Michnoff, M.G. Minty, C. Montag, J. Morris, S. Nemesure, P.H. Pile, A. Poblaguev, V.H. Ranjbar, G. Robert-Demolaize, T. Roser, W.B. Schmidke, F. Severino, T.C. Shrey, K.S. Smith, D. Steski, S. Tepikian, D. Trbojevic, N. Tsoupas, J.E. Tuozzolo, G. Wang, S.M. White, K. Yip, A. Zaltsman, A. Zelenski, K. Zeno, S.Y. Zhang
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

The first part of RHIC Run 15 consisted of nine weeks of polarized proton on proton collisions at a beam energy of 100 GeV at two interaction points. In this paper we discuss several of the upgrades to the collider complex that allowed for improved performance this run. The largest effort consisted of commissioning of the electron lenses, one in each ring, which are designed to compensate one of the two beam-beam interactions experienced by the proton bunches. The e-lenses therefore raise the per bunch intensity at which luminosity becomes beam-beam limited. A new lattice was designed to create the phase advances necessary for a functioning e-lens which also has an improved off-momentum dynamic aperture relative to previous runs. In order to take advantage of the new, higher intensity limit without suffering intensity driven emittance deterioration, other features were commissioned including a continuous transverse bunch-by-bunch damper in RHIC and a double harmonic capture scheme in the Booster. Other high intensity protections include improvements to the abort system and the installation of masks to intercept beam lost due to abort kicker pre-fires.

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WEYB2

Beam Dynamics in a High Frequency RFQ

rfq, alignment, emittance, linac

2408

A.M. Lombardi, V.A. Dimov, M. Garlaschè, A. Grudiev, S.J. Mathot, E. Montesinos, S. Myers, M.A. Timmins, M. Vretenar
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

CERN is constructing a 750 MHz Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) which can accelerate a proton beam to 5 MeV in a length of 2 m. The beam dynamics strategic parameters have been chosen to make this RFQ a good candidate for the injector of a medical facility operating at frequency of 3 GHz. Minimising beam losses above 1 MeV, containing the RF power losses and opening the road to industrialisation have been the guidelines for an unconventional RFQ design. In this paper, the optimisation efforts, the structure design and the expected beam qualities will be detailed. The status of the construction as well as the potential for further developments will be presented.

Slides WEYB2 [2.166 MB]

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WEAB1

Compensating Tune Spread Induced by Space Charge in Bunched Beams

hadron, electron, space-charge, collider

2450

V. Litvinenko
Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA
G. Wang
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

The effects of space charge play a significant role in modern-day accelerators, frequently constraining the beam parameters attainable in an accelerator or in an accelerator chain. They also can limit the luminosity of hadron colliders operating either at low energies or with sub-TeV high-brightness hadron beams. The latter is applied for strongly cooled proton and ion beams in eRHIC – the proposed future electron-ion collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Several schemes were proposed to compensate for space charge effects in a coasting (e.g., continuous) hadron beam, and some have been tested. Using an appropriate transverse profile of the electron beam (or plasma column) for a coasting beam would compensate both the tune shift and the tune spread in the hadron beam. But none of these methods address the issue of compensating space-charge induced tune spread in a bunched hadron beam. In this paper we propose and evaluate a novel idea of using a co-propagating electron bunch with miss-matched longitudinal velocity to compensate the space charge induced tune-shift and tune spread. We present several practical examples of such a system.

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WEPWA003

Simulations of Electron-Proton Beam Interaction before Plasma in the AWAKE Experiment

plasma, electron, wakefield, quadrupole

2492

U. Dorda, R.W. Aßmann, J. Grebenyuk
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
C. Bracco, A.V. Petrenko, J.S. Schmidt
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The on-axis injection of electron bunches in the proton-driven plasma wake at the AWAKE experiment at CERN implies co-propagation of a low-energy electron beam with the long high-energy proton beam in a common beam pipe over several meters upstream of the plasma chamber. The possible effects of the proton-induced wakefields on the electron bunch phase space in the common beam pipe region may have crucial implications for subsequent electron trapping and acceleration in plasma. We present the CST Studio simulations of the tentative common beam pipe setup and the two beam co-propagating in it. Simulated effects of the proton wakefields on electrons are analysed and compared to analytical predictions.

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WEPWA006

Laser Propagation Effects During Photoionization of Meter Scale Rubidium Vapor Source

laser, plasma, experiment, wakefield

2499

J.T. Moody, F. Batsch, A. Joulaei, P. Muggli, E. Öz
MPI-P, München, Germany
N. Berti, J. Kasparian
University of Geneva, GAP Biophotonics, Carouge, Switzerland

The baseline AWAKE experiment requires a 10 meter long plasma source with a density of 10¹⁵ cm􀀀^-3 and a density uniformity of 0.2%. To produce this plasma, a temperature stabilized rubidium vapor source is photoionized by a terawatt peak power laser pulse. In this paper we describe the laser pulse evolution within the plasma source including the dispersive, diffractive, and photoionization effects on the laser pulse. These calculations will be experimentally investigated in a meter long heat pipe oven using scaled laser parameters.

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WEPWA010

A High Intensity Proton Source for the European Spallation Source Facility

plasma, emittance, extraction, site

2509

L. Celona, L. Allegra, L. Andò, A.C. Caruso, G. Castro, F. Chines, G. Gallo, S. Gammino, A. Longhitano, S. Marletta, D. Mascali, L. Neri, S. Passarello, G. Torrisi
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
A. Longhitano
ALTEK, San Gregorio (CATANIA), Italy
G. Torrisi
Universitá Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy

Along the last twentyfive years, INFN-LNS has gained a relevant role in R&D of plasma-based ion sources. The laboratory is currently involved in the Proton Source and Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) line prototype construction for the European Spallation Source. ESS – based on a 2.0 GeV, 62.5 mA proton accelerator for neutron production – will be a fundamental instrument for research and application. The proton source is required to produce at least 90 mA beam (as total drain current) at 0.25 π.mm.mrad emittance, 2.86 ms pulse duration, 14 Hz repetition rate. We will illustrate the advanced design of the machine, including the innovations in plasma heating schemes, the final layout of the LEBT – based on detailed beam transport studies, a new vacuum scheme and the final chopper strategy – and the first steps of the devices installation at the INFN-LNS test-bench site.

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WEPWA013

A Transport Beamline Solution for Laser-Driven Proton Beams

laser, simulation, dipole, quadrupole

2515

A. Tramontana, G. Candiano, G.A.P. Cirrone, M. Costa, G. Cuttone, G. Gallo, R. Leanza, R. Manna, V. Marchese, G. Milluzzo, G. Petringa, D. Rizzo, F. Romano, S. Salamone, F. Schillaci, V. Scuderi
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
M. Maggiore
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
V. Scuderi
ELI-BEAMS, Prague, Czech Republic

Laser-target interaction represents a very promising field in several potential applications, from nuclear physics to medicine. On the other hand optically accelerated particle beams are characterized by some extreme features, often not suitable for several applications, as an high peak current, a poor shot-to-shot reproducibility and a wide energy and angular distribution. Therefore many efforts are currently ongoing for the development of specific beam transport devices in order to obtain controlled and reproducible output beams. In this framework, this work want to report about a transport beamline solution dedicated to laser-driven beams and made of two main sections: a quadrupole-focusing device and an energy selector system. A test beam-line consisting of prototypes has been realised at INFN-LNS (National Institute of Physics-South National Laboratories, Ct, I) and partially tested with conventional accelerated proton beams. Moreover, some of these prototypes have been already tested with laser-driven beams.\ Several simulations have been also performed using the Geant4 Monte Carlo toolkit, in order to best exploit the beamline potentiality. Preliminary simulations of a transported beamline to select 5 MeV and 24 MeV proton beams are here reported.

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WEPWA018

Re-acceleration of Ultra Cold Muon in J-PARC MLF

acceleration, linac, rfq, experiment

2532

M. Yoshida, F. Naito
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
S. Artikova, Y. Kondo
JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken, Japan
N. Hayashizaki
RLNR, Tokyo, Japan
Y. Iwashita
Kyoto ICR, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
K. Torikai
Gunma University, Heavy-Ion Medical Research Center, Maebashi-Gunma, Japan

Funding: MEXT KAKENHI Grant Number 6108718
The ultra cold muon beam by two-photon laser resonant ionization of muonium atoms is unique way to obtain very low emittance muon beam. Its muon source is a surface muon from the muon target in MLF where one percent proton beam from J-PARC RCS is reacted. In close collaboration with the Muon Science Es- tablishment (MUSE) at Material and Life science experi- mental Facility (MLF) of the Japan Proton Accelerator Re- search Complex (J-PARC), we are developing the reacceleration system of the ultra cold muon beam. Its optimum accelerating structure is similar to a proton accelerator in low beta part and an electron accelerator in high beta part. Further the muon bunch is only two bunch corresponding to the bunch structure of the J-PARC RCS. Thus we are testing the dielectric transmission line accelerator based on the photoconductive switch as the altenative acceleration method.

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WEPWA019

Development of Accelerator-driven Compact Neutron Sources

neutron, target, radiation, status

2535

K. Hirota, G. Ichikawa, M. Kitaguchi, Y. Kiyanagi, H.M. Shimizu, K. Tsuchida, A. Uritani, K. Watanabe
Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

Neutron is a very good probe to investigate the inner structure of materials. The large neutron facilities like J-PARC MLF and SNS were constructed in this decade, and ESS facility are start to construct. These large facilities are very good tools to study in academic field. But the construction cost is increasing and it is hard to construct at many facilities. And also it is hard to get long beam time. One of the solution of these problems are constructing Compact Accelerator-driven Neutron Source (CANS). We will present the current situation of CANS and the status of the facility of Nagoya University.

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WEPWA021

A New DC Muon Beam Line at RCNP, Osaka University

solenoid, target, quadrupole, positron

2537

Y. Matsumoto, Y. Kohno, Y. Kuno, Y. Nakazawa, H. Sakamoto, A. Sato
Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
M. Fukuda, K. Hatanaka, Y. Kawashima, S. Morinobu, K. Takahisa, H. Ueda
RCNP, Osaka, Japan
M. Ieiri, M. Minakawa
KEK, Tsukuba, Japan

A new DC muon beam line has been constructed at RCNP, Osaka University. The MuSIC, which has the highest muon production efficiency using superconducting solenoidal magnets, has successfully demonstrated to provide a 2x10⁸ [mu+/sec/micro A]. In 2014, the solenoid solenoidal magnets of the MuSIC were extended by a new beam line with normal conducting magnets. The new beamline consists of beam slits, quadrupole magnets, bending magnets and a spin rotator. This new beamline is designed for muon experiments such as μSR experiments and muonic X-ray measurements. In order to study the performance of the beams provided by the beamline , a beam test will be performed in December 2014. In this paper, I will present about a detail design of MuSIC including the new beamline and result of the beam test.

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WEPWA026

Loading of a Plasma-Wakefield Accelerator Section Driven by a Self-Modulated Proton Bunch

plasma, electron, simulation, beam-loading

2551

V.K.B. Olsen, E. Adli
University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
L.D. Amorim
IST, Lisboa, Portugal
P. Muggli
MPI, Muenchen, Germany
J. Vieira
Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon, Portugal

We investigate beam loading of a plasma wake driven by a self-modulated proton beam using particle-in-cell simulations for phase III of the AWAKE project. We address the case of injection after the proton beam has already experienced self-modulation in a previous plasma. Optimal parameters for the injected electron bunch in terms of initial beam energy and beam charge density are investigated and evaluated in terms of witness bunch energy and energy spread. An approximate modulated proton beam is emulated in order to reduce computation time in these simulations.

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WEPWA039

The AWAKE Electron Primary Beam Line

electron, plasma, dipole, wakefield

2584

J.S. Schmidt, J. Bauche, B. Biskup, C. Bracco, E. Bravin, S. Döbert, M.A. Fraser, B. Goddard, E. Gschwendtner, L.K. Jensen, O.R. Jones, S. Mazzoni, M. Meddahi, A.V. Petrenko, F.M. Velotti, A.S. Vorozhtsov
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
U. Dorda
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
L. Merminga, V.A. Verzilov
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
P. Muggli
MPI, Muenchen, Germany

The AWAKE project at CERN is planned to study proton driven plasma wakefield acceleration. The proton beam from the SPS will be used in order to drive wakefields in a 10 m long Rb plasma cell. In the first phase of this experiment, scheduled in 2016, the self-modulation of the proton beam in the plasma will be studied in detail, while in the second phase an external electron beam will be injected into the plasma wakefield to probe the acceleration process. The installation of AWAKE in the former CNGS experimental area and the required optics flexibility define the tight boundary conditions to be fulfilled by the electron beam line design. The transport of low energy (10-20 MeV) bunches of 1.25·10⁹ electrons and the synchronous copropagation with much higher intensity proton bunches (3E11) determines several technological and operational challenges for the magnets and the beam diagnostics. The current status of the electron line layout and the associated equipments are presented in this paper.

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WEPWA045

Development of a Spectrometer for Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Accelerated Electrons at AWAKE

plasma, electron, dipole, simulation

2601

L.C. Deacon, S. Jolly, F. Keeble, M. Wing
UCL, London, United Kingdom
B. Biskup
Czech Technical University, Prague 6, Czech Republic
B. Biskup, E. Bravin, A.V. Petrenko
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
M. Wing
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
M. Wing
University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

The AWAKE experiment is to be constructed at the CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso facility (CNGS). This will be the first experiment to demonstrate proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration. The 400 GeV proton beam from the CERN SPS will excite a wakefield in a plasma cell several metres in length. To observe the plasma wakefield, electrons of 10–20 MeV will be injected into the wakefield following the head of the proton beam. Simulations indicate that electrons will be accelerated to GeV energies by the plasma wakefield. The AWAKE spectrometer is intended to measure both the peak energy and energy spread of these accelerated electrons. Improvements to the baseline design are presented, with an alternative dipole magnet and quadrupole focussing, with the resulting energy resolution calculated for various scenarios. The signal to background ratio due to the interaction of the SPS protons with upstream beam line components is calculated, and CCD camera location, shielding and light transport are considered.

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WEPWA055

Proton Injection into the Fermilab Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA)

rfq, electron, optics, injection

2627

E. Prebys, S. A. Antipov, H. Piekarz
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
S. A. Antipov
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

Funding: This work is supported by the DOE, under Contract No. De-AC02-07CH11359.
The Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) is an experimental synchrotron being built at Fermilab to test the concept of non-linear "integrable optics". These optics are based on a lattice including non-linear elements that satisfies particular conditions on the Hamiltonian. The resulting particle motion is predicted to be stable but without a unique tune. The system is therefore insensitive to resonant instabilities and can in principle store very intense beams, with space charge tune shifts larger than those which are possible in conventional linear synchrotrons. The ring will initially be tested with pencil electron beams, but this poster describes the ultimate plan to install a 2.5 MeV RFQ to inject protons, which will produce tune shifts on the order of unity. Technical details will be presented, as well as simulations of protons in the ring.

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WEPWA056

The Sinuous Target

target, radiation, electron, lattice

2630

R.M. Zwaska
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

We report on the concept for a target material comprised of a multitude of interlaced wires of small dimension. This target material concept is primarily directed at high-power neutrino targets where the thermal shock is large due to small beam sizes and short durations; it also has applications to other high-power targets, particularly where the energy deposition is great or a high surface area is preferred. This approach ameliorates the problem of thermal shock by engineering a material with high strength on the microscale, but a very low modulus of elasticity on the mesoscale. The low modulus of elasticity is achieved by constructing the material of spring-like wire segments much smaller than the beam dimension. The intrinsic bends of the wires will allow them to absorb the strain of thermal shock with minimal stress. Furthermore, the interlaced nature of the wires provides containment of any segment that might become loose. We will discuss the progress on studies of analogue materials and fabrication techniques for sinuous target materials.

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WEPWA057

Design Concepts for Muon-Based Accelerators

collider, factory, simulation, target

2633

R.D. Ryne
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
Y.I. Alexahin, A.D. Bross, K. E. Gollwitzer, N.V. Mokhov, D.V. Neuffer, M.A. Palmer, K. Yonehara
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
J.S. Berg, H.G. Kirk, R.B. Palmer, D. Stratakis
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
S.A. Bogacz
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
J.-P. Delahaye
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
T.J. Roberts
Muons, Inc, Illinois, USA
P. Snopok
Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA

Muon-based accelerators have the potential to enable facilities at both the Intensity and the Energy Frontiers. Muon storage rings can serve as high precision neutrino sources, and a muon collider is an ideal technology for a TeV or multi-TeV collider. Progress in muon accelerator designs has advanced steadily in recent years. In regard to 6D muon cooling, detailed and realistic designs now exist that provide more than 5 order-of-magnitude emittance reduction. Furthermore, detector performance studies indicate that with suitable pixelation and timing resolution, backgrounds in the collider detectors can be significantly reduced thus enabling high quality physics results. Thanks to these and other advances in design & simulation of muon systems, technology development, and systems demonstrations, muon storage-ring-based neutrino sources and a muon collider appear more feasible than ever before. A muon collider is now arguably among the most compelling approaches to a multi-TeV lepton collider. This paper summarizes the current status of design concepts for muon-based accelerators for neutrino factories and a muon collider.

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WEPWA066

The Advancement of Cooling Absorbers in COSY Infinity

scattering, simulation, electron, controls

2655

J.D. Kunz
IIT, Chicago, Illinois, USA
M. Berz, K. Makino
MSU, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
P. Snopok
Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illlinois, USA

Funding: Work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy.
COSY Infinity is an arbitrary-order beam dynamics simulation and analysis code. It can determine high-order transfer maps of combinations of particle optical elements of arbitrary field configurations. For precision modeling, design, and optimization of next-generation muon beam facilities, its features make it a very attractive code. New features are being developed for inclusion in COSY to follow the distribution of charged particles through matter. To study in detail some of the properties of muons passing through material, the transfer map approach alone is not sufficient. The interplay of beam optics and atomic processes must be studied by a hybrid transfer map–Monte-Carlo approach in which transfer map methods describe the average behavior of the particles in the accelerator channel including energy loss, and Monte-Carlo methods are used to provide small corrections to the predictions of the transfer map accounting for the stochastic nature of scattering and straggling of particles. The advantage of the new approach is that it is very efficient in that the vast majority of the dynamics is represented by fast application of the high-order transfer map of an entire element and accumulated stochastic effects as well as possible particle decay. The gains in speed are expected to simplify the optimization of muon cooling channels which are usually very computationally demanding due to the need to repeatedly run large numbers of particles through large numbers of configurations. Progress on the development of the required algorithms is reported.

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WEPJE010

Particle Production of a Graphite Target System for the Intensity Frontier

target, emittance, factory, collider

2692

X.P. Ding
UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
H.G. Kirk
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
K.T. McDonald
PU, Princeton, New Jersey, USA

A solid graphite target system is considered for an intense muon and/or neutrino source in support of physics at the intensity frontier. We previously optimized the geometric parameters of the beam and target to maximize particle production at low energies by incoming protons with kinetic energy of 6.75 GeV and an rms geometric emittance of 5 mm-mrad using the MARS15(2014) code. In this study, we ran MARS15 with ROOT-based geometry and also considered a mercury-jet target as an upgrade operation. The optimization was extended to focused proton beams with transverse emittances from 5 to 50 mm-mrad, showing that the particle production decreases slowly with increasing emittance. We also studied the beam dump configuration to suppress the rate of undesirable higher-energy secondary particles in the beam.

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WEPJE016

INTENSE MUON BEAMS FROM THE CSNS SPALLATION TARGET

target, solenoid, neutron, experiment

2708

Y. Bao, G.G. Hanson
UCR, Riverside, California, USA

Intense muon beams are useful for a wide range of physics experiments. Currently most of the muon beams are produced by protons hitting thin targets sitting upstream of spallation neutron targets. The intensity of the muons is greatly limited by the small thickness of the muon targets, which are intended to have minimum impact on the proton beams. When the majority of the proton beam hits the spallation target, a large number of pions/muons are produced. After being captured in a solenoidal magnetic field, a high intensity muon beam can be produced. In this paper we take the Chinese Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) target as an example and investigate the production of high intensity muon beams. Two possibilities are presented in this paper: an upstream collection of surface muons and a downstream collection of pions which is followed by a decay and compress channel to obtain a high intensity muon beam. Simulations show both methods can reach high intensities which could significantly increase the statistics of many experiments.

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WEPMA004

A 250 Hz AC Scan Magnet for High-Power Radioisotope Production and BNCT Applications

damping, target, power-supply, insertion

2747

M.P. Dehnel, J. Chu, C. Hollinger, A. Kilbourne-Quirk, D.E. Potkins, T.M. Stewart, S. Tranfo
D-Pace, Nelson, British Columbia, Canada
C. Philpott
BSL, Auckland, New Zealand

Funding: D-Pace acknowledges Canadian Government funding through SRED-CRA & NSERC-USRA, and through regional funding provided by KAST.
This paper describes the proto-type magnet measurement results for a compact (212 mm, effective length) yet large gap (97 mm) ambient air-cooled laminated AC scan magnet. A large aperture is essential for machine safety in radioisotope production, and Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) applications with steady-state beam power up to 50 kW *. Rose shim and Purcell filter techniques are examined for improved transverse field flatness. The measured magnetic field and frequency response curves through a range from (250 Gauss, 70 Hertz) to (25 Gauss, 250 Hertz) are given for the case of an air-gap, SS316 beampipe, and SS316 bellows. Measured transverse and longitudinal magnetic field curves are also given. A model of the frequency response of the magnet was created and validated. The model simplifies power supply selection and maps the effects of system natural frequency on the magnetic field. Tests were conducted with and without a capacitor in parallel with the magnet coils. Lastly, algorithms for flat-topped square, and circular scanned beam intensity distributions are given.
* M.P. Dehnel et al, "A Specialized High-Power (50 kW) Proton Beamline for BNCT", Proc. of NA-PAC13, pp.116-118, Pasadena, CA, USA, Oct 2013.

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WEPMA022

Progress of the Klystron and Cavity Test Stand for the FAIR Proton Linac

klystron, cavity, linac, operation

2802

A. Schnase, E. Plechov, J. Salvatore, G. Schreiber, W. Vinzenz
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
C. Joly, J. Lesrel
IPN, Orsay, France

In collaboration between the FAIR project, GSI, and CNRS, the IPNO lab provided the high power RF components for a cavity and klystron test stand. For initial operation of the 3 MW Thales TH2181 klystron at 325.224 MHz we received a high voltage modulator from CERN Linac 4 as a loan. Here we report, how we integrated the combination of klystron, high voltage modulator, and auxiliaries to accumulate operating experience. RF operation of the klystron started on a water cooled load, soon the circulator will be included and then the prototype CH cavity in the radiation shielded area will be powered. The 45 kW amplifiers for the 3 buncher structures of the FAIR proton Linac were checked at the test stand, and the results are presented here.

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WEPMA033

Utilizing Gas Filled Cavities for the Generation of an Intense Muon Source

target, cyclotron, cavity, emittance

2829

D. Stratakis
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
D.V. Neuffer
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Funding: This manuscript has been authored by employees of Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-SC0012704 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
A key requirement for designing intense muon sources is operating rf cavities in multi-tesla magnetic fields. Recently, a proof-of-principle experiment demonstrated that an rf cavity filed with high pressure hydrogen gas could meet this goal. In this study, rigorous simulation is used to design and evaluate the performance of an intense muon source with gas filled cavities. We present a new lattice design and compare our results with conventional schemes. We detail the influence of gas pressure on the muon production rate.

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WEPMA035

Low- and High-Beta SRF Elliptical Cavity Stiffening

cavity, simulation, resonance, SRF

2835

E.N. Zaplatin
FZJ, Jülich, Germany
A. Kanareykin
Euclid TechLabs, LLC, Solon, Ohio, USA
V.P. Yakovlev
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Elliptical SRF cavities are the main accelerating structures in many accelerators worldwide. Different types of external loads on the resonator walls predetermine the main working conditions of the SC cavities. The most important of them are very high electromagnetic fields that result in strong Lorentz forces and the pressure on cavity walls from the helium tank that also deforms the cavity shape. Also mechanical eigen resonances of cavities are the main source of the microphonics. To withstand any kind of external loads on the resonator walls different schemes of the cavity stiffening were applied. In the paper we report the basic investigations of the cavity stiffening using FNAL 650 MHz β=0.92 and 0.61 as an example. The single-cell investigation results were used as the reference to develop the ultimate scheme of the helium vessel structure to ensure the best resonator stability.

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WEPMN004

Progress on the CSNS Power Supply System

power-supply, controls, dipole, network

2921

X. Qi, H. Geng
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

The 1.6 GeV proton synchrotron proposed in the CSNS Project is a 25 Hz rapid-cycling synchrotron (RCS) with injection energy of 80 MeV. Beam power is aimed to 100 kW at 1.6 GeV. The power supply system consists of seven subsystems. Those power supplies have three operation modes: DC mode, AC plus DC mode and programmable pulse mode. This paper will introduce the Power supply system status in recent years.
Power Supply, rapid-cycling synchrotron, serial resonant network

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WEPMN008

Material Test of Proton Beam Window for CSNS

experiment, target, neutron, operation

2927

H.J. Wang, L. Kang, H. Qu, L. Wu, D.H. Zhu
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

The proton beam window (PBW) is one of the key devices of China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS). Material selection is of particular importance. A5083-O was selected in the previous work, and recently the material tests were done. The tests showed the material has good microstructure, physical and mechanical performance. Creep lifetime was analyzed based on the creep test. All the experiment showed the selected material is qualified.

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WEPMN045

IOT Use as a Power Source for a Linear Accelerating Structure

cavity, coupling, klystron, simulation

3027

E.A. Savin, S.V. Matsievskiy, N.P. Sobenin, I.D. Sokolov
MEPhI, Moscow, Russia
A.A. Zavadtsev
Nano, Moscow, Russia

Nowadays the interest of using compact and high efficiency power sources called Inductive Output Tubes (IOT) [1] for feeding accelerating structures with the required pulsed power around 1MW is increasing. In this article results of the beam dynamics and geometry calculations for the L-band IOT S-band IOT and accelerator-generator hybrid module are presented. Different concepts of the cavity have been proposed, but the most efficient has been chosen. The layout of the generator cell with biperiodic bunсher cells has been investigated. The hybrid structure composed from the generator cell and the compact SW accelerating section is proposed.
IOT, linear accelerator, power supply, klystrons

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WEPMN051

Design of a Superconducting Gantry Cryostat

quadrupole, dipole, vacuum, cryogenics

3043

C. Bonțoiu, I. Martel, J. Sanchez-Segovia
University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
R. Berjillos, J.P.B. Perez
TTI, Santander, Spain

The University of Huelva in collaboration with the Andalusian Foundation for Health Research (FABIS) and the TTI Company is currently involved in developing and assembling a prototype for a compact superconducting proton gantry with the goal to generate a business case within the narrow niche of hadron therapy. This article presents the current status of the engineering design for the cryostat and beam steering system. An account for the mechanical deformations due to magnetic forces and weight is also presented.

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WEPMN068

Upgrade of the CERN SPS Extraction Protection Elements TPS

extraction, septum, kicker, vacuum

3083

J. Borburgh, B. Balhan, M.J. Barnes, C. Baud, M.A. Fraser, V. Kain, F.L. Maciariello, G.E. Steele, F.M. Velotti
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

In 2006 the protection devices upstream of the septa in both extraction channels of the CERN SPS to the LHC were installed. Since then, new beam parameters have been proposed for the SPS beam towards the LHC in the framework of the LIU project. The mechanical parameters and assumptions on which these protection devices presently have been based, need validation before the new upgraded versions can be designed and constructed. The paper describes the design assumptions for the present protection device and the testing program for the TPSG4 at HiRadMat to validate them. Finally the requirements and the options to upgrade both extraction protection elements in the SPS are described.

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WEPMN072

Status and Planned Experiments of the Hiradmat Pulsed Beam Material Test Facility at CERN SPS

experiment, target, electronics, operation

3093

A. Fabich, N. Charitonidis, I. Efthymiopoulos, M. Meddahi
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
E. Gianfelice-Wendt
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Funding: EuCARD-2 is co-funded by the partners and the European Commission under Capacities 7th Framework Programme, Grant Agreement 312453.
HiRadMat (High Irradiation to Materials) is a facility at CERN designed to provide high-intensity pulsed beams to an irradiation area where material samples as well as accelerator component assemblies (e.g. vacuum windows, shock tests on high power targets, collimators) can be tested. The beam parameters (SPS 440 GeV protons with a pulse energy of up to 3.4 MJ, or alternatively lead/argon ions at the proton equivalent energy) can be tuned to match the needs of each experiment. It is a test area designed to perform single pulse experiments to evaluate the effect of high-intensity pulsed beams on materials in a dedicated environment, excluding long-time irradiation studies. The facility is designed for a maximum number of 10¹⁶ protons per year, in order to limit the activation of the irradiated samples to acceptable levels for human intervention. This paper will demonstrate the possibilities for research using this facility and go through examples of upcoming experiments scheduled in the beam period 2015/2016.

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WEPHA009

Propagation of Radioactive Contaminants Along the Isolde Beamline

vacuum, target, ion, simulation

3115

R. Kersevan, M. Ady, A. Dorsival, A. Gottberg, M. Maietta, G. Vandoni
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The vacuum system of RIB facilities is entirely hermetical, with storage of effluents and controlled release to atmosphere after a decay time. In Isolde, distributed primary pumping is sectorized in three parts, but all effluents are conveyed together in a unique tank. Thus, highly contaminated gas from the target and front end may be mixed with less contaminated gas from the beam transfer lines. This study aims at analysing and quantifying the distribution and propagation of neutral rare gas radioactive isotopes along the Isolde beam-line by numerical simulation (steady-state and time resolved Test-Particle Monte-Carlo, Molflow+) and experimental means. The time-resolved Monte-Carlo integrates decay time for the propagating species. To measure the distribution of contaminants, sampling filters are installed at the exhaust of the vacuum turbo-molecular pumps. Comparison between simulation and experiment shows excellent agreement, confirming the pertinence of the Monte-Carlo tool to radioactive species propagation. The filtering effect of magnetic sectors, the RFQ Cooler, and Buncher on the propagating neutral isotopes are quantified.

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WEPHA016

Experimental Setups to Determine the Damage Limit of Superconducting Magnets for Instantaneous Beam Losses

superconducting-magnet, injection, experiment, simulation

3138

V. Raginel, B. Auchmann, R. Schmidt, D. Schoerling, A.P. Verweij, D. Wollmann
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The damage mechanism of superconducting magnets due to the direct impact of high intensity particle beams is not well understood. Obvious candidates for upper bounds on the damage limit are overheating of insulation, and melting of the conductor. Lower bounds are obtained by the limits of elasticity in the conductor, taking into account dynamic effects (elastic stress waves). The plastic regime in between these two bounds will lead to differential thermal stress between the superconductor and stabilizer, which may lead to a permanent degradation of the magnet. An improved understanding of these mechanisms is required especially in view of the planned increase in brightness of the beams injected into the LHC and of the future High Luminosity-LHC [2] and Future Circular Collider (FCC). In this paper the plans for room temperature damage tests on critical parts of superconducting magnets and the strategy to test their damage levels at 4.3 K in the HiRadMat facility at CERN , using a 440 GeV proton beam generated by the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), is presented. Moreover the status of numerical simulations using FLUKA and multi-physics FEM code (ANSYS) to assess the different effect and the irradiation of the proposed experimental setup in preparation of the test is shown.

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WEPHA051

Development of a Hybrid Power Supply and RF Transmission Line for SANAEM RFQ Accelerator

rfq, power-supply, operation, linac

3228

S. Ogur
Bogazici University, Bebek / Istanbul, Turkey
F. Ahiska
EPROM Electronic Project & Microwave Ind. and Trade Ltd. Co., Ankara, Turkey
A. Alacakir
SNRTC, Ankara, Turkey
G. Turemen
Ankara University, Faculty of Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
G. Unel
UCI, Irvine, California, USA

SANAEM Project Prometheus (SPP) has been building a proton beamline at MeV range. Its proton source, two solenoids, and a low energy diagnostic box have been already manufactured and installed. These are going to be followed by a 4-vane RFQ to be powered by two stage PSU. The first stage is a custom-built solid state amplifier providing 6 kW at 352.2 MHz operating frequency. The second stage, employing TH 595 tetrodes from Thales, will amplify this input to 160 kW in a short pulsed mode. The power transfer to the RFQ will be achieved by the means of a number of WR2300 full and half height waveguides, 3 1/8" rigid coaxial cables, joined by appropriate adapters and converters and by a custom design circulator. This paper summarizes the experience acquired during the design and the production of these components.

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WEPHA060

5MW Power Upgrade Studies of the ISIS TS1 Target

target, neutron, scattering, simulation

3253

C. Bungau, A. Bungau, R. Cywinski, T.R. Edgecock
University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
C.N. Booth, L. Zang
Sheffield University, Sheffield, United Kingdom

The increasing demand for neutron production at the ISIS neutron spallation source has motivated a study of an upgrade of the production target TS1. This study focuses on a 5 MW power upgrade and complete redesign of the ISIS TS1 spallation target, reflector and neutron moderators. The optimisation of the target-moderator arrangement was done in order to obtain the maximum neutron output per unit input power. In addition, at each step of this optimisation study, the heat load and thermal stresses were calculated to ensure the target can sustain the increase in the beam power.

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WEPTY015

Examination of Beryllium under Intense High Energy Proton Beam at CERN's HiRadMat Facility

experiment, target, Windows, instrumentation

3289

K. Ammigan, B.D. Hartsell, P. Hurh, R.M. Zwaska
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
A.R. Atherton
STFC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
M. Butcher, M. Calviani, M. Guinchard, R. Losito
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
O. Caretta, T.R. Davenne, C.J. Densham, M.D. Fitton, P. Loveridge, J. O'Dell
STFC/RAL, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
V.I. Kuksenko, S.G. Roberts
University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Funding: Work supported by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
Beryllium is extensively used in various accelerator beam lines and target facilities as material for beam windows, and to a lesser extent, as secondary particle production targets. With increasing beam intensities of future accelerator facilities, it is critical to understand the response of beryllium under extreme conditions to avoid compromising particle production efficiency by limiting beam parameters. As a result, the planned experiment at CERN’s HiRadMat facility will take advantage of the test facility’s tunable high intensity proton beam to probe and investigate the damage mechanisms of several grades of beryllium. The test matrix will consist of multiple arrays of thin discs of varying thicknesses as well as cylinders, each exposed to increasing beam intensities. Online instrumentations will acquire real time temperature, strain, and vibration data of the cylinders, while Post-Irradiation-Examination (PIE) of the discs will exploit advanced microstructural characterization and imaging techniques to analyze grain structures, crack morphology and surface evolution. Details on the experimental design, online measurements and planned PIE efforts are described in this paper.

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WEPTY017

Development of 650 MHz β=0.9 5-cell Elliptical Cavities for PIP-II

cavity, resonance, linac, controls

3296

M.H. Awida, M.H. Foley, I.V. Gonin, C.J. Grimm, T.N. Khabiboulline, A. Lunin, V.P. Yakovlev
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

5-cell 650 MHz elliptical cavities are being developed for the Proton Improvement Plan II (PIP-II) of Fermilab. The cavities are designed to accelerate protons of relative group velocity β=0.9 at the high energy part of the linear particle accelerator. In this paper, we report the status of these cavities and summarize the results of the quality control measurements performed on four initial prototypes.

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WEPTY020

Design of a Marx-Topology Modulator for FNAL Linac

feedback, linac, cavity, flattop

3306

T.A. Butler, F.G. Garcia, M.R. Kufer, H. Pfeffer, D. Wolff
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

The Fermilab Proton Improvement Plan (PIP) was formed in 2011 to address important and necessary upgrades to the Proton Source machines (Injector line, Linac and Booster). The goal is to increase the proton flux by doubling the Booster beam cycle rate while maintaining the same intensity per cycle, the same uptime, and the same residual activation on the accelerating structures. For Linac, the main focus within PIP is to address reliability. One of the main tasks is to replace the present hard-tube modulator used on the main 200MHz RF system. Plans to replace this high power system with a Marx-topology modulator, capable of providing the required waveform shaping to stable the accelerating gradient and compensate for beam loading, will be presented along with development data from the prototype unit.

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WEPTY051

Stripline Kicker for Integrable Optics Test Accelerator

kicker, impedance, electron, operation

3390

S. A. Antipov
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
A. Didenko, V.A. Lebedev, A. Valishev
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Funding: Fermilab is operated by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the United States Department of Energy.
We present a design of a stripline kicker for Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA). For its experimental program IOTA needs two full-aperture kickers, capable to create an arbitrary controllable kick in 2D. For that reason their strengths are variable in a wide range of amplitudes up to 16 mrad, and the pulse length 100 ns is less than a revolution period for electrons. In addition, the kicker has a physical aperture of 40 mm for a proposed operation with proton beam, and an outer size of 70 mm to fit inside existing quadrupole magnets to save space in the ring. Computer simulations using CST Microwave Studio show high field uniformity and wave impedance close to 50 Ω.

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WEPTY060

Virtual Welding as a Tool for Superconducting Cavity Coarse Tuning

cavity, electron, target, operation

3412

A. Facco, C. Compton, J. Popielarski, G.J. Velianoff
FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science under Cooperative Agreement DE-SC0000661
Reaching the final frequency in the construction of Superconducting Half-Wave Resonators (HWR), either coaxial or spoke, is often a painful and time consuming process which requires several intermediate frequency tests and parts machining between subsequent welding steps. In spite of that, the final frequency error after final welding is often far from the target due to difficult to predict material contraction and cavity deformation induced by electron beam welding (EBW). Final coarse tuning is required by plastic deformation or differential etching. In coaxial HWR, both can decrease the cavity frequency but are not easily suitable to increase it. A novel method developed at MSU is “virtual” welding, i.e. deformation of the cavity shape by applying systematically EBW on the cavity outer surface to induce controlled Nb material contraction in strategic positions. This technique allows to increase the cavity frequency with excellent precision and predictability, thus simplifying and making less expensive and more reliable HWR coarse tuning. Method and experimental results will be described and discussed.

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WEPWI034

Effects of Crab Cavities' Multipole Content in an Electron-Ion Collider

dipole, sextupole, cavity, multipole

3561

A. Castilla, J.R. Delayen, T. Satogata
ODU, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
A. Castilla, J.R. Delayen, V.S. Morozov, T. Satogata
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
A. Castilla
DCI-UG, León, Mexico

Funding: Authored by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under U.S. DOE Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177.
The impact on the beam dynamics of the Medium Energy Electron-Ion Colider (MEIC) due to the multipole content of the 750 MHz crab cavity was studied using thin multipole elements for 6D phase space particle tracking in ELEGANT. Target values of the sextupole component for the cavity’s field expansion were used to perform preliminary studies on the proton beam stability when compared to the case of pure dipole content of the rf kicks. Finally, important effects on the beam sizes due to non-linear components of the crab cavities’ fields were identified and some criteria for their future study were proposed.

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WEPWI053

HTS/lTS Hybrid High Field Superconducting Magnet Designs for the Proposed 100 TeV Proton Colliders

dipole, collider, superconductivity, magnet-design

3609

R.C. Gupta, M. Anerella, A.K. Ghosh, W. Sampson, J. Schmalzle
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
J. Kolonko, D. Larson, R.M. Scanlan, R.J. Weggel, E. Willen
Particle Beam Lasers, Inc., Northridge, California, USA
C.M. Rey
e2P, Knoxville, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under contract Number DE-SC0012704, with the U.S. Department of Energy and STTR contract DOE Grant Number DE-SC0011348.
Proposed proton-proton colliders with a center-of-mass energy up to 100 TeV in a tunnel of desired size require the dipole magnets to be of very high field–20 teslas in some proposals. This field is beyond the limit of present conventional Low Temperature Superconductors (LTS) and requires using High Temperature Superconductors (HTS). The preliminary magnetic design presented in this paper is an HTS/LTS hybrid design with high strength HTS tape used in higher field regions and less expensive LTS in lower field regions, with a goal of optimizing the performance while reducing the cost. A major concern in the magnets built with the HTS tape is the large field errors associated with the conductor magnetization. The strategy presented here aims to reduce those errors considerably. This paper also presents a proof-of-principle design and program to experimentally evaluate that concept.

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THXC2

Ion Beam Therapy with Ions Heavier than Protons: Performance and Prospects

ion, neutron, radiation, shielding

3654

U. Linz
FZJ, Jülich, Germany

Starting from a short discussion on the pros and cons of heavier ions for therapy, the presentation will concentrate on two aspects of the therapy with ions heavier than protons: technical equipment and choice of ion. As major components of an IBT facility, accelerator and gantry issues will dominate the part on equipment. Biophysical, medical, and economical considerations will be discussed in the part featuring the choice of the proper ion.

Slides THXC2 [10.744 MB]

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THPF001

Tomography of Horizontal Phase Space Distribution of a Slow Extracted Proton Beam in the MedAustron High Energy Beam Transfer Line

simulation, extraction, software, synchrotron

3673

A. Wastl
ATI, Vienna, Austria
M. Benedikt
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
A. Garonna
EBG MedAustron, Wr. Neustadt, Austria

Funding: EBG MedAustron Marie Curie Strasse 5 A-2700 Wiener Neustadt www.medaustron.at
MedAustron is a synchrotron based hadron therapy and research center in Wiener Neustadt, Austria, which currently is under commissioning for the first patient treatment. The High Energy Beam Transfer Line (HEBT) consists of mul- tiple functional modules amongst which the phase-shifter- stepper PSS* is the most important module located where the dispersion from the synchrotron is zero and upstream of the switching magnet to the first irradiation room. The PSS is used to control the beam size for the downstream modules and for this scope rotates the beam in horizontal phase space by adjusting the phase advance. This functionality is used in this study to measure beam profiles for multiple phase space angles which act as input for a tomographic reconstruction. Simulation and measurement results are presented.
* M. Benedikt et al, A new concept for the control of a slow-extracted beam in a line with rotational optics, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A, Vol 430, Issues 2–3, 1999

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THPF002

Space Charge Effect Estimation for Synchrotrons with Third-order Resonant Extraction

space-charge, extraction, resonance, injection

3677

M.T.F. Pivi, A. Garonna
EBG MedAustron, Wr. Neustadt, Austria

In proton and ion storage rings using the third-order resonance extraction mechanism, beam particles are slowly extracted from the ring when reaching the resonance stop-band. Typically at beam injection, the horizontal tune is set to a value close to the resonance value. The tune is then moved towards the resonance value to trigger beam extraction in a controlled way. The tune shift generated by space charge forces needs to be taken into account. For this, the incoherent space-charge tune shift for protons of the MedAustron accelerator main ring has been evaluated. This has been performed by multi-particle tracking using an optics model based on MADX, considering a realistic Gaussian beam distribution and exact non-linear space charge electric field forces. The MedAustron accelerator is in the beam commissioning phase and is planned to start medical commissioning at the end of 2015.

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THPF005

The SARAF-LINAC Project for SARAF-Phase 2

linac, rfq, solenoid, cryomodule

3683

N. Pichoff
CEA/DSM/IRFU, France
D. Berkovits, J. Luner, J. Rodnizki
Soreq NRC, Yavne, Israel
P. Bertrand, M. Di Giacomo, R. Ferdinand
GANIL, Caen, France
P. Brédy, G. Ferrand, P. Girardot, F. Gougnaud, M. Jacquemet, A. Mosnier
CEA/IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

SNRC and CEA collaborate to the upgrade of the SARAF Accelerator to 5 mA CW 40 MeV deuteron and proton beams (Phase 2). This paper presents the reference design of the SARAF-LINAC Project including a four-vane 176 MHz RFQ, a MEBT and a superconducting linac made of four five-meter cryomodules housing 26 superconducting HWR cavities and 20 superconducting solenoids. The first two identical cryomodules house low-beta (βopt = 0.091), 280 mm long (flange to flange), 176 MHz HWR cavities, the two identical last cryomodules house high-beta (βopt = 0.181), 410 mm long, 176 MHz, HWR cavities. The beam is focused with superconducting solenoids located between cavities housing steering coils. A BPM is placed upstream each solenoid.

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THPF011

Status of the FAIR Proton Linac

linac, cavity, rfq, diagnostics

3702

R. M. Brodhage, M. Kaiser, W. Vinzenz, M. Vossberg
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
U. Ratzinger
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

For the research program with cooled antiprotons at FAIR a dedicated 70 MeV, 70 mA proton injector is required. The main acceleration of this room temperature linac will be provided by six CH cavities operated at 325 MHz. Within the last years, the assembly and tuning of the first power prototype was finished. The cavity was tested with a preliminary aluminum drift tube structure, which was used for precise frequency and field tuning. Afterwards, the final drift tube structure has been welded inside the main tanks and the galvanic copper plating has taken place at GSI workshops. This paper will report on the recent advances with the prototype as well as on the current status of the overall p-Linac project.

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THPF013

UNILAC Proton Injector Operation for FAIR

cavity, ion, linac, operation

3709

M. Heilmann, A. Adonin, S. Appel, W.A. Barth, P. Gerhard, F. Heymach, R. Hollinger, W. Vinzenz, H. Vormann, S. Yaramyshev
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
W.A. Barth
HIM, Mainz, Germany

The pbar physics program at the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) requires a high number of cooled pbars per hour. The FAIR proton injector with coupled CH-cavities will provide for a high intensity (35 mA) pulsed 70 MeV proton beam at a repetition rate of 4 Hz. The recent heavy ion UNIversal Linear Accelerator (UNILAC) at GSI is able to deliver proton as well as heavy ion beams for injection into the FAIR-synchrotrons. Recently GSI UNILAC could provide for a two orders of magnitude higher proton beam current in routine operation. A hydrocarbon beam (CH3) from the MUCIS ion source was accelerated inside High Current Injector and cracked in a supersonic nitrogen gas jet into stripped protons and carbon ions. A new proton beam intensities record (3 mA) could be achieved during machine experiments in October 2014. Potentially up to 25% of the FAIR proton beam performance is achievable at a maximum UNILAC beam energy of 20 MeV and a repetition rate of 4 Hz. The UNILAC can be used as a high performance proton injector for initial FAIR-commissioning and as a redundant option for the first FAIR-experiments.

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THPF014

325 MHz High Power RF Coupler for the CH-Cavities of the FAIR p-LINAC

coupling, cavity, linac, simulation

3712

F. Maimone, R. M. Brodhage, M. Kaiser, W. Vinzenz, M. Vossberg
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany

In order to supply the input RF power to the Cross-bar H-mode (CH) cavities of the p-LINAC for FAIR an inductive RF coupler has been studied. The designed RF coupler, and its water cooled inductive loop, has to withstand up to a 3 MW pulsed power (at 325 MHz). At GSI a prototype has been manufactured and tests were performed. The prototype of the designed high power RF coupler is presented together with the results of the coupling measurements at the CH-prototype cavity.

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THPF017

Design Studies for the Proton-Linac RFQ for FAIR

rfq, linac, acceleration, simulation

3718

M. Vossberg, R. M. Brodhage, M. Kaiser, F. Maimone, W. Vinzenz, S. Yaramyshev
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany

The planned 27 m long Proton-Linac (P-LINAC) for FAIR (Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research) comprises a RFQ (Radio-Frequency Quadrupole) and 6 CH-cavities to accelerate a 70 mA proton beam up to 70 MeV. The FAIR Proton-Linac starts with a 325.2 MHz, from 95keV to 3 MeV RFQ accelerator. The main RFQ for this Proton-Linac will be a 4-Vane RFQ. RF analytics with varying and constant transverse focusing strengt for the electrode parameters will be used. CST simulations will help to find cavity parameters for the working frequency. This paper presents the main cavity designs concepts and CST simulation results.

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THPF026

Development of a 325 MHz Ladder-RFQ of the 4-Rod Type

rfq, simulation, linac, cavity

3745

M. Schütt, U. Ratzinger
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
R. M. Brodhage
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany

For the research program with cooled antiprotons at FAIR a dedicated 70 MeV, 70 mA proton injector is required. In the low energy section, between the Ion Source and the main linac an RFQ will be used. The 325 MHz RFQ will accelerate protons from 95 keV to 3.0 MeV. This particular high frequency for an RFQ creates difficulties, which are challenging in developing this cavity. In order to define a satisfactory geometrical configuration for this resonator, both from the RF and the mechanical point of view, different designs have been examined and compared. Very promising results have been reached with a ladder type RFQ, which has been investigated since 2013. We present recent 3D simulations of the general layout and of a complete cavity demonstrating the power of a ladder type RFQ as well as measurements of a 0,8 m prototype RFQ, which was manufactured in late 2014 and designed for RF power and vacuum tests. We will outline a possible RF layout for the RFQ within the new FAIR proton injector and highlight the mechanical advantages.

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THPF036

Compact Cyclotron for 35 MeV Protons and 8 AMeV of H²⁺

cyclotron, ion, extraction, acceleration

3776

A. Calanna, L. Calabretta
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
T. Boiesan, R.R. Johnson, L. AC. Piazza, V. Sabaiduc
BCSI, Vancouver, BC, Canada

The design characteristics and parameters of a compact cyclotron able to accelerate H⁻ ions up to an energy of 35 MeV and H²⁺ ions up to an energy of 8 AMeV are presented. This cyclotron is a 4 sector machine and its special feature is the possibility to modify the profiles of the sector hills to allow for the acceleration of the two different species. When equipped with two RF cavities and operated in harmonic mode 4, it accelerates the H⁻ beam, which is extracted by stripping. The resulting proton beam is used for the commercial goal of radioisotope production. On the other hand, when equipped with four RF cavities, also operated in harmonic mode 4, it accelerates a high intensity H²⁺ beam that is of interest for the IsoDAR* experiment. Here, the presented cyclotron takes on the role of a prototype for the central region design of the final IsoDAR* cyclotron (60 A MeV H²⁺). By increasing the number of cavities, the energy gain per turn as well as the vertical focusing along the first orbit are increased, thereby optimizing the acceptance. Moreover, to minimize space-charge effects, the injection energy of H²⁺ is raised to 70 keV compared to the H⁻ injection energy of 40 keV.
arXiv:1307.2949 Whitepaper on the DAEδALUS Program. The DAEδALUS Collaboration

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THPF043

Preliminary Studies of Laser-assisted H⁻ Stripping at 400 MeV

laser, injection, operation, experiment

3795

P.K. Saha, H. Harada, M. Kinsho, T. Maruta, K. Okabe, M. Yoshimoto
JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken, Japan
T.V. Gorlov
ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
Y. Irie
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

Conventional H⁻ stripping injection by using solid stripper foils in high intensity accelerators has many limitations concerning foil scattering beam losses, short lifetime of the foil including unexpected and rapid foil failure due to overheating of the foil. It is not only an issue for reliable machine operation but also for facility maintenance. In the 3-GeV RCS of J-PARC, the residual radiation level is extremely high not only near the injection area but also the used foil itself including the foil holder even at the present operation with one third of the designed 1 MW beam power. As an alternate method, later-assisted stripping of 1 GeV H⁻ beam has been intensively studied at SNS in Oak Ridge. The preparation for the next experiment is underway to demonstrate a three orders of magnitude improvement as compared to the earlier experiment. It is important to extend these studies for the lower H⁻ beam energies. In the same framework as in the SNS, laser stripping for the J-PARC H⁻ beam energy of 400 MeV has been studied in the present work. The real challenges and feasibilities at this lower energy are discussed in this paper.

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THPF049

The Simulation and Manufacture of the Room Temperature Cross-bar H Type Drift Tube Linac

cavity, impedance, DTL, rfq

3811

J.H. Li
China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, People's Republic of China
Z. Li
SCU, Chengdu, People's Republic of China

Funding: This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC).
The room temperature Cross-bar H Type Drift Tube Linac (CH-DTL) is one of the candidate acceleration structures working in CW mode. In order to optimize the parameters, the 3 dimensional electromagnetic field of the CH-DTL cavity is simulated. The method of parameter sweeping with constraint variable is better than the method of parameter sweeping with only one variable during the optimization. In order to simplify the manufacture, the drift tube surface can be designed as spherical shape. The effective shunt impedance of the CH-DTL cavity with cylinder end cup is better than that with cone cup.

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THPF051

Beam-based Alignment Simulation on Transport Line of CSNS

quadrupole, alignment, simulation, controls

3818

Y. Li, Y.W. An, L. Huang, W.B. Liu, S. Wang
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

The China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is a high beam power proton machine which needs high precise alignment. Compared to traditional optical alignment, the beam-based alignment (BBA) technique can implement higher precise alignment. This technique with two implementations is applied to the transport line of CSNS to get the transverse misalignments of beam position monitor (BPM) and quadrupole magnet by measuring BPM data under different conditions. The corresponding control system application programs were developed based on CSNS/XAL platform. The result shows the fitted result is consistent with the input result.

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THPF055

Status of the Superconducting Cavity Development at IHEP for the CADS Linac

cavity, linac, SRF, operation

3824

F.S. He, J.P. Dai, J. Dai, X. Huang, L.H. Li, Z.Q. Li, Q. Ma, Z.H. Mi, B. Ni, W.M. Pan, X.H. Peng, T. Qi, P. Sha, G.W. Wang, Q.Y. Wang, Z. Xue, X.Y. Zhang, G.Y. Zhao
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China
H. Huang, H.Y. Lin
Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China

IHEP (Institute of High Energy Physics) is developing a CW 10MeV proton injector and part of the 25MeV main linac for the CADS project. 14 SRF (superconducting radio frequency) spoke-012 cavities for the injector, as well as 6 SRF spoke-021 cavities for the main linac are to be beam commissioned before middle of 2016; meanwhile, VT (vertical test) of two more types of prototype cavities are to be finished with 2015, for the future phases of the project. In this paper, the VT statistics of 10 spoke012 cavities, 4 spoke021 cavities, and a 5-cell β0.82 elliptical cavity are reported; the cavity performance during beam commissioning of the TCM (test cryomodule) is reported as well.

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THPF057

Beam Commissioning of C-ADS Injector-I RFQ Accelerator

rfq, emittance, linac, simulation

3827

C. Meng, J.S. Cao, Y.Y. Du, H. Geng, T.M. Huang, R.L. Liu, H.F. Ouyang, W.M. Pan, S. Pei, H. Shi, Y.F. Sui, J.L. Wang, S.C. Wang, F. Yan, Q. Ye, L. Yu, Y. Zhao
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

The C-ADS accelerator is a CW (Continuous-Wave) proton linac with 1.5 GeV in beam energy, 10 mA in beam current, and 15 MW in beam power. C-ADS Injector-I accelerator is a 10-mA 10-MeV CW proton linac, which uses a 3.2-MeV normal conducting 4-Vane RFQ and superconducting single-spoke cavities for accelerating. The frequency of RFQ accelerator is 325 MHz. The test stand composed of an ECR ion source, LEBT, RFQ, MEBT and beam dump have been installed and the first stage of beam commissioning have been finished at IHEP in 2014 mid-year. At 90% duty factor, we got 11 mA proton beam at RFQ exit with 90% beam transmission efficiency, while 95% beam transmission efficiency at 70% duty factor. The energy after RFQ was measured by TOF method with FCTs. The transverse emittance measured by double-slits emittance meter was 0.135 π mm-mrad, which of detailed data analysis will be presented in this paper.

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THPF059

RHIC Electron Lenses Upgrades

electron, cathode, ion, controls

3830

X. Gu, Z. Altinbas, S. Binello, D. Bruno, M.R. Costanzo, K.A. Drees, W. Fischer, D.M. Gassner, M. Harvey, J. Hock, K. Hock, Y. Luo, A. Marusic, K. Mernick, C. Mi, R.J. Michnoff, T.A. Miller, M.G. Minty, A.I. Pikin, G. Robert-Demolaize, T. Samms, V. Schoefer, T.C. Shrey, Y. Tan, R. Than, P. Thieberger
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
S.M. White
ESRF, Grenoble, France

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
In the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) 100 GeV polarized proton run in 2015[1], two electron lenses [2] were used for the first time to partially compensate for the head-on beam-beam effect. Here, we describe the design of the current electron lens, detailing the hardware modifications made after the 2014 commissioning run with heavy ions. A new electron gun with 15-mm diameter cathode is characterized. The electron beam transverse profile was measured using a YAG screen and fitted with a Gaussian distribution. During operation, the overlap of the electron and proton beams was achieved using the electron backscattering detector in conjunction with an automated orbit control program.

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THPF062

CADS 650 MHz β=0.63 Elliptical Cavity Study

cavity, HOM, linac, resonance

3836

L.J. Wen, Y. He, Y.M. Li, S.H. Zhang
IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

The China Accelerator Driven Sub-critical System (CADS) is a high intensity proton facility to dispose of nuclear waste and generate electric power. CADS is based on 1.5 GeV, 10mA CW superconducting (SC) linac as a driver. The high-energy section of the linac is composed of two families of SC elliptical cavities which are designed for the geometrical beta 0.63 and 0.82. In this paper, the 650 MHz β=0.63 SC elliptical cavity was studied, including cavity optimization, multipacting, high order modes (HOM) and generator RF power calculation.

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THPF075

Proton Beam of 2 MeV 1.6 mA on a Tandem Accelerator with Vacuum Insulation

neutron, vacuum, ion, high-voltage

3854

S.Yu. Taskaev, D.A. Kasatov, A.S. Kuznetsov, A.N. Makarov, I.M. Shchudlo, I.N. Sorokin
BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia

Funding: The research is conducted with the financial support of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (a unique identifier for applied scientific research – RFMEFI60414X0066).
New type of charged particles accelerator, tandem accelerator with vacuum insulation, was proposed in BINP. The accelerator is characterized by fast acceleration of charged particles, long distance between ion beam and insulator (on which electrodes are mounted), big stored energy in the accelerating gaps and strong input electrostatic lens. High-voltage strength of vacuum gaps, dark currents, ion beam focusing, accelerating and stripping were investigated. Stationary proton beam with 2 MeV energy, 1.6 mA current has just been obtained. The beam is characterized by high energy monochromaticity – 0.1%, and high current stability – 0.5%. Here we report the results of these investigations and discuss the proposal for obtaining 2.5 MeV 3 mA proton beam. The accelerator is considered to be a part of epithermal neutron source for boron neutron capture therapy and monoenergetic neutron source for calibration of dark matter detector.

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THPF080

Status of the ESS Accelerator Construction Project

target, klystron, linac, beam-transport

3870

M. Lindroos, H. Danared, R. Garoby, D.P. McGinnis, E. Tanke
ESS, Lund, Sweden

The European spallation source is now under construction just outside in Lund in Sweden. The driver is a 5 MW linac operating at a duty factor of 4% and at 2 GeV. The detailed design of the buildings is just being completed, and the casting of the accelerator tunnel has started. The accelerator design is getting mature with the major parts under prototyping. A challenging aspect of the project is the large percentage of in-kind contributions. For the accelerator this is now reaching 47% percent in pre commitments by institutes and universities in the ESS member states. We will in this paper give an overview of the ESS accelerator design, the status of prototyping and the organization of the in-kind accelerator construction project.

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THPF082

Considerations on the Fast Pulsed Magnet Systems for the 2 GeV Beam Transfer from the CERN PSB to PS

kicker, injection, operation, extraction

3876

T. Kramer, J.L. Abelleira, W. Bartmann, J. Borburgh, L. Ducimetière, L.M.C. Feliciano, B. Goddard, L. Sermeus
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Within the scope of the LIU project the CERN PS Booster to PS beam transfer will be modified to match the requirements for the future 2 GeV proton beam energy upgrade. The paper describes considerations on the PSB extraction and recombination kickers as well as on the injection kicker(s) into the PS. Different schemes of an injection into the PS have been outlined in the past and are reviewed under the aspect of individual transfer kicker rise and fall time performances. Recent measurements on the recombination kickers are presented and subsequently homogenous rise and fall time requirements in the whole PSB to PS transfer chain are presented. The baseline option for the PS injection kicker(s) is outlined and compared to the previously presented concepts.

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THPF084

ProTec - A Normal-conducting Cyclinac for Proton Therapy Research and Radioisotope Production

cyclotron, linac, cavity, accelerating-gradient

3883

R. Apsimon, G. Burt, S. Pitman
Cockcroft Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
A. Degiovanni
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
J.A. Mitchell
Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
H.L. Owen
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom

The ProTec cyclinac proposes the use of a 24 MeV high-current cyclotron to inject protons into a normal-conducting linac pulsed at up to 1 kHz to give energies up to 150 MeV. As well as being able to produce radioisotopes such as 99mTc, the cyclinac can also provide protons at higher energy with beam properties relevant for proton therapy research. In this paper we present a comparison of linac designs in which S-band structures are used at lower energies, prior to injection into a high-gradient X-band structure; issues such as beam capture and transmission are evaluated.

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THPF090

Status and Plans for the Upgrade of the CERN PS Booster

injection, booster, cavity, hardware

3905

K. Hanke, D. Aguglia, M.E. Angoletta, W. Bartmann, C. Bedel, E. Benedetto, S. Bertolasi, C. Bertone, J. Betz, T.W. Birtwistle, A. Blas, J. Borburgh, C. Bracco, A.C. Butterworth, E. Carlier, S. Chemli, P. Dahlen, A. Dallocchio, G.P. Di Giovanni, T. Dobers, A. Findlay, R. Froeschl, A. Funken, S. Gabourin, J.L. Grenard, D. Grenier, J. Hansen, D. Hay, J.-M. Lacroix, P. Le Roux, L.A. Lopez Hernandez, C. Martin, A. Masi, B. Mikulec, Y. Muttoni, A. Newborough, D. Nisbet, M.R. Obrecht, M.M. Paoluzzi, S. Pittet, B. Puccio, J. Tan, J. Vollaire, W.J.M. Weterings
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

CERN’s Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB) is undergoing a major upgrade program in the frame of the LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) project. During the first long LHC shutdown (LS1) some parts of the upgrade have already been implemented, and the machine has been successfully re-commissioned. More work is planned for the upcoming end-of-year technical stops, notably in 2016/17, while most of the upgrade is planned to take place during the second long LHC shutdown (LS2). We report on the upgrade items already completed and commissioned, the first Run 2 beam performance and give a status of the ongoing design and integration work.

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THPF091

Detailed Studies of Beam Induced Scrubbing in the CERN-SPS

electron, injection, emittance, operation

3908

G. Iadarola, H. Bartosik, T. Bohl, B. Goddard, G. Kotzian, K.S.B. Li, L. Mether, G. Rumolo, M. Schenk, E.N. Shaposhnikova, M. Taborelli
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

In the framework of the LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) program, it is foreseen to take all the necessary measures to avoid electron cloud effects in the CERN-SPS. This can be achieved by either relying on beam induced scrubbing or by coating the vacuum chambers with intrinsically low Secondary Electron Yield (SEY) material over a large fraction of the ring. To clearly establish the potential of beam induced scrubbing, and to eventually decide between the two above options, an extensive scrubbing campaign is taking place at the SPS. Ten days in 2014 and two full weeks in 2015 are devoted to machine scrubbing and scrubbing qualification studies. This paper summarizes the main findings in terms of scrubbing efficiency and reach so far, addressing also the option of using a special doublet beam and its implication for LHC.

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THPF093

Status of the LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) Project at CERN

ion, brightness, linac, injection

3915

M. Meddahi, J. Coupard, H. Damerau, A. Funken, S.S. Gilardoni, B. Goddard, K. Hanke, L. Kobzeva, A.M. Lombardi, D. Manglunki, S. Mataguez, B. Mikulec, G. Rumolo, E.N. Shaposhnikova, M. Vretenar
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

CERN is currently carrying out an ambitious improvement programme of the full LHC Injectors chain in order to enable the delivery of beams with the challenging HL-LHC parameters. The LHC Injectors Upgrade project coordinates this massive upgrade program, and covers a new linac (Linac4 project) as well as upgrades to the Proton Synchrotron Booster, the Proton Synchrotron and Super Proton Synchrotron. The heavy ion injector chain is also included, adding the Linac3 and Low Energy Ion Ring to the list of accelerators concerned. The performance objectives and roadmap of the main upgrades will be presented, including the work status and outlook. The machine studies and milestones during LHC Run 2 will be discussed and a preliminary Long Shutdown 2 installation planning given. Finally, for the LHC Run 3, the beam performance across the full injector chain after all the upgrades will be estimated and the required commissioning stages outlined.

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THPF096

Origin of the Damage to the Internal High Energy Beam Dump in the CERN SPS

simulation, vacuum, kicker, dumping

3927

V. Kain, K. Cornelis, B. Goddard, M. Lamont, I.V. Leitao, R. Losito, C. Maglioni, M. Meddahi, F. Pasdeloup, G.E. Steele, F.M. Velotti
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The high energy beam dump in the SPS has to deal with beams from 10⁵ to 450 GeV/c and intensities of up to 4 ×10¹³ protons. An inspection during the last shutdown revealed significant damage to the Al section of the dump block. This paper summarizes the results of the analysis revealing the most likely cause of the damage to the beam dump. The implications for future SPS operation will also be briefly discussed, together with the short-term solution put in place.

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THPF097

Feasibility Study of a New SPS Beam Dump System

extraction, kicker, quadrupole, septum

3930

F.M. Velotti, J.L. Abelleira, M.J. Barnes, C. Bracco, E. Carlier, F. Cerutti, K. Cornelis, R. Folch, B. Goddard, V. Kain, M. Meddahi, R.F. Morton, J.A. Osborne, F. Pasdeloup, V. Senaj, G.E. Steele, J.A. Uythoven, H. Vincke
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) presently uses an internal beam dump system with two separate blocks to cleanly dispose of low and high energy beams. In view of the increased beam power and brightness needed for the LHC Injector Upgrade project for High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), the performance of this internal beam dump system has been reviewed for future operation. Different possible upgrades of the beam dumping system have been investigated. The initially considered solution for the SPS Beam Dump System is to design a new, dedicated external system, with a dump block in a shielded cavern separated from the machine ring. Unfortunately this solution is not feasible with the present technology. In this paper, the design requirements and the possible solutions are investigated, including considering a new internal beam dump in the Long Straight Section 5 (LSS5).

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THPF098

SPS-to-LHC Transfer Lines Loss Map Generation Using PyCollimate

collimation, scattering, simulation, injection

3934

F.M. Velotti
EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
W. Bartmann, C. Bracco, M.A. Fraser, B. Goddard, V. Kain, M. Meddahi, F.M. Velotti
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The Transfer Lines (TL) linking the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are both equipped with a complete collimation system to protect the LHC against mis-steered beams. During the setting up of these collimators, their gaps are positioned to nominal values and the phase-space coverage of the whole system is checked using a manual validation procedure. In order to perform this setting-up more efficiently and more reliably, the simulated loss maps of the TLs will be used to validate the collimator positions and settings. In this paper, the simulation procedure for the generation of TL loss maps is described, and a detailed overview of the new scattering routine (pycollimate) is given. Finally, the results of simulations benchmark with another scattering routine are presented.

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THPF100

Status of the ESSnuSB Accumulator

linac, target, injection, lattice

3942

E.H.M. Wildner, B.J. Holzer, M. Martini, Y. Papaphilippou, H.O. Schönauer
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
T.J.C. Ekelöf, M. Olvegård, R.J.M.Y. Ruber
Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
M. Eshraqi
ESS, Lund, Sweden

The European Spallation Source (ESS) is a research center based on the world's most powerful neutron source currently under construction in Lund, Sweden. 2.0 GeV, 2.86 ms long proton pulses at 14 Hz are produced for the spallation facility (5MW on target). The possibility to pulse the linac at higher frequency to deliver, in parallel with the spallation neutron production, a very intense, cost effective, high performance neutrino beam. Short pulses on the target require an accumulator ring. The optimization of the accumulator lattice to store these high intensity beams from the linac (1.1x10¹⁵ protons per pulse) has to take into account the space available on the ESS site, transport of H⁻ beams (charge exchange injection), radiation and shielding needs. Space must be available in the ring for collimation and an RF system for the extraction gap and loss control. We present the status of the accumulator for ESS neutrino facility.

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THPF101

Design of a Proton Travelling Wave Linac with a Novel Tracking Code

linac, quadrupole, lattice, simulation

3945

S. Benedetti
EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
U. Amaldi
TERA, Novara, Italy
A. Grudiev, A. Latina
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

A non-relativistic proton linac based on high gradient backward travelling wave accelerating structures was designed using a novel dedicated 3D particle tracking code. Together with the specific RF design approach adopted, the choice of a 2.9985 GHz backward travelling wave (BTW) structure with 150° RF phase advance per cell was driven by the goal of reaching an accelerating gradient of 50 MV/m, which is more than twice that achieved so far. This choice dictated the need to develop a new code for tracking charged particles through travelling wave structures which were never used before in proton linacs. Nevertheless, the new code has the capability of tracking particles through any kind of accelerating structure, given its real and imaginary electromagnetic field map. This project opens a completely new field in the design of compact linacs for proton therapy, possibly leading to cost-effective and widespread single room facilities for cancer treatment.

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THPF102

Verification of the Neutron Mirror Capabilities in MCNPX via Gold Foil Measurements at the EIGER Instrument Beamline at the Swiss Spallation Neutron Source (SINQ)

neutron, target, simulation, scattering

3949

R.M. Bergmann, U. Filges, S.H. Forss, E. Rantsiou, D. Reggiani, T. Reiss, U. Stuhr, V. Talanov, M. Wohlmuther
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

The EIGER triple-axis thermal neutron spectrometer beamline contains “supermirror” neutron guides, which preferentially reflect low-energy neutrons toward the EIGER spectrometer that come from the ambient temperature, light water neutron source in SINQ. Gold foil measurements have been performed at the EIGER beamline in 2013. This process can be modeled from incident proton to thermal neutron exiting the EIGER beamline by using the neutron mirror capabilities of MCNPX, which should be more accurate than simulations with simplified neutron source distributions and geometry representations. The supermirror reflectivity parameters have been measured previously and are used in MCNPX 2.7.0 to reproduce the activity measured from the gold foil irradiation, verifying the neutron mirror modeling capabilities in MCNPX 2.7.0.

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THPF103

Current Status of the SANAEM RFQ Accelerator Beamline

rfq, plasma, simulation, cavity

3952

G. Turemen, B. Yasatekin
Ankara University, Faculty of Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
Y. Akgun, A.S. Bolukdemir
TAEK, Ankara, Turkey
A. Alacakir
SNRTC, Ankara, Turkey
A. Bozbey, A. Sahin
TOBB ETU, Ankara, Turkey
S. Erhan
UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
Ö. Mete
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
S. Ogur, V. Yildiz
Bogazici University, Bebek / Istanbul, Turkey
S. Oz, A. Ozbey, H. Yildiz
Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
G. Unel
UCI, Irvine, California, USA
F. Yaman
IZTECH, Izmir, Turkey

The design and production of the proton beamline of SPP, which aims to educate accelerator physicists and serve as particle accelerator technologies test bench, continues at TAEK-SANAEM as a multi-phase project. For the first phase, the 20 keV protons will be accelerated to 1.3 MeV by a single piece RFQ. Currently, the beam current and stability tests are ongoing for the Inductively Coupled Plasma ion source and the measured magnetic field maps of the Low Energy Beam Transport solenoids are being matched to the RFQ acceptance with various beam configurations of the ion source by using computer simulations. The production of the RFQ cavity was started by using high grade aluminum material which will be subsequently coated by Copper to reduce the RF losses. The installation of the low energy diagnostics box was also completed. On the RF side, the development of the hybrid power supply based on solid state and tetrode amplifiers continues. All RF transmission components are already produced with the exception of the circulator and the power coupling antenna which are in the manufacture and design phases, respectively. The acceptance tests of the produced RF components are ongoing. This work summarizes the design, production and test phases of the above mentioned SPP proton beamline components.

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THPF105

Status of the RAL Front End Test Stand

rfq, emittance, quadrupole, ion

3959

A.P. Letchford, M.A. Clarke-Gayther, M. Dudman, D.C. Faircloth, S.R. Lawrie
STFC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
S.M.H. Alsari, M. Aslaninejad, J.K. Pozimski, P. Savage
Imperial College of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, London, United Kingdom
J.J. Back
University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
G.E. Boorman, A. Bosco, S.M. Gibson
Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, United Kingdom
R.T.P. D'Arcy, S. Jolly
UCL, London, United Kingdom
J.K. Pozimski
STFC/RAL, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom

The Front End Test Stand (FETS) under construction at RAL is a demonstrator of front end systems for future high power proton linacs. Possible applications include a linac upgrade for the ISIS spallation neutron source, new future neutron sources, accelerator driven sub-critical systems, high energy physics proton drivers etc. Designed to deliver a 60mA H-minus beam at 3MeV with a 10% duty factor, FETS consists of a high brightness surface plasma ion source, magnetic solenoid low energy beam transport (LEBT), 4-vane 324MHz radio frequency quadrupole and medium energy beam transport (MEBT) containing a high speed beam chopper and non-destructive laser diagnostics. This paper describes the current status of the project and future plans.

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THPF106

Review of Linac Upgrade Options for the ISIS Spallation Neutron Source

linac, DTL, neutron, cavity

3962

D.C. Plostinar, C.R. Prior, G.H. Rees
STFC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom

The ISIS Spallation Neutron Source at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory has recently celebrated 30 years of neutron production. However, with increasing demand for improved reliability and higher beam power it has become clear that a machine upgrade is necessary in the medium to long term. One of the upgrade options is to replace the existing 70 MeV H⁻ injector. In this paper we review the ongoing upgrade programme and highlight three linac upgrade scenarios now under study. The first option is to keep the existing infrastructure and replace the current linac with a higher frequency, more efficient machine. This would allow energies in excess of 100 MeV to be achieved in the same tunnel length. A second option is to replace the current linac with a new 180 MeV linac, requiring a new tunnel. A third option is part of a larger upgrade scenario and involves the construction of an 800 MeV superconducting linac.

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THPF113

Energy Spread of the Proton Beam in the Fermilab Booster at Its Injection Energy

booster, injection, cavity, simulation

3979

C.M. Bhat, B.E. Chase, S. Chaurize, F.G. Garcia, W. Pellico, K. Seiya, T. Sullivan, A.K. Triplett
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Funding: Operated by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the United States Department of Energy
We have measured the total energy spread (99% energy spread) of the Booster beam at its injection energy of 400 MeV by three different methods - 1) creating a notch of about 40 nsec wide in the beam immediately after multiple turn injection and measuring the slippage time required for high and low momentum particles for a grazing touch in line-charge distribution, 2) injecting partial turn beam and letting it to debunch, and 3) comparing the beam profile monitor data with predictions from MAD simulations for the 400 MeV injection beam line. The measurements are repeated under varieties of conditions of RF systems in the ring and in the beam transfer line.

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THPF116

PIP-II Status and Strategy

linac, booster, operation, injection

3982

S.D. Holmes, P. Derwent, V.A. Lebedev, C.S. Mishra, D.V. Mitchell, V.P. Yakovlev
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Funding: Work supported by the Fermi Research Alliance under U.S. Department of Energy contract number DE-AC02-07CH11359
Proton Improvement Plan-II (PIP-II) is the centerpiece of Fermilab’s plan for upgrading the accelerator complex to establish the leading facility in the world for particle physics research based on intense proton beams. PIP-II has been developed to provide 1.2 MW of proton beam power at the start of operations of the Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE), while simultaneously providing a platform for eventual extension of LBNE beam power to >2 MW and enabling future initiatives in rare processes research based on high duty factor/higher beam power operations. PIP-II is based on the construction of a new, 800 MeV, superconducting linac, augmented by improvements to the existing Booster, Recycler, and Main Injector complex. PIP-II is currently in the development stage with an R&D program underway targeting the front end and superconducting rf acceleration technologies. This paper will describe the status of the PIP-II conceptual development, the associated technology R&D programs, and the strategy for project implementation.

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THPF120

Design of the LBNF Beamline

target, shielding, operation, experiment

3992

V. Papadimitriou, R. Andrews, J. Hylen, T.R. Kobilarcik, G.E. Krafczyk, A. Marchionni, C.D. Moore, P. Schlabach, S. Tariq
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Funding: Work supported by the Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the United States Department of Energy.
The Long Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) will utilize a beamline located at Fermilab to carry out a compelling research program in neutrino physics. The facility will aim a wide band neutrino beam toward underground detectors placed at the SURF Facility in South Dakota, about 1,300 km away. The main elements of the facility are a primary proton beamline and a neutrino beamline. The primary proton beam (60-120 GeV) will be extracted from the MI-10 section of Fermilab’s Main Injector. Neutrinos are produced after the protons hit a solid target and produce mesons which are subsequently focused by magnetic horns into a 204m long decay pipe where they decay into muons and neutrinos. The parameters of the facility were determined taking into account the physics goals, spacial and radiological constraints and the experience gained by operating the NuMI facility at Fermilab. The initial proton beam power is expected to be 1.2 MW, however the facility is designed to be upgradeable to 2.4 MW. We discuss here the design status and the associated challenges as well as plans for improvements before baselining the facility.

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THPF121

Out of Time Beam Extinction in the Mu2e Experiment

dipole, simulation, experiment, extraction

3996

E. Prebys, S.J. Werkema
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Funding: This project is supported by the US Department of Energy under contract No. De-AC02-07CH11359 .
The Mu2e Experiment at Fermilab will search for the conversion of a muon to an electron in the field of an atomic nucleus with unprecedented sensitivity. The experiment requires a beam consisting of proton bunches approximately 200ns FW long, separated by 1.7 microseconds, with no out-of-time protons at the 10^-10 fractional level. Satisfying this "extinction" requirement is very challenging. Simulations show that the formation of the bunches will result in an extinction of roughly 10^-5. The remaining extinction will be accomplished by a system of resonant magnets and collimators, configured such that only in-time beam is delivered to the experiment.

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THPF123

Modeling Proton- and Light Ion-Induced Reactions at Low Energies in the MARS15 Code

neutron, target, ion, light-ion

4003

I.L. Rakhno, N.V. Mokhov
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
K. K. Gudima
Institute of Applied Physics, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova

Funding: This work is supported by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, under contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
Correct predictions of secondary particles generated in proton-nucleus interactions below a few tens of MeV is required for radiation studies for front-end of many proton accelerators, energy deposition studies for detectors, radiation damage calculations. Cascade models of various flavors fail to properly describe this energy region. Therefore, we opted to use the existing TENDL library provided in the ENDF/B format in the energy range from 1 to 200 MeV. A much more time-consuming approach utilized in a modified code ALICE was also looked at. For both the options, the energy and angle distributions of all secondary particles are described with the Kalbach-Mann systematics. The following secondaries are taken into account: gammas, nucleons, deuterons, tritons, He-3, He-4 and all generated residual nuclei. Comparisons with experimental data for both the options are presented. The corresponding software is written in C++. Initialization of required evaluated data is performed dynamically whenever the modeling code encounters a nuclide not accounted for yet. It enables us to significantly reduce the amount of requested memory for extended systems with large number of materials.

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THPF128

Accelerator Physics and Technology Research Toward Future Multi-MW Proton Accelerators

target, electron, SRF, experiment

4019

V.D. Shiltsev, P. Hurh, A. Romanenko, A. Valishev, R.M. Zwaska
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Funding: Fermi Research Alliance, LLC operates Fermilab under contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy
Recent P5 report indicated the accelerator-based neutrino and rare decay physics research as a centrepiece of the US domestic HEP program. Operation, upgrade and development of the accelerators for the near-term and longer-term particle physics program at the Intensity Frontier face formidable challenges. Here we discuss accelerator physics and technology research toward future multi-MW proton accelerators.

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THPF131

Beam Studies for the Proton Improvement Plan (PIP) - Reducing Beam Loss at the Fermilab Booster

booster, injection, simulation, lattice

4027

K. Seiya, C.M. Bhat, D.E. Johnson, V.V. Kapin, W. Pellico, C.-Y. Tan, R. Tesarek
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

The Fermilab Booster is being upgraded under the Proton Improvement Plan (PIP) to be capable of providing a proton flux of 2.25·10¹⁷ protons per hour. The intensity per cycle will remain at the present operational 4.3·10¹² protons per pulse, however the Booster beam cycle rate is going to be increased from 7.5 Hz to 15 Hz. One of the biggest challenges is to maintain the present beam loss power while the doubling the beam flux. Under PIP, there has been a large effort in beam studies and simulations to better understand the mechanisms of the beam loss. The goal is to reduce it by half by correcting and controlling the beam dynamics and by improving operational systems through hardware upgrades. This paper is going to present the recent beam study results and status of the Booster operations.

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THPF140

Unique Accelerator Integration Features of the Heavy Ion CW Driver Linac at FRIB

linac, beam-loading, solenoid, focusing

4051

Y. Yamazaki, N.K. Bultman, A. Facco, M. Ikegami, F. Marti, G. Pozdeyev, J. Wei, Y. Zhang, Q. Zhao
FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science under Cooperative Agreement DE-SC0000661
The FRIB driver linac is a front runner for the future high power hadron linacs, making a full use of CW, superconducting acceleration from very low β. Accelerator Driven Nuclear Waste Transmutation System (ADS), International Fusion Material Irradiation Facility (IFMIF), Project-X type proton accelerators for high energy physics and others may utilize the technologies developed for the design, construction, commissioning and power ramp up of the FRIB linac. Although each technology has been already well developed individually (except for charge stripper), their integration is another challenge. In addition, extremely high Bragg peak of uranium beams (several thousand times as high as that of proton beams) gives rise to one of the biggest challenges in many aspects. This report summarizes these challenges and their mitigations, emphasizing the commonly overlooked features.

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FRYGB1

High Power Proton Beam Facilities: Operational Experience, Challenges, and the Future

target, hardware, rfq, operation

4102

S.M. Cousineau
ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA

High power proton accelerators are increasingly popular as drivers for secondary beams with a large variety of applications, such as neutron sources for materials science and neutrino factories for high energy physics. In the last few decades, average beam powers have increased substantially, giving rise to an array of challenges centered on providing high beam power and availability while maintaining low activation levels. This talk summarizes the current status of high power proton accelerators. It discusses recent operational experiences and lessons learned, and identifies the primary hardware and beam dynamics limitations. A brief review of planned next generation facilities and driving technologies is also presented.

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