IPAC2015 - List of Keywords (brightness)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
TUBC2	Multi-GHz Pulse-Train X-Band Capability for Laser Compton X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Sources	laser, electron, scattering, photon	1363
	D.J. Gibson, G.G. Anderson, S.G. Anderson, C.P.J. Barty, R.A. Marsh, M. J. Messerly, M.A. Prantil LLNL, Livermore, California, USA
	Funding: This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. A wide variety of light-source applications would benefit from increased average brightness, which generally corresponds to increasing average current in the driving accelerator. Presented is an accelerator architecture that is capable of producing hundreds of electron bunches, spaced as close together as every RF cycle, which provides the chance to increase current while maintaining beam quality. This system relies on an X-band photoinjector and a photoinjection drive laser that is driven by the same rf source to ensure synchronization, and an interaction laser system designed to match the duty cycle of the electron pulse train. Results of the photoinjector laser performance and initial experimental measurements of beam quality in accelerated bunch trains are presented, along with a discussion of the impact on the performance of tunable, narrow-bandwidth x-ray and gamma-ray beams based on Compton-scattering.
	Slides TUBC2 [20.256 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2015-TUBC2
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TUPWA007	UPGRADED OPTICS FOR SIRIUS WITH IMPROVED MATCHING OF ELECTRON AND PHOTON BEAM EMITTANCES	photon, optics, quadrupole, emittance	1407
	L. Liu, N. Milas, A.H.C. Mukai, X.R. Resende, F. H. de Sá LNLS, Campinas, Brazil
	A new optics has been designed for Sirius with improved betatron function matching in the 6 meter-long low beta straight sections for insertion devices. Both horizontal and vertical betatron functions are set to 1.5 m in the center of the section, improving the matching of the electron and undulator photon beams. In addition, the horizontal beam stay clear has also been reduced allowing for small horizontal gap devices as well as the conventional small vertical gap ones. The new design optics has been optimized to the same previous performance regarding dynamic aperture and momentum acceptance.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2015-TUPWA007
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TUPJE055	The Evolution of the Transverse Energy Distribution of Electrons from a GaAs Photocathode as a Function of its Degradation State	electron, detector, cathode, vacuum	1748
	L.B. Jones, B.L. Militsyn, T.C.Q. Noakes STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom H.E. Scheibler, A.S. Terekhov ISP, Novosibirsk, Russia
	The brightness of a photoelectron injector is fundamentally limited by the mean longitudinal and transverse energy distributions of the photoelectrons emitted from its photocathode, and is increased significantly if the mean values of these quantities are reduced. To address this, ASTeC constructed a Transverse Energy Spread Spectrometer (TESS)* – an experimental facility designed to measure these transverse and longitudinal energy distributions which can be used for III-V semiconductor, alkali antimonide/telluride and metal photocathode research. We present measurements showing evolution of the transverse energy distribution of electrons from GaAs photocathodes as a function of their degradation state. Photocathodes were activated to negative electron affinity in our photocathode preparation facility (PPF)** with quantum efficiency around 10.5%. They were then transferred to TESS under XHV conditions, and progressively degraded through controlled exposure to oxygen. Data has been collected under photocathode illumination at 635 nm, and demonstrates a constant relationship between energy distribution and the level of electron affinity. * Proc. FEL ’13, TUPPS033, 290-293 ** Proc. IPAC '10, TUPE095, 2347-2349, Proc. IPAC ’11, THPC129, 3185-3187
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2015-TUPJE055
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TUPJE067	Status of the APS Upgrade Project	photon, lattice, emittance, dipole	1791
	S. Henderson ANL, Argonne, Ilinois, USA
	Funding: Work supported by U.S. Dept. of Energy, Office of Science, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357 A concept for an upgrade to the Advanced Photon Source based on a multi-bend achromat lattice is being developed at Argonne National Laboratory. An MBA upgrade to the APS will reduce the horizontal emittance by a factor of ~50. Coupled with superconducting undulators, the APS-U brightness will be two to three orders of magnitude beyond that which is available today at the APS.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2015-TUPJE067
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TUPMA023	Two-Dimensional Calculation of Channeling Radiation Spectrum for High-Brightness Hard X-Ray Production	electron, radiation, lattice, ion	1888
	W.D. Rush, J. Shi KU, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
	The channeling radiation spectrum is calculated without using the one-dimensional approximation in the planar channeling radiation model or the single-string approximation in the axial channeling radiation model. The obtained spectrum of the two-dimensional channeling radiaiton is significantly different from those previously calculated with the approximations. The calculation presented here is of the channeling radiation experiments conducted at Fermilab Advanced Superconducting Test Accelerator (ASTA) photoinjector with electron beam energies of 20-50 MeV and a diamond target. The computational method developed in this work can be applied to general cases of different crystals and beams with different energy and emittances.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2015-TUPMA023
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TUPMA041	On the Characterization of a CCR Source	radiation, FEL, impedance, emittance	1926
	A.V. Smirnov RadiaBeam, Santa Monica, California, USA
	Funding: US Department of Energy, contract # DE- SC-FOA-0000760 Peak and spectral brightness of a resonant long-range wakefield extractor are evaluated. It is shown that the brightness is dominated by beam density within the slow wave structure and antenna gain of the outcoupling. Far field radiation patterns and brightness of circular and high-aspect-ratio planar radiators are compared. A possibility to approach the diffraction limited brightness is demonstrated. Role of group velocity in designing of the Cherenkov source is emphasized. The approach can be applied for design and characterization of various structure-dominated sources (e.g., wakefield extractors with gratings or dielectrics, or FEL-Cherenkov combined sources) radiating into a free space using an antenna (from microwave to far infra-red regions). The high group velocity structures can be also effective as energy dechirpers and for diagnostics of microbunched relativistic electron beams.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2015-TUPMA041
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TUPTY020	Building a Luminosity Model for the LHC and HL-LHC	emittance, luminosity, injection, proton	2042
	F. Antoniou, G. Arduini, Y. Papaphilippou, G. Papotti CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	One key objective of the High Luminosity LHC Upgrade is to determine a set of beam parameters and the hardware configuration that will enable the LHC to reach a peak luminosity of 5×10³⁴ cm^-2 s^-1 and ultimately 7.5x10³⁴ cm^-2 s^-1 with levelling, allowing an integrated luminosity of 250-300 fb^-1 per year. In order to determine the integrated performance it is important to develop a realistic model of the luminosity evolution during a physics fill. In this paper, the different mechanisms affecting luminosity lifetime in the LHC are discussed and a luminosity model is presented. The model is benchmarked with data from LHC Run I.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2015-TUPTY020
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TUPTY048	Changes to the Transfer Line Collimation System for the High-Luminosity LHC Beams	optics, collimation, injection, luminosity	2124
	V. Kain, O. Aberle, C. Bracco, M.A. Fraser, F. Galleazzi, A. Kosmicki, F.L. Maciariello, M. Meddahi, F.-X. Nuiry, G.E. Steele, F.M. Velotti CERN, Geneva, Switzerland E. Gianfelice-Wendt Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	The current LHC transfer line collimation system will not be able to provide enough protection for the high brightness beams in the high-luminosity LHC era. The new collimation system will have to attenuate more and be more robust than its predecessor. The active jaw length of the new transfer line collimators will therefore be 2.1 m instead of currently 1.2 m. The transfer line optics will have to be adjusted for the new collimator locations and larger beta functions at the collimators for absorber robustness reasons. In this paper the new design of the transfer line collimation system will be presented with its implications on transfer line optics and powering, maintainability, protection of transfer line magnets in case of beam loss on a collimator and protection of the LHC aperture
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2015-TUPTY048
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WEPMA056	Development of Superconducting Spoke Cavities for Laser Compton Scattered X-ray Sources	cavity, electron, operation, linac	2902
	R. Hajima, M. Sawamura JAEA, Ibaraki-ken, Japan E. Cenni, Y. Iwashita, H. Tongu Kyoto ICR, Uji, Kyoto, Japan T. Kubo, T. Saeki KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
	Funding: This study is supported by Photon and Quantum Basic Research Coordinated Development Program of MEXT, Japan. A 5-year research program on the development of superconducting spoke cavities for electron accelerators has been funded by MEXT, Japan since 2013. The purpose of our program is establishing design and fabrication processes of superconducting spoke cavity optimized for compact X-ray sources based on laser Compton scattering. The spoke cavity is expected to realize a compact industrial-use X-ray source with a reasonable cost and easy operation. We have chosen a cavity frequency at 325 MHz due to possible operation at 4 K and carried out cavity shape optimization in terms of electromagnetic and mechanical properties. Production of press-forming dies is also in progress. In this paper, we present overview and up-to-date status of the research program.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2015-WEPMA056
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THPF093	Status of the LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) Project at CERN	ion, proton, linac, injection	3915
	M. Meddahi, J. Coupard, H. Damerau, A. Funken, S.S. Gilardoni, B. Goddard, K. Hanke, L. Kobzeva, A.M. Lombardi, D. Manglunki, S. Mataguez, B. Mikulec, G. Rumolo, E.N. Shaposhnikova, M. Vretenar CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	CERN is currently carrying out an ambitious improvement programme of the full LHC Injectors chain in order to enable the delivery of beams with the challenging HL-LHC parameters. The LHC Injectors Upgrade project coordinates this massive upgrade program, and covers a new linac (Linac4 project) as well as upgrades to the Proton Synchrotron Booster, the Proton Synchrotron and Super Proton Synchrotron. The heavy ion injector chain is also included, adding the Linac3 and Low Energy Ion Ring to the list of accelerators concerned. The performance objectives and roadmap of the main upgrades will be presented, including the work status and outlook. The machine studies and milestones during LHC Run 2 will be discussed and a preliminary Long Shutdown 2 installation planning given. Finally, for the LHC Run 3, the beam performance across the full injector chain after all the upgrades will be estimated and the required commissioning stages outlined.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2015-THPF093
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THPF147	Increasing the Beam Brightness of a Duoplasmatron Proton Ion Source	emittance, extraction, ion, ion-source	4070
	Y.K. Batygin, I.N. Draganic, C.M. Fortgang LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
	Funding: Work supported by the United States Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Agency, under contract DE-AC52-06NA25396 The LANSCE accelerator facility operates with two independent ion injectors for H⁺ and H⁻ particle beams. The H⁺ ion beam is formed using a duoplasmatron source followed by a 750 keV Cockroft-Walton accelerating column. Formation of an optimal plasma meniscus is an important feature for minimizing beam emittance and maximizing beam brightness. An experimental study was performed to determine optimal conditions of extracted H⁺ beam for maximizing beam brightness. Study was based on measurements of beam emittance versus variable beam current and extraction voltage. Measurements yielded 0.52 as the best ratio of beam perveance to Child - Langmuir perveance for maximizing beam brightness. As a result of optimization, beam brightness was increased by a factor of 2.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2015-THPF147
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Paper

Title

Other Keywords

Page

TUBC2

Multi-GHz Pulse-Train X-Band Capability for Laser Compton X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Sources

laser, electron, scattering, photon

1363

D.J. Gibson, G.G. Anderson, S.G. Anderson, C.P.J. Barty, R.A. Marsh, M. J. Messerly, M.A. Prantil
LLNL, Livermore, California, USA

Funding: This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344.
A wide variety of light-source applications would benefit from increased average brightness, which generally corresponds to increasing average current in the driving accelerator. Presented is an accelerator architecture that is capable of producing hundreds of electron bunches, spaced as close together as every RF cycle, which provides the chance to increase current while maintaining beam quality. This system relies on an X-band photoinjector and a photoinjection drive laser that is driven by the same rf source to ensure synchronization, and an interaction laser system designed to match the duty cycle of the electron pulse train. Results of the photoinjector laser performance and initial experimental measurements of beam quality in accelerated bunch trains are presented, along with a discussion of the impact on the performance of tunable, narrow-bandwidth x-ray and gamma-ray beams based on Compton-scattering.

Slides TUBC2 [20.256 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2015-TUBC2

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TUPWA007

UPGRADED OPTICS FOR SIRIUS WITH IMPROVED MATCHING OF ELECTRON AND PHOTON BEAM EMITTANCES

photon, optics, quadrupole, emittance

1407

L. Liu, N. Milas, A.H.C. Mukai, X.R. Resende, F. H. de Sá
LNLS, Campinas, Brazil

A new optics has been designed for Sirius with improved betatron function matching in the 6 meter-long low beta straight sections for insertion devices. Both horizontal and vertical betatron functions are set to 1.5 m in the center of the section, improving the matching of the electron and undulator photon beams. In addition, the horizontal beam stay clear has also been reduced allowing for small horizontal gap devices as well as the conventional small vertical gap ones. The new design optics has been optimized to the same previous performance regarding dynamic aperture and momentum acceptance.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2015-TUPWA007

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TUPJE055

The Evolution of the Transverse Energy Distribution of Electrons from a GaAs Photocathode as a Function of its Degradation State

electron, detector, cathode, vacuum

1748

L.B. Jones, B.L. Militsyn, T.C.Q. Noakes
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
H.E. Scheibler, A.S. Terekhov
ISP, Novosibirsk, Russia

The brightness of a photoelectron injector is fundamentally limited by the mean longitudinal and transverse energy distributions of the photoelectrons emitted from its photocathode, and is increased significantly if the mean values of these quantities are reduced. To address this, ASTeC constructed a Transverse Energy Spread Spectrometer (TESS)* – an experimental facility designed to measure these transverse and longitudinal energy distributions which can be used for III-V semiconductor, alkali antimonide/telluride and metal photocathode research. We present measurements showing evolution of the transverse energy distribution of electrons from GaAs photocathodes as a function of their degradation state. Photocathodes were activated to negative electron affinity in our photocathode preparation facility (PPF)** with quantum efficiency around 10.5%. They were then transferred to TESS under XHV conditions, and progressively degraded through controlled exposure to oxygen. Data has been collected under photocathode illumination at 635 nm, and demonstrates a constant relationship between energy distribution and the level of electron affinity.
* Proc. FEL ’13, TUPPS033, 290-293
** Proc. IPAC '10, TUPE095, 2347-2349, Proc. IPAC ’11, THPC129, 3185-3187

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2015-TUPJE055

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TUPJE067

Status of the APS Upgrade Project

photon, lattice, emittance, dipole

1791

S. Henderson
ANL, Argonne, Ilinois, USA

Funding: Work supported by U.S. Dept. of Energy, Office of Science, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357
A concept for an upgrade to the Advanced Photon Source based on a multi-bend achromat lattice is being developed at Argonne National Laboratory. An MBA upgrade to the APS will reduce the horizontal emittance by a factor of ~50. Coupled with superconducting undulators, the APS-U brightness will be two to three orders of magnitude beyond that which is available today at the APS.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2015-TUPJE067

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TUPMA023

Two-Dimensional Calculation of Channeling Radiation Spectrum for High-Brightness Hard X-Ray Production

electron, radiation, lattice, ion

1888

W.D. Rush, J. Shi
KU, Lawrence, Kansas, USA

The channeling radiation spectrum is calculated without using the one-dimensional approximation in the planar channeling radiation model or the single-string approximation in the axial channeling radiation model. The obtained spectrum of the two-dimensional channeling radiaiton is significantly different from those previously calculated with the approximations. The calculation presented here is of the channeling radiation experiments conducted at Fermilab Advanced Superconducting Test Accelerator (ASTA) photoinjector with electron beam energies of 20-50 MeV and a diamond target. The computational method developed in this work can be applied to general cases of different crystals and beams with different energy and emittances.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2015-TUPMA023

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TUPMA041

On the Characterization of a CCR Source

radiation, FEL, impedance, emittance

1926

A.V. Smirnov
RadiaBeam, Santa Monica, California, USA

Funding: US Department of Energy, contract # DE- SC-FOA-0000760
Peak and spectral brightness of a resonant long-range wakefield extractor are evaluated. It is shown that the brightness is dominated by beam density within the slow wave structure and antenna gain of the outcoupling. Far field radiation patterns and brightness of circular and high-aspect-ratio planar radiators are compared. A possibility to approach the diffraction limited brightness is demonstrated. Role of group velocity in designing of the Cherenkov source is emphasized. The approach can be applied for design and characterization of various structure-dominated sources (e.g., wakefield extractors with gratings or dielectrics, or FEL-Cherenkov combined sources) radiating into a free space using an antenna (from microwave to far infra-red regions). The high group velocity structures can be also effective as energy dechirpers and for diagnostics of microbunched relativistic electron beams.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2015-TUPMA041

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TUPTY020

Building a Luminosity Model for the LHC and HL-LHC

emittance, luminosity, injection, proton

2042

F. Antoniou, G. Arduini, Y. Papaphilippou, G. Papotti
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

One key objective of the High Luminosity LHC Upgrade is to determine a set of beam parameters and the hardware configuration that will enable the LHC to reach a peak luminosity of 5×10³⁴ cm^-2 s^-1 and ultimately 7.5x10³⁴ cm^-2 s^-1 with levelling, allowing an integrated luminosity of 250-300 fb^-1 per year. In order to determine the integrated performance it is important to develop a realistic model of the luminosity evolution during a physics fill. In this paper, the different mechanisms affecting luminosity lifetime in the LHC are discussed and a luminosity model is presented. The model is benchmarked with data from LHC Run I.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2015-TUPTY020

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TUPTY048

Changes to the Transfer Line Collimation System for the High-Luminosity LHC Beams

optics, collimation, injection, luminosity

2124

V. Kain, O. Aberle, C. Bracco, M.A. Fraser, F. Galleazzi, A. Kosmicki, F.L. Maciariello, M. Meddahi, F.-X. Nuiry, G.E. Steele, F.M. Velotti
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
E. Gianfelice-Wendt
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

The current LHC transfer line collimation system will not be able to provide enough protection for the high brightness beams in the high-luminosity LHC era. The new collimation system will have to attenuate more and be more robust than its predecessor. The active jaw length of the new transfer line collimators will therefore be 2.1 m instead of currently 1.2 m. The transfer line optics will have to be adjusted for the new collimator locations and larger beta functions at the collimators for absorber robustness reasons. In this paper the new design of the transfer line collimation system will be presented with its implications on transfer line optics and powering, maintainability, protection of transfer line magnets in case of beam loss on a collimator and protection of the LHC aperture

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2015-TUPTY048

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WEPMA056

Development of Superconducting Spoke Cavities for Laser Compton Scattered X-ray Sources

cavity, electron, operation, linac

2902

R. Hajima, M. Sawamura
JAEA, Ibaraki-ken, Japan
E. Cenni, Y. Iwashita, H. Tongu
Kyoto ICR, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
T. Kubo, T. Saeki
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

Funding: This study is supported by Photon and Quantum Basic Research Coordinated Development Program of MEXT, Japan.
A 5-year research program on the development of superconducting spoke cavities for electron accelerators has been funded by MEXT, Japan since 2013. The purpose of our program is establishing design and fabrication processes of superconducting spoke cavity optimized for compact X-ray sources based on laser Compton scattering. The spoke cavity is expected to realize a compact industrial-use X-ray source with a reasonable cost and easy operation. We have chosen a cavity frequency at 325 MHz due to possible operation at 4 K and carried out cavity shape optimization in terms of electromagnetic and mechanical properties. Production of press-forming dies is also in progress. In this paper, we present overview and up-to-date status of the research program.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2015-WEPMA056

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THPF093

Status of the LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) Project at CERN

ion, proton, linac, injection

3915

M. Meddahi, J. Coupard, H. Damerau, A. Funken, S.S. Gilardoni, B. Goddard, K. Hanke, L. Kobzeva, A.M. Lombardi, D. Manglunki, S. Mataguez, B. Mikulec, G. Rumolo, E.N. Shaposhnikova, M. Vretenar
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

CERN is currently carrying out an ambitious improvement programme of the full LHC Injectors chain in order to enable the delivery of beams with the challenging HL-LHC parameters. The LHC Injectors Upgrade project coordinates this massive upgrade program, and covers a new linac (Linac4 project) as well as upgrades to the Proton Synchrotron Booster, the Proton Synchrotron and Super Proton Synchrotron. The heavy ion injector chain is also included, adding the Linac3 and Low Energy Ion Ring to the list of accelerators concerned. The performance objectives and roadmap of the main upgrades will be presented, including the work status and outlook. The machine studies and milestones during LHC Run 2 will be discussed and a preliminary Long Shutdown 2 installation planning given. Finally, for the LHC Run 3, the beam performance across the full injector chain after all the upgrades will be estimated and the required commissioning stages outlined.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2015-THPF093

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THPF147

Increasing the Beam Brightness of a Duoplasmatron Proton Ion Source

emittance, extraction, ion, ion-source

4070

Y.K. Batygin, I.N. Draganic, C.M. Fortgang
LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

Funding: Work supported by the United States Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Agency, under contract DE-AC52-06NA25396
The LANSCE accelerator facility operates with two independent ion injectors for H⁺ and H⁻ particle beams. The H⁺ ion beam is formed using a duoplasmatron source followed by a 750 keV Cockroft-Walton accelerating column. Formation of an optimal plasma meniscus is an important feature for minimizing beam emittance and maximizing beam brightness. An experimental study was performed to determine optimal conditions of extracted H⁺ beam for maximizing beam brightness. Study was based on measurements of beam emittance versus variable beam current and extraction voltage. Measurements yielded 0.52 as the best ratio of beam perveance to Child - Langmuir perveance for maximizing beam brightness. As a result of optimization, beam brightness was increased by a factor of 2.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2015-THPF147

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