ECRIS2012 - List of Keywords (ECR)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
TUXO01	Coupling Microwave Power into ECR Ion Source Plasmas at Frequencies above 20 GHz	plasma, ion, ion-source, coupling	1
	C.M. Lyneis, J.Y. Benitez, M.M. Strohmeier, D.S. Todd LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
	Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion sources have been built to operate at frequencies from 5 GHz to 28 GHz and typically use a plasma chamber that serves as a multi-mode cavity. For small sources operating at 6 to 14 GHz cavity mode-like behavior has been reported. In these cavities the vacuum mode density is low enough that it may be that the RF power distribution can be understood in terms of excitation of a few modes. The large superconducting ECR ion sources, such as VENUS, operating at higher frequencies have a much greater mode density and very strong damping from plasma microwave adsorption. In this type of source, how the RF is launched into the plasma chamber will strongly affect the microwave coupling and the chamber walls will be less important. The VENUS source uses round over-moded TE01 mode waveguide to couple to the plasma, while most modern fusion devices use quasi-gaussian HE11 waves for injection into plasmas. In this paper we will describe the potential advantages of applying this technology to superconducting ECR ion sources as well as designs for doing so with VENUS.
	Slides TUXO01 [18.302 MB]

TUXO02	An Experimental Study of ECRIS Plasma Stability and Oscillation of Beam Current	plasma, ion, ion-source, ECRIS	5
	O.A. Tarvainen, T. Kalvas, H. A. Koivisto, J.P.O. Komppula, V. Toivanen JYFL, Jyväskylä, Finland C.M. Lyneis, M.M. Strohmeier LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
	The stability of oxygen ion beams extracted from ECR ion sources has been studied with the superconducting ion source VENUS at LBNL and with the A-ECR type 14 GHz ECRIS at JYFL. Discrete Fourier transform has been used for characterizing beam current oscillations in kHz range exhibited by both ion sources. The effect of source parameters on the frequency and amplitude of the oscillations is discussed. It was found that double frequency heating affects the oscillation frequency, biased disc can be used to mitigate the amplitude of beam current fluctuations, increasing B-minimum results to pronounced instabilities and operating the ion source with significantly higher mirror ratio than suggested by ECRIS scaling laws yields the most stable ion beams. It is argued that the observed beam current fluctuations are correlated with plasma instabilities. A 'roadmap' for identifying the plasma instability mechanisms responsible for beam current fluctuations is presented.
	Slides TUXO02 [2.195 MB]

TUXO03	Two-frequency Heating Technique for Stable ECR Plasma	plasma, ion, ion-source, ECRIS	10
	A. Kitagawa, M. Muramatsu NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan S. Biri, R. Rácz ATOMKI, Debrecen, Hungary T.F. Fujita National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan Y. Kato Osaka University, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka, Japan N. Sasaki, W. Takasugi AEC, Chiba, Japan
	As a method to improve highly charged ion production, a technique to feed multiple microwaves with different frequencies is well-known. However the reason is not made sufficiently clear. Our group studied with two frequencies close together with a power of 600 W over by 18 GHz NIRS-HEC ECR ion source installed in the Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC) at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS). As a result, it was revealed that the improvement of output beam current depends on the total power. In this case it seems that the two-frequency heating technique carries the advantage that the plasma instability at high microwave power is relieved. The effectiveness of an additional microwave depends on its frequency. It is necessary to optimize an additional frequency precisely; several tens MHz step against 18 GHz. The optimized frequency is directly influenced by the magnetic configuration. The necessary requirements for an additional microwave and the procedure of optimization in order to obtain a large advantage will be discussed.
	Slides TUXO03 [1.590 MB]

TUYO02	Control of the Plasma Transversal Losses, Caused by MHD Instabilities, in Open Mirror Magnetic Trap of the ECRIS: Recent Experiments on SMIS 37 Setup	plasma, ion, ion-source, electron	18
	V. Sidorov, I. Izotov, S. Razin, V. Skalyga, V. Zorin IAP/RAS, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
	Funding: This work was partially performed in the framework of the Federal Targeted Program 'Scientific and Educational Personnel of the Innovative Russia' for 2009-2013 This work is a continuation of the experiments described in [1, 2] and aimed at the investigation of the new conceptions of MHD stabilization of plasma in open axisymmetric traps, specifically, it is aimed at the investigation of the shear flow influence on the transport control in open mirror traps. As in previous experiments, shear flow was created by limiter-electrode with bias potential according to the vacuum chamber. Plasma density structure in radial and azimuthal directions was studied. Mode structure of the perturbations was investigated. Substantial sharp shift of the plasma density maximum to the system axis with bias potential growth was demonstrated. It was shown, that the value of the bias potential that corresponds to the plasma density profile shift grows with the magnetic field growth that can be interpreted as the electron temperature growth. Some theoretical estimations of the influence of the transversal losses decrease on plasma parameters were made. [1] A.Sidorov, P.Bagryansky, A.Beklemishev et al. Trans. Fusion Sci. and Technology, 59, 112, (2011). [2] I.Izotov, S.Razin, A.Sidorov et al. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 83, 02A318 (2012).
	Slides TUYO02 [1.542 MB]

TUZO04	Space Charge Compensation Measurements of Multicharged Ion Beams Extracted from an ECR Ion Source	ion, space-charge, electron, simulation	38
	D. Winklehner LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA D.G. Cole, D. Leitner, G. Machicoane, F. Marti, L. Tobos NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
	Space charge compensation* due to the interaction of the beam with residual gas molecules is a well-known phenomenon for high current injector beam lines. For beam lines using mostly magnetic focusing elements and for pressure above 10^-6 mbar, full neutralization has been observed. However, due to the low pressure required for the efficient transport of high charge state ions, beams in ECR injector lines are typically only partly neutralized. With the performance increase of the next generation ECR ion sources it is possible to extract tens of mA of beam current. In this high current regime, non-linear focusing effects due to the space-charge potential of the beam become more and more important. In order to develop a realistic simulation model for low energy beam transport lines, it is important to estimate the degree of space charge compensation. In this contribution we report on measurements of the beam potential (and neutralization), performed after the extraction region of the ECR ion source, in dependence of the base pressure in the beam line and other source parameters using a Retarding Field Analyzer (RFA). Results are discussed and compared to simulations. * When the beam interacts with the residual gas, electrons are separated from gas molecules and accumulate inside the beam envelope, thereby compensating the space-charge (aka neutralization)
	Slides TUZO04 [4.192 MB]

TUPP01	Quantitative Determination of ¹⁴⁶Sm/¹⁴⁷Sm Ratios by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry with an ECR Ion Source and Linear Acceleration for ¹⁴⁶Sm Half-Life Measurement	ion, ion-source, detector, target	43
	N. Kinoshita UTTAC, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan P. Collon, Y. Kashiv, D. Robertson, C.J. Schmitt, X.D. Tang University of Notre Dame, Indiana, USA C. Deibel MSU, East Lansing, Michigan, USA C. Deibel, B. DiGiovine, J.P. Greene, D. Henderson, C.L. Jiang, S.T. Marley, R.C. Pardo, E. Rehm, R.H. Scott, R.C. Vondrasek ANL, Argonne, USA T. Nakanishi, A. Yokoyama Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan M. Paul The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Racah Institute of Physics, Jerusalem, Israel
	Funding: Supported by U.S. DOE, Office of Nuclear Physics, contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357, NSF JINA Grant Nr. PHY0822648 and Science Research Prog. of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (20740161) The alpha-decaying ¹⁴⁶Sm nuclide is used for chronology of the Solar System and silicate mantle differentiation in planets. We performed a new determination of 146Sm half-life by measuring ¹⁴⁶Sm/¹⁴⁷Sm alpha activity and atom ratios in ¹⁴⁷Sm activated via (g,n), (n,2n) and (p,2n) reactions and obtained a value (68 Myr), smaller than that adopted so far (103 Myr), with important geochemical implications. The experiment required determination of ¹⁴⁶Sm/¹⁴⁷Sm ratios by high-energy (6 MeV/u) accelerator mass spectrometry to discriminate ¹⁴⁶Sm from isobaric ¹⁴⁶Nd contaminant. Activated Sm targets were dissolved, chemically purified and reconverted to metallic Sm. Sputter cathodes, made by pressing the Sm metal into high-purity Al holders, were used to feed the Argonne ECR ion source. ¹⁴⁶Sm²²⁺, ¹⁴⁷Sm²²⁺ ions were alternately injected and accelerated with the ATLAS linac by proper scaling of ion source and accelerator components. A tightly-fitted quartz cylindrical liner was inserted in the ECR plasma chamber to reduce contamination from the walls. ¹⁴⁶Sm ions were eventually counted in a gas-filled magnet and ¹⁴⁷Sm ions either measured as charge current or counted after proper attenuation. N. Kinoshita et al., Science 334, 1614 (2012)

TUPP04	Design of a Compact ECR Ion Source for Various Ion Production	ion, extraction, ion-source, plasma	49
	M. Muramatsu, S. Hojo, Y. Iwata, K. Katagiri, A. Kitagawa, Y. Sakamoto, S. Sato NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan A.G. Drentje KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands T.F. Fujita National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
	Compact ECR ion source with all permanent magnets, so called Kei2, was developed for high energy carbon ion therapy facility at National Institute of Radiological Sciences. Kei2 source was design for production of only carbon ion for medical treatment. A copy of Kei2, so called KeiGM is used for Gunma University. Kei series are optimized for carbon ion production. In order to produce various ion beams for research, we design a new compact ECR ion source, so called Kei3. Kei3 is designed based on previous Kei series. In addition, there are three important points: 1) Movable beam extraction system for various extraction current densities, 2) An evaporator and MIVOC method for production of ions from solid materials and metal, and 3) Biased disk method and double frequency heating method for heavier ions. Same permanent magnets and microwave system will be used for easy maintenance and the cost effectiveness. Design of the Kei3 source will be described in this paper.

TUPP08	Design Report of the AISHA Ion Source for Hadron Therapy Facilities	plasma, ion, injection, hadrontherapy	54
	G. Ciavola, L. Andò, L. Celona, S. Gammino, D. Mascali INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy G. Ciavola CNAO Foundation, Milan, Italy D. Mascali CSFNSM, Catania, Italy
	Different facilities for hadrontherapy have been built or designed in the recent past and Italy is present in the field either with synchrotron-based and with cyclotron-based facilities. For both types of accelerators the availability of high brightness multiply charged ion beams is essential and R&D efforts in this subject are increasing. In particular at the CNAO, proton and carbon ion beams will be accelerated up to 400 AMeV by a synchrotron and the beam injection is guaranteed by two identical ECR sources of the SUPERNANOGAN family modified according to the specifications we set. Optimisation of beam emittance and intensity is of primary importance to obtain the necessary current in the RFQ-LINAC and future facilities may require much better performances in terms of beam brightness than the ones provided by such commercial ECRIS. A hadron therapy center is going to be built in Catania and the R&D related to the injector has already started within the frame of a collaboration between the Regional Authority and INFN. The results of the research carried out at INFN-LNS will be presented along with the design of a relatively compact ECR ion source operating at 18 GHz, named AISHA.

TUPP13	Development of Intense Proton ECR Ion Sources at IMP	proton, ion, extraction, plasma	64
	Z.M. Zhang, Z.W. Liu, H.Y. Ma, L.T. Sun, Q. Wu, Y. Yang, W.H. Zhang, X.Z. Zhang, H.W. Zhao IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	Since 1997, there have been two ECR ion sources for producing intense proton beam developed at Institute of Modern Physics (IMP). In 1999, a high current 2.45 GHz ECR proton source for Lanzhou university neutron generator, was constructed and tested at IMP. A mixed ion (H¹⁺ + H²⁺ + H³⁺) beam current of 110 mA with CW mode was delivered from a single aperture of 6mm diameter with microwave power of 600 W at the extraction voltage of 22 kV. Recently a new pulsed proton source has been designed and built at IMP for the CPHS (Compact Pulse Hadron Source) facility in Tsinghua University. Now this source is under commissioning for 60 mA proton beam with 50 keV energy. The long time running stability and beam emittance have been tested and the results are well up to the requirements of CPHS. In this paper, after a short review of the proton ion source for Lanzhou University, the design and test results of the CPHS proton source as well as the LEBT will be presented. The design of the proton ion source and the LEBT for the Chinese ADS project will also be discussed in the contents.

WEXO03	Numerical Modeling of Ion Production in ECRIS by using the Particle-in-Cell Method	ion, plasma, extraction, ECRIS	82
	V. Mironov, J.P.M. Beijers KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands
	To better understand the physical processes in ECRIS plasmas, we developed a Particle-in-Cell code that follows the ionization and diffusion dynamics. The basic features of the numerical model are given elsewhere. An electron temperature of about 1 keV is needed to reproduce the experimentally observed performance of our 14 GHz ECR source. We assume that a pre-sheath is located outside the ECR zone, where the ion acceleration toward the walls occurs. Electric field inside the ECR zone is supposed to be zero. The ion production is modeled assuming the ion confinement by a ponderomotive barrier formed at the boundary of the ECR zone. The barrier height is defined by the RF radiation density at the electron resonance layer and is taken as an adjustable parameter; when the plasma becomes overdense, we set the barrier value to zero. With these assumptions, we are able to reproduce the main features of ECRIS performance, such as the saturation and decrease of highest charge state currents with increasing gas pressure, as well as response to an increase of injected RF power. Afterglow and frequency-tuning effects can be explained by introducing the ponderomotive barrier. V. Mironov and J. P. M. Beijers, "Three-dimensional simulations of ion dynamics in the plasma of an electron cyclotron resonance ion source", Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 073501 (2009).
	Slides WEXO03 [7.032 MB]

WEYO02	Experimental Results: Charge-state and Current-density Distribution at the Plasma Electrode of an ECR Ion Source	ion, plasma, extraction, ion-source	101
	L. Panitzsch, T. Peleikis, M. Stalder, R.F. Wimmer-Schweingruber IEAP, Kiel, Germany
	We have measured the current-density in very close vicinity (15 mm downstream) of the plasma electrode of our hexapole-geometry electron-cyclotron-resonance ion source (ECRIS). For this, we equipped our 3D-movable puller electrode with a customized Faraday Cup (FC) inside. To achieve high spatial resolution we reduced the aperture of the puller electrode to only 0.5 mm. Thus, the source-region of the extracted ion beam is limited to a very small area of the plasma electrode's hole (d = 4 mm). The information about the charge-state distribution and the current density in the plane of the plasma electrode is conserved in the ion beam and was scanned by remotely moving the small-aperture puller electrode (incl. FC) across the aperture of the plasma electrode. From additional m/q- measurements for the different positions we can deduce that different ion charge-states are grouped into bloated triangles of different sizes but with the same orientation in the plane of the plasma electrode with the current density peaking at the centre. This confirms simulations by various groups as well as some emittance measurements, but adds spatial resolution for the different charge-states.
	Slides WEYO02 [2.298 MB]

WEZO01	Status of the SEISM Experiment	plasma, injection, extraction, resonance	111
	M. Marie-Jeanne, J. Angot, P. Balint, C. Fourel, J. Giraud, J. Jacob, T. Lamy, L. Latrasse, P. Sortais, T. Thuillier LPSC, Grenoble Cedex, France C. Daversin, F. Debray, C. Trophime, S. Veys GHMFL, Grenoble, France I. Izotov, V. Skalyga, V. Zorin IAP/RAS, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
	Funding: This work has been supported by the EuroMagNET II under the EU contract number 228043 and by the European Commission Framework Programme 7 Design Study: EUROnu, Project Number 212372. LPSC and LNCMI (Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses) of Grenoble have developed the first and unique magnetic confinement structure in the world that allows a closed 60 GHz ECR zone, using high field magnet technologies. The magnetic structure has been validated for 28 GHz resonance and a closed 1 T iso-B surface was measured. Calculated and measured field maps were carefully compared in order to determine an operation range for 28 GHz plasma tests. A whole test bench, including high pressure water for helix cooling, intense currents (up to 15 kA) for helix powering and a beam line with mass separation is under construction at LNCMI. This contribution presents the status of the experiment, hopefully including the results of the first beam tests scheduled in September. The 350 kW - 60 GHz gyrotron has been built at IAP, the status of its operation will be shown.
	Slides WEZO01 [11.245 MB]

WEZO03	Recent Results of PHOENIX V2 and New Prospects with PHOENIX V3	plasma, ion, booster, operation	117
	T. Thuillier, J. Angot, T. Lamy, M. Marie-Jeanne LPSC, Grenoble Cedex, France C. Barue, C. Canet, M. Dupuis, P. Lehérissier, F. Lemagnen, L. Maunoury, O. Osmond GANIL, Caen, France C. Peaucelle IN2P3 IPNL, Villeurbanne, France P. Spädtke GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
	Funding: This work is partially funded by the European Commission under the 7th Framework Programme Grant Agreement 283745 (CRISP) The 18 GHz PHOENIX V2 ECRIS is running since 2010 on the heavy ions low energy beam transport line (LEBT) of SPIRAL2 installed at LPSC Grenoble. PHOENIX V2 will be the starting ion source of SPIRAL 2 at GANIL. The status and future developments of this source are presented in this paper. Recent studies with Oxygen and Argon beams at 60 kV have demonstrated reliable operation at 1.3 emA of O⁶⁺ and 200 eμA of Ar¹²⁺. Metallic ion beam production has been studied with the Large Capacity Oven developed by GANIL and 20 eμA of Ni¹⁹⁺ have been obtained. In order to improve further the beam intensities for Spiral2, an economical upgrade of the source named PHOENIX V3 has been recently decided by the project management. The goal is to double the plasma chamber volume from 0.6 to 1.2 liter by increasing the chamber wall radius, keeping the whole magnetic confinement intensity unchanged. The PHOENIX V3 magnetic design will be presented along with a status of the project.
	Slides WEZO03 [8.818 MB]

WEPP02	Relationship of Performance and RF Resonance Modes	ion, ion-source, resonance, plasma	121
	T. Hattori, A. Kitagawa, M. Muramatsu NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan N. Hayashizaki RLNR, Tokyo, Japan
	The performance of Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion source depends on the operation frequency, the magnetic mirror field, the maltipole field, the mirror ratio, the ECR zone and others. We studied the relationship of performance and operation frequency in ECR ion source (HiECR-3). The performance (beam intensity of Ar⁹⁺ ion) was measured according to change of frequency from 9.7 to 11.7 GHz in fixed magnetic field of HiECR ion source. We measured resonant frequencies of plasma chamber of HiECR ion source in condition of no plasma (current of mirror coils is zero). The data of intensity of Ar⁹⁺ related to measured resonant frequencies. Their resonant modes were checked with a 3D electromagnetic simulator (High Frequency Structure Simulator). As a result, it became clear that the performance of the ion source depends on electric-field distribution of the RF resonant mode.

WEPP03	Plasma Instability in the Afterglow of ECR Discharge Sustained in a Mirror Trap	electron, plasma, ion, detector	125
	I. Izotov, A. Mansfeld, V. Skalyga, V. Zorin IAP/RAS, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia T. Grahn, T. Kalvas, H. A. Koivisto, J.P.O. Komppula, P. Peura, O.A. Tarvainen, V. Toivanen JYFL, Jyväskylä, Finland
	Funding: Work was performed in frame of realization of federal targeted program "Scientific and pedagogical labor force for an innovative Russia" for 2009-2013 yy. A number of studies have been devoted to the investigations of plasma decay in ECR heated discharges confined in a mirror magnetic trap. The motivation of this work is to study plasma instabilities causing perturbations of ion current during the plasma decay. Present work is devoted to time-resolved diagnostics of non-linear effects observed during the afterglow plasma decay of an 14 GHz Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source (ECRIS) at JYFL operated in pulsed mode. Plasma instabilities causing perturbations of extracted ion current during the decay were observed and studied. It is shown that these perturbations are associated with precipitation of high energy electrons along the magnetic field lines and strong bursts of bremsstrahlung emission. The effect of ion source settings on the onset of the observed instabilities was investigated. Based on the experimental data and estimated plasma properties it is assumed that the instabilities are of cyclotron type. The conclusion is supported by a comparison to other type of plasma devices (SMIS 37, IAP RAS) exhibiting similar characteristics but operating in a different plasma confinement regime.

WEPP13	Development Update of the LECR4 Ion Source - Dragon at IMP	ion, sextupole, ion-source, extraction	133
	W. Lu, B.H. Ma, L.T. Sun, H. Wang, D. Xie, X.Z. Zhang, H.W. Zhao IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China L. Ruan, B. Xiong IEE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	A new room temperature ECR ion source, LECR4-DRAGON to operate at 18 GHz, is under development for the SSC-LINAC project at IMP. In comparison to other room temperature ECRISs, one unique feature of LECR4-DRAGON is that its plasma chamber is of ID 126 mm that is the biggest chamber for a room temperature ECRIS and the same as the superconducting ECR ion source SECRAL. Because the project funding requests testing a different magnet cooling scheme, solid quadrate copper coils cooled by medium evaporation at about 50^oC are to be used to produce a maximum axial magnetic field of about 2.5 T at injection and 1.4 T at the extraction, which are similar to SECRAL operating at 18 GHz. Furthermore, a large bore non-Halbach permanent sextupole with staggered structure has been under fabrication which can produce a radial magnetic field reaching 1.5 T at the plasma chamber wall for operation at 18 GHz. The progress updates and discussions of this new ion source will be presented in this paper.

WEPP14	An Advanced Injection System of Light Ions (AISLI) for Dielectric Wall Accelerator	ion, ion-source, proton, emittance	136
	S.X. Peng, J. Chen, J.E. Chen, Z.Y. Guo, P.N. Lu, H.T. Ren, Y. Xu, J. Zhao PKU, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	The dielectric wall accelerator (DWA) is a kind of acceleration system that has the ability to accelerate any charge to mass ratio particle with high electric field gradients up to 400 MV/m and very compact dimension, for example d 30 mm x 50 mm. To demonstrate the high gradient tiny acceleration system, a comparable 50 mA/40 keV pulsed H⁺ converge beam injector is required. Based on the experimental results obtained on the test bench, a six electrodes injector was developed at Peking University (PKU). In this paper we will describe the preliminary experimental results as well as the details of the new compact injector which named as An Advanced Injector System of Light Ions (AISLI).
	Poster WEPP14 [3.963 MB]

WEPP17	A Multi-Sample Changer Coupled to an ECR Source for AMS Experiments	plasma, laser, ion, ion-source	146
	R.C. Vondrasek, T. Palchan, R.C. Pardo, C.E. Peters, M.A. Power, R.H. Scott ANL, Argonne, USA
	Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. A project using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) at the ATLAS facility to measure neutron capture rates on a wide range of actinides in a reactor environment is underway. This project will require the measurement of a large number of samples previously irradiated in the Advanced Test Reactor at Idaho National Laboratory. The AMS technique at ATLAS is based on production of highly-charged positive ions in an electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS) followed by acceleration in the ATLAS linac. The sample material is introduced into the plasma via laser ablation. This should limit the dependency of material feed rates upon the source material composition as well as minimize cross-talk between samples. A new multi-sample changer has been constructed allowing rapid changes between samples. The sample changer has 20 positions and is capable of moving from one sample to the next in one minute. Details of the sample changer design and operation will be presented.

THXO03	Recent RIKEN 28 GHz SC-ECRIS Results	ion, ion-source, ECRIS, extraction	159
	Y. Higurashi, M. Fujimaki, H. Haba, O. Kamigaito, M. Kidera, M. Komiyama, J. Ohnishi, K. Ozeki RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan T. Aihara, M. Tamura, A. Uchiyama SHI Accelerator Service Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
	For increasing the beam intensity of highly charged heavy ions at RIKEN RIBF, we constructed new SC-ECR ion source. In the spring of 2011, we injected 28GHz microwave into the ion source and obtained first beam. Since then, we made several test experiments for increasing the beam intensity of highly charged Xe and U ion beam, and produced ~60 eμA of U³⁵⁺, ~90 eμA of U³³⁺ at the injected RF power of ~2 kW using sputtering method. In case of Xe²⁵⁺, 250 euA was obtained at RF power of 1.7 kW. Using sputtering method, we produced U³⁵⁺ ion beam longer than one month for the RIBF experiment without break. In the beginning of 2012, we installed additional GM-JT refrigerator to increase the cooling power at 4.2 K, then the total cooling power became higher than 9 W. Using it, we can use higher than 8 W of cooling power for heat load due to the absorbed X-rays. In this summer, we will install the new plasma chamber made of Al for increasing the cooling power. We will also use high temperature oven to increase the U vapor. In this contribution, we report the recent modification of the ion source and test experiments for production of U and Xe ion beam.
	Slides THXO03 [49.487 MB]

THYO01	Operation of an ECRIS Charge State Breeder at TRIUMF	ion, background, plasma, experiment	163
	F. Ames, R.A. Baartman, P.G. Bricault, K. Jayamanna, A. Mjøs TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
	After initial commissioning of the charge state breeder for radioactive ions at the TRIUMF/ISAC facility further tests on the performance of the system have been performed. One of the major problems found was the high background of stable ions from the ECR source, mainly C, N, O, Ar, Fe, Ni, C and Cr. The main source of those is the residual gas and sputtered material from the plasma chamber wall and from the surrounding electrodes. Although their intensity is small it can be orders of magnitude more than the intensity from the radioactive ions. Therefore, the original stainless steel plasma chamber of the Pantechnik PHOENIX ECR source has been exchanged to aluminium with an ultra pure aluminium coating, all electrodes for injection and extraction of the ions have been replaced with aluminium and the iron joke at the extraction side, which is part of the vacuum system in the PHOENIX source has been coated as well. This combined effect has reduced the amount of background ions substantially. Detailed results on the performance of the source after those changes will be presented.
	Slides THYO01 [1.634 MB]

THYO03	Design Status of ECR Ion Sources and LEBT for FRIB	ion, ion-source, sextupole, solenoid	172
	G. Machicoane, N.K. Bultman, G. Morgan, E. Pozdeyev, X. Rao FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA J.Y. Benitez, C.M. Lyneis LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA L.T. Sun IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science under Cooperative Agreement DE-SC0000661 The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams at Michigan State University is currently being designed and will provide intense beams of rare isotopes for research in nuclear physics, nuclear astrophysics and study of fundamental interactions. The FRIB driver linac will accelerate all stable isotopes from Oxygen to Uranium to energies beyond 200 MeV/u at beam powers up to 400 kW. In the case of Uranium about 13.3 pμA of U³³⁺ are required from the ion source to reach the maximum beam power on the target. Such current is at the limit of what an ECR ion source can produce and led us to design the FRIB driver linac to accelerate concurrently two charges. The ECR ion source for FRIB will be based on the VENUS ion source developed at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). Recent beam measurements done with VENUS have demonstrated that the ion source can actually produce close to 13pμA of U³³⁺ and therefore could possibly meet the current required for FRIB in one charge state. This paper reviews the status of the FRIB ECR ion source and the modifications that have been made to the VENUS ion source design. The Low energy beam line transport (LEBT) will also be presented and discussed.
	Slides THYO03 [6.532 MB]

THYO04	Performance of the ANL ECR Charge Breeder with Low Mass Beams	ion, plasma, injection, ion-source	177
	R.C. Vondrasek, S.V. Kutsaev, R.C. Pardo, R.H. Scott ANL, Argonne, USA P. Delahaye, L. Maunoury GANIL, Caen, France
	Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. The Californium Rare Ion Breeder Upgrade (CARIBU) of the ATLAS superconducting linac facility aims at providing low-energy and reaccelerated neutron-rich radioactive beams to address key nuclear physics and astrophysics questions. These beams are obtained from fission fragments of a Cf-252 source, thermalized and collected into a low-energy particle beam by a helium gas catcher, mass analyzed by an isobar separator, and charge bred with an ECR ion source for acceleration in ATLAS. The charge breeding program had focused on optimizing beams in the mid-mass range, achieving high charge breeding efficiencies of both gaseous and solid species including 14.7% for the radioactive species ¹⁴³Ba²⁷⁺. In an effort to better understand the charge breeding mechanism, we recently focused on the low-mass species sodium and potassium which up to present have been difficult to charge breed efficiently. Charge breeding efficiencies of 10.1% for ²³Na⁷⁺ and 17.9% for ³⁹K¹⁰⁺ were obtained injecting stable Na⁺ and K⁺ beams from a surface ionization source. Details of these studies will be presented as well as simulations detailing the injection of the low charge state beams into the charge breeder.
	Slides THYO04 [9.178 MB]

FRXA02	All Permanent Magnet ECR Ion Source Development and Operation Status at IMP	ion, ion-source, plasma, permanent-magnet	185
	L.T. Sun, Y. Cao, J.Q. Li, J.Y. Li, B.H. Ma, H. Wang, J.W. Xia, D. Xie, W.H. Zhang, X.Z. Zhang, H.W. Zhao IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	All permanent magnet ECR ion sources have many advantages over traditional ECR ion sources composed of several axial room temperature solenoids and one permanent magnet hexapole magnet, which make them the first choice for many heavy ion facilities and platforms. At IMP, three types of all permanent magnet ECR ion sources have been built for different applications, i.e. the very compact ECR ion source LAPECR1 for intense mono or multi charge state ion beam production, the LAPECR2 ion source installed on the 320 kV high voltage multidisciplinary platform, and the LAPECR3 ion source dedicated to C⁵⁺ beam production for the cancer therapy facility. In this paper, after a general discussion of the ion sources' design, the applications and the operation status of the IMP all permanent magnet ECR ion sources will be presented.
	Slides FRXA02 [6.380 MB]

FRXA03	Laser Ablation of Actinides into an Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources for Accelerator Mass Spectroscopy	laser, ion, plasma, target	190
	T. Palchan, F.G. Kondev, S.A. Kondrashev, C. Nair, R.C. Pardo, R.H. Scott, R.C. Vondrasek ANL, Argonne, USA W. Bauder, P. Collon University of Notre Dame, Indiana, USA J.F. Berg, T. Maddock, G. Palmotti, M. Salvatores, G. Youinou INL, Idaho Falls, Idaho, USA G. Imel ISU, Pocatello, Idaho, USA M. Paul The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Racah Institute of Physics, Jerusalem, Israel M. Salvatores CEA Cadarache, Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
	Funding: This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics, under contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. A project using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is underway at the ATLAS facility to measure the atom densities of transmutation products present in samples irradiated in the Advanced Test Reactor at INL. These atom densities will be used to infer effective actinide neutron capture cross-sections ranging from Thorium to Califorium isotopes in different neutron spectra relevant to advanced fuel cycles. This project will require the measurement of many samples with high precision and accuracy. The AMS technique at ATLAS is based on production of highly-charged positive ions in an ECRIS followed by injection into a linear accelerator. We use a picosecond laser to ablate the actinide material into the ion source. We expect that the laser ablation technique will have higher efficiency and lower chamber contamination than sputtering or oven evaporation thus reducing 'cross talk' between samples. The results of off-line ablation tests and first results of an accelerate beam generated by the laser coupled to the ECR will be discussed as well as the overall project schedule.
	Slides FRXA03 [11.825 MB]

FRYA01	ECRISs at GANIL Today and Tomorrow	ion, ECRIS, target, ion-source	195
	P. Jardin, O. Bajeat, C. Barue, C. Canet, P. Delahaye, M. Dubois, M. Dupuis, J.L. Flambard, R. Frigot, C. Leboucher, P. Lehérissier, F. Lemagnen, L. Maunoury, O. Osmond, J. Piot, E.K. Traykov GANIL, Caen, France B.J.P. Gall IPHC, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France C. Peaucelle IN2P3 IPNL, Villeurbanne, France J. Rubert, T. Thuillier LPSC, Grenoble Cedex, France O. Tuske CEA/DSM/IRFU, France
	GANIL (Grand accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds) uses ECRIS for producing stable and radioactive ions since more than 20 years. 2 ECR4 type IS deliver intense multi-charged stable ion beams of gaseous and metallic elements to cyclotrons for post acceleration to energies up to 100 A·MeV. A full permanent magnet ECRIS is also used for producing multi-charged radioactive ion beams in the frame of SPIRAL 1 (Système de Production d'Ions radioactifs Accélérés en Ligne, part 1). For atomic physic experiment, a high performance ECRIS named GTS developed at CENG/ Grenoble (France) is currently used to deliver high intensity, high charge state and low energy ion beams. To extend the range of radioactive ion beams available at GANIL, two ISOL (Isotope Separator On Line) projects are underway (SPIRAL2 and SPIRAL1 upgrade). In the frame of these projects, radiation hard singly-charged ECRIS, Q/A=1/3 ECRIS, 2.45 GHz deuteron ECRIS and permanent magnet TISS (Target Ion Source System) using an ECRIS are in development in parallel. A review of the main uses, current developments and performances obtained or expected with ECRISs at GANIL will be presented.
	Slides FRYA01 [6.926 MB]

FRYA02	Status of ECR Ion Sources for Carbon-ion Radiotherapy in Japan	ion, ion-source, operation, extraction	200
	A. Kitagawa, M. Muramatsu NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan A.G. Drentje KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands T.F. Fujita National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan M. Kanazawa SAGA HIMAT, Saga, Japan N. Sasaki, W. Takasugi AEC, Chiba, Japan E. Takeshita, S. Yamada Gunma University, Heavy-Ion Medical Research Center, Maebashi-Gunma, Japan
	Heavy-ion radiotherapy is successfully carried out at the Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC) at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS) since 1994. Now three facilities are in operation and two are under construction in Japan. Over 8000 cancer patients have already been treated. 140-400 MeV/u carbon beams were selected for the first clinical trials at HIMAC because carbon is one of the best candidates which gives good localized biological dose distribution for the typical conditions, a depth of 10 - 25 cm and a thickness of several cm. Based on the clinical results, all the patients have been treated by carbon beams at present. The ion source needs to realize a stable carbon beam with the same conditions for daily operation. Since operators are usually not specialists of the ion source, the source should not require complicated manual tuning. In addition, shorter maintenance time and cycle are better for a hospital. ECR ion sources are utilized for such requirements in each facility. We report the recent status of the ECR ion sources at heavy-ion radiotherapy facilities in Japan.
	Slides FRYA02 [5.652 MB]

Paper

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Other Keywords

Page

TUXO01

Coupling Microwave Power into ECR Ion Source Plasmas at Frequencies above 20 GHz

plasma, ion, ion-source, coupling

1

C.M. Lyneis, J.Y. Benitez, M.M. Strohmeier, D.S. Todd
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA

Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion sources have been built to operate at frequencies from 5 GHz to 28 GHz and typically use a plasma chamber that serves as a multi-mode cavity. For small sources operating at 6 to 14 GHz cavity mode-like behavior has been reported. In these cavities the vacuum mode density is low enough that it may be that the RF power distribution can be understood in terms of excitation of a few modes. The large superconducting ECR ion sources, such as VENUS, operating at higher frequencies have a much greater mode density and very strong damping from plasma microwave adsorption. In this type of source, how the RF is launched into the plasma chamber will strongly affect the microwave coupling and the chamber walls will be less important. The VENUS source uses round over-moded TE01 mode waveguide to couple to the plasma, while most modern fusion devices use quasi-gaussian HE11 waves for injection into plasmas. In this paper we will describe the potential advantages of applying this technology to superconducting ECR ion sources as well as designs for doing so with VENUS.

Slides TUXO01 [18.302 MB]

TUXO02

An Experimental Study of ECRIS Plasma Stability and Oscillation of Beam Current

plasma, ion, ion-source, ECRIS

5

O.A. Tarvainen, T. Kalvas, H. A. Koivisto, J.P.O. Komppula, V. Toivanen
JYFL, Jyväskylä, Finland
C.M. Lyneis, M.M. Strohmeier
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA

The stability of oxygen ion beams extracted from ECR ion sources has been studied with the superconducting ion source VENUS at LBNL and with the A-ECR type 14 GHz ECRIS at JYFL. Discrete Fourier transform has been used for characterizing beam current oscillations in kHz range exhibited by both ion sources. The effect of source parameters on the frequency and amplitude of the oscillations is discussed. It was found that double frequency heating affects the oscillation frequency, biased disc can be used to mitigate the amplitude of beam current fluctuations, increasing B-minimum results to pronounced instabilities and operating the ion source with significantly higher mirror ratio than suggested by ECRIS scaling laws yields the most stable ion beams. It is argued that the observed beam current fluctuations are correlated with plasma instabilities. A 'roadmap' for identifying the plasma instability mechanisms responsible for beam current fluctuations is presented.

Slides TUXO02 [2.195 MB]

TUXO03

Two-frequency Heating Technique for Stable ECR Plasma

plasma, ion, ion-source, ECRIS

10

A. Kitagawa, M. Muramatsu
NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan
S. Biri, R. Rácz
ATOMKI, Debrecen, Hungary
T.F. Fujita
National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
Y. Kato
Osaka University, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka, Japan
N. Sasaki, W. Takasugi
AEC, Chiba, Japan

As a method to improve highly charged ion production, a technique to feed multiple microwaves with different frequencies is well-known. However the reason is not made sufficiently clear. Our group studied with two frequencies close together with a power of 600 W over by 18 GHz NIRS-HEC ECR ion source installed in the Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC) at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS). As a result, it was revealed that the improvement of output beam current depends on the total power. In this case it seems that the two-frequency heating technique carries the advantage that the plasma instability at high microwave power is relieved. The effectiveness of an additional microwave depends on its frequency. It is necessary to optimize an additional frequency precisely; several tens MHz step against 18 GHz. The optimized frequency is directly influenced by the magnetic configuration. The necessary requirements for an additional microwave and the procedure of optimization in order to obtain a large advantage will be discussed.

Slides TUXO03 [1.590 MB]

TUYO02

Control of the Plasma Transversal Losses, Caused by MHD Instabilities, in Open Mirror Magnetic Trap of the ECRIS: Recent Experiments on SMIS 37 Setup

plasma, ion, ion-source, electron

18

V. Sidorov, I. Izotov, S. Razin, V. Skalyga, V. Zorin
IAP/RAS, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

Funding: This work was partially performed in the framework of the Federal Targeted Program 'Scientific and Educational Personnel of the Innovative Russia' for 2009-2013
This work is a continuation of the experiments described in [1, 2] and aimed at the investigation of the new conceptions of MHD stabilization of plasma in open axisymmetric traps, specifically, it is aimed at the investigation of the shear flow influence on the transport control in open mirror traps. As in previous experiments, shear flow was created by limiter-electrode with bias potential according to the vacuum chamber. Plasma density structure in radial and azimuthal directions was studied. Mode structure of the perturbations was investigated. Substantial sharp shift of the plasma density maximum to the system axis with bias potential growth was demonstrated. It was shown, that the value of the bias potential that corresponds to the plasma density profile shift grows with the magnetic field growth that can be interpreted as the electron temperature growth. Some theoretical estimations of the influence of the transversal losses decrease on plasma parameters were made.
[1] A.Sidorov, P.Bagryansky, A.Beklemishev et al. Trans. Fusion Sci. and Technology, 59, 112, (2011).
[2] I.Izotov, S.Razin, A.Sidorov et al. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 83, 02A318 (2012).

Slides TUYO02 [1.542 MB]

TUZO04

Space Charge Compensation Measurements of Multicharged Ion Beams Extracted from an ECR Ion Source

ion, space-charge, electron, simulation

38

D. Winklehner
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
D.G. Cole, D. Leitner, G. Machicoane, F. Marti, L. Tobos
NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

Space charge compensation* due to the interaction of the beam with residual gas molecules is a well-known phenomenon for high current injector beam lines. For beam lines using mostly magnetic focusing elements and for pressure above 10^-6 mbar, full neutralization has been observed. However, due to the low pressure required for the efficient transport of high charge state ions, beams in ECR injector lines are typically only partly neutralized. With the performance increase of the next generation ECR ion sources it is possible to extract tens of mA of beam current. In this high current regime, non-linear focusing effects due to the space-charge potential of the beam become more and more important. In order to develop a realistic simulation model for low energy beam transport lines, it is important to estimate the degree of space charge compensation. In this contribution we report on measurements of the beam potential (and neutralization), performed after the extraction region of the ECR ion source, in dependence of the base pressure in the beam line and other source parameters using a Retarding Field Analyzer (RFA). Results are discussed and compared to simulations.
* When the beam interacts with the residual gas, electrons are separated from gas molecules and accumulate inside the beam envelope, thereby compensating the space-charge (aka neutralization)

Slides TUZO04 [4.192 MB]

TUPP01

Quantitative Determination of ¹⁴⁶Sm/¹⁴⁷Sm Ratios by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry with an ECR Ion Source and Linear Acceleration for ¹⁴⁶Sm Half-Life Measurement

ion, ion-source, detector, target

43

N. Kinoshita
UTTAC, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
P. Collon, Y. Kashiv, D. Robertson, C.J. Schmitt, X.D. Tang
University of Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
C. Deibel
MSU, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
C. Deibel, B. DiGiovine, J.P. Greene, D. Henderson, C.L. Jiang, S.T. Marley, R.C. Pardo, E. Rehm, R.H. Scott, R.C. Vondrasek
ANL, Argonne, USA
T. Nakanishi, A. Yokoyama
Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
M. Paul
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Racah Institute of Physics, Jerusalem, Israel

Funding: Supported by U.S. DOE, Office of Nuclear Physics, contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357, NSF JINA Grant Nr. PHY0822648 and Science Research Prog. of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (20740161)
The alpha-decaying ¹⁴⁶Sm nuclide is used for chronology of the Solar System and silicate mantle differentiation in planets. We performed a new determination of 146Sm half-life by measuring ¹⁴⁶Sm/¹⁴⁷Sm alpha activity and atom ratios in ¹⁴⁷Sm activated via (g,n), (n,2n) and (p,2n) reactions and obtained a value (68 Myr), smaller than that adopted so far (103 Myr), with important geochemical implications*. The experiment required determination of ¹⁴⁶Sm/¹⁴⁷Sm ratios by high-energy (6 MeV/u) accelerator mass spectrometry to discriminate ¹⁴⁶Sm from isobaric ¹⁴⁶Nd contaminant. Activated Sm targets were dissolved, chemically purified and reconverted to metallic Sm. Sputter cathodes, made by pressing the Sm metal into high-purity Al holders, were used to feed the Argonne ECR ion source. ¹⁴⁶Sm²²⁺, ¹⁴⁷Sm²²⁺ ions were alternately injected and accelerated with the ATLAS linac by proper scaling of ion source and accelerator components. A tightly-fitted quartz cylindrical liner was inserted in the ECR plasma chamber to reduce contamination from the walls. ¹⁴⁶Sm ions were eventually counted in a gas-filled magnet and ¹⁴⁷Sm ions either measured as charge current or counted after proper attenuation.
* N. Kinoshita et al., Science 334, 1614 (2012)

TUPP04

Design of a Compact ECR Ion Source for Various Ion Production

ion, extraction, ion-source, plasma

49

M. Muramatsu, S. Hojo, Y. Iwata, K. Katagiri, A. Kitagawa, Y. Sakamoto, S. Sato
NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan
A.G. Drentje
KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands
T.F. Fujita
National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan

Compact ECR ion source with all permanent magnets, so called Kei2, was developed for high energy carbon ion therapy facility at National Institute of Radiological Sciences. Kei2 source was design for production of only carbon ion for medical treatment. A copy of Kei2, so called KeiGM is used for Gunma University. Kei series are optimized for carbon ion production. In order to produce various ion beams for research, we design a new compact ECR ion source, so called Kei3. Kei3 is designed based on previous Kei series. In addition, there are three important points: 1) Movable beam extraction system for various extraction current densities, 2) An evaporator and MIVOC method for production of ions from solid materials and metal, and 3) Biased disk method and double frequency heating method for heavier ions. Same permanent magnets and microwave system will be used for easy maintenance and the cost effectiveness. Design of the Kei3 source will be described in this paper.

TUPP08

Design Report of the AISHA Ion Source for Hadron Therapy Facilities

plasma, ion, injection, hadrontherapy

54

G. Ciavola, L. Andò, L. Celona, S. Gammino, D. Mascali
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
G. Ciavola
CNAO Foundation, Milan, Italy
D. Mascali
CSFNSM, Catania, Italy

Different facilities for hadrontherapy have been built or designed in the recent past and Italy is present in the field either with synchrotron-based and with cyclotron-based facilities. For both types of accelerators the availability of high brightness multiply charged ion beams is essential and R&D efforts in this subject are increasing. In particular at the CNAO, proton and carbon ion beams will be accelerated up to 400 AMeV by a synchrotron and the beam injection is guaranteed by two identical ECR sources of the SUPERNANOGAN family modified according to the specifications we set. Optimisation of beam emittance and intensity is of primary importance to obtain the necessary current in the RFQ-LINAC and future facilities may require much better performances in terms of beam brightness than the ones provided by such commercial ECRIS. A hadron therapy center is going to be built in Catania and the R&D related to the injector has already started within the frame of a collaboration between the Regional Authority and INFN. The results of the research carried out at INFN-LNS will be presented along with the design of a relatively compact ECR ion source operating at 18 GHz, named AISHA.

TUPP13

Development of Intense Proton ECR Ion Sources at IMP

proton, ion, extraction, plasma

64

Z.M. Zhang, Z.W. Liu, H.Y. Ma, L.T. Sun, Q. Wu, Y. Yang, W.H. Zhang, X.Z. Zhang, H.W. Zhao
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

Since 1997, there have been two ECR ion sources for producing intense proton beam developed at Institute of Modern Physics (IMP). In 1999, a high current 2.45 GHz ECR proton source for Lanzhou university neutron generator, was constructed and tested at IMP. A mixed ion (H¹⁺ + H²⁺ + H³⁺) beam current of 110 mA with CW mode was delivered from a single aperture of 6mm diameter with microwave power of 600 W at the extraction voltage of 22 kV. Recently a new pulsed proton source has been designed and built at IMP for the CPHS (Compact Pulse Hadron Source) facility in Tsinghua University. Now this source is under commissioning for 60 mA proton beam with 50 keV energy. The long time running stability and beam emittance have been tested and the results are well up to the requirements of CPHS. In this paper, after a short review of the proton ion source for Lanzhou University, the design and test results of the CPHS proton source as well as the LEBT will be presented. The design of the proton ion source and the LEBT for the Chinese ADS project will also be discussed in the contents.

WEXO03

Numerical Modeling of Ion Production in ECRIS by using the Particle-in-Cell Method

ion, plasma, extraction, ECRIS

82

V. Mironov, J.P.M. Beijers
KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands

To better understand the physical processes in ECRIS plasmas, we developed a Particle-in-Cell code that follows the ionization and diffusion dynamics. The basic features of the numerical model are given elsewhere*. An electron temperature of about 1 keV is needed to reproduce the experimentally observed performance of our 14 GHz ECR source. We assume that a pre-sheath is located outside the ECR zone, where the ion acceleration toward the walls occurs. Electric field inside the ECR zone is supposed to be zero. The ion production is modeled assuming the ion confinement by a ponderomotive barrier formed at the boundary of the ECR zone. The barrier height is defined by the RF radiation density at the electron resonance layer and is taken as an adjustable parameter; when the plasma becomes overdense, we set the barrier value to zero. With these assumptions, we are able to reproduce the main features of ECRIS performance, such as the saturation and decrease of highest charge state currents with increasing gas pressure, as well as response to an increase of injected RF power. Afterglow and frequency-tuning effects can be explained by introducing the ponderomotive barrier.
* V. Mironov and J. P. M. Beijers, "Three-dimensional simulations of ion dynamics in the plasma of an electron cyclotron resonance ion source", Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 073501 (2009).

Slides WEXO03 [7.032 MB]

WEYO02

Experimental Results: Charge-state and Current-density Distribution at the Plasma Electrode of an ECR Ion Source

ion, plasma, extraction, ion-source

101

L. Panitzsch, T. Peleikis, M. Stalder, R.F. Wimmer-Schweingruber
IEAP, Kiel, Germany

We have measured the current-density in very close vicinity (15 mm downstream) of the plasma electrode of our hexapole-geometry electron-cyclotron-resonance ion source (ECRIS). For this, we equipped our 3D-movable puller electrode with a customized Faraday Cup (FC) inside. To achieve high spatial resolution we reduced the aperture of the puller electrode to only 0.5 mm. Thus, the source-region of the extracted ion beam is limited to a very small area of the plasma electrode's hole (d = 4 mm). The information about the charge-state distribution and the current density in the plane of the plasma electrode is conserved in the ion beam and was scanned by remotely moving the small-aperture puller electrode (incl. FC) across the aperture of the plasma electrode. From additional m/q- measurements for the different positions we can deduce that different ion charge-states are grouped into bloated triangles of different sizes but with the same orientation in the plane of the plasma electrode with the current density peaking at the centre. This confirms simulations by various groups as well as some emittance measurements, but adds spatial resolution for the different charge-states.

Slides WEYO02 [2.298 MB]

WEZO01

Status of the SEISM Experiment

plasma, injection, extraction, resonance

111

M. Marie-Jeanne, J. Angot, P. Balint, C. Fourel, J. Giraud, J. Jacob, T. Lamy, L. Latrasse, P. Sortais, T. Thuillier
LPSC, Grenoble Cedex, France
C. Daversin, F. Debray, C. Trophime, S. Veys
GHMFL, Grenoble, France
I. Izotov, V. Skalyga, V. Zorin
IAP/RAS, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

Funding: This work has been supported by the EuroMagNET II under the EU contract number 228043 and by the European Commission Framework Programme 7 Design Study: EUROnu, Project Number 212372.
LPSC and LNCMI (Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses) of Grenoble have developed the first and unique magnetic confinement structure in the world that allows a closed 60 GHz ECR zone, using high field magnet technologies. The magnetic structure has been validated for 28 GHz resonance and a closed 1 T iso-B surface was measured. Calculated and measured field maps were carefully compared in order to determine an operation range for 28 GHz plasma tests. A whole test bench, including high pressure water for helix cooling, intense currents (up to 15 kA) for helix powering and a beam line with mass separation is under construction at LNCMI. This contribution presents the status of the experiment, hopefully including the results of the first beam tests scheduled in September. The 350 kW - 60 GHz gyrotron has been built at IAP, the status of its operation will be shown.

Slides WEZO01 [11.245 MB]

WEZO03

Recent Results of PHOENIX V2 and New Prospects with PHOENIX V3

plasma, ion, booster, operation

117

T. Thuillier, J. Angot, T. Lamy, M. Marie-Jeanne
LPSC, Grenoble Cedex, France
C. Barue, C. Canet, M. Dupuis, P. Lehérissier, F. Lemagnen, L. Maunoury, O. Osmond
GANIL, Caen, France
C. Peaucelle
IN2P3 IPNL, Villeurbanne, France
P. Spädtke
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany

Funding: This work is partially funded by the European Commission under the 7th Framework Programme Grant Agreement 283745 (CRISP)
The 18 GHz PHOENIX V2 ECRIS is running since 2010 on the heavy ions low energy beam transport line (LEBT) of SPIRAL2 installed at LPSC Grenoble. PHOENIX V2 will be the starting ion source of SPIRAL 2 at GANIL. The status and future developments of this source are presented in this paper. Recent studies with Oxygen and Argon beams at 60 kV have demonstrated reliable operation at 1.3 emA of O⁶⁺ and 200 eμA of Ar¹²⁺. Metallic ion beam production has been studied with the Large Capacity Oven developed by GANIL and 20 eμA of Ni¹⁹⁺ have been obtained. In order to improve further the beam intensities for Spiral2, an economical upgrade of the source named PHOENIX V3 has been recently decided by the project management. The goal is to double the plasma chamber volume from 0.6 to 1.2 liter by increasing the chamber wall radius, keeping the whole magnetic confinement intensity unchanged. The PHOENIX V3 magnetic design will be presented along with a status of the project.

Slides WEZO03 [8.818 MB]

WEPP02

Relationship of Performance and RF Resonance Modes

ion, ion-source, resonance, plasma

121

T. Hattori, A. Kitagawa, M. Muramatsu
NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan
N. Hayashizaki
RLNR, Tokyo, Japan

The performance of Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion source depends on the operation frequency, the magnetic mirror field, the maltipole field, the mirror ratio, the ECR zone and others. We studied the relationship of performance and operation frequency in ECR ion source (HiECR-3). The performance (beam intensity of Ar⁹⁺ ion) was measured according to change of frequency from 9.7 to 11.7 GHz in fixed magnetic field of HiECR ion source. We measured resonant frequencies of plasma chamber of HiECR ion source in condition of no plasma (current of mirror coils is zero). The data of intensity of Ar⁹⁺ related to measured resonant frequencies. Their resonant modes were checked with a 3D electromagnetic simulator (High Frequency Structure Simulator). As a result, it became clear that the performance of the ion source depends on electric-field distribution of the RF resonant mode.

WEPP03

Plasma Instability in the Afterglow of ECR Discharge Sustained in a Mirror Trap

electron, plasma, ion, detector

125

I. Izotov, A. Mansfeld, V. Skalyga, V. Zorin
IAP/RAS, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
T. Grahn, T. Kalvas, H. A. Koivisto, J.P.O. Komppula, P. Peura, O.A. Tarvainen, V. Toivanen
JYFL, Jyväskylä, Finland

Funding: Work was performed in frame of realization of federal targeted program "Scientific and pedagogical labor force for an innovative Russia" for 2009-2013 yy.
A number of studies have been devoted to the investigations of plasma decay in ECR heated discharges confined in a mirror magnetic trap. The motivation of this work is to study plasma instabilities causing perturbations of ion current during the plasma decay. Present work is devoted to time-resolved diagnostics of non-linear effects observed during the afterglow plasma decay of an 14 GHz Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source (ECRIS) at JYFL operated in pulsed mode. Plasma instabilities causing perturbations of extracted ion current during the decay were observed and studied. It is shown that these perturbations are associated with precipitation of high energy electrons along the magnetic field lines and strong bursts of bremsstrahlung emission. The effect of ion source settings on the onset of the observed instabilities was investigated. Based on the experimental data and estimated plasma properties it is assumed that the instabilities are of cyclotron type. The conclusion is supported by a comparison to other type of plasma devices (SMIS 37, IAP RAS) exhibiting similar characteristics but operating in a different plasma confinement regime.

WEPP13

Development Update of the LECR4 Ion Source - Dragon at IMP

ion, sextupole, ion-source, extraction

133

W. Lu, B.H. Ma, L.T. Sun, H. Wang, D. Xie, X.Z. Zhang, H.W. Zhao
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
L. Ruan, B. Xiong
IEE, Beijing, People's Republic of China

A new room temperature ECR ion source, LECR4-DRAGON to operate at 18 GHz, is under development for the SSC-LINAC project at IMP. In comparison to other room temperature ECRISs, one unique feature of LECR4-DRAGON is that its plasma chamber is of ID 126 mm that is the biggest chamber for a room temperature ECRIS and the same as the superconducting ECR ion source SECRAL. Because the project funding requests testing a different magnet cooling scheme, solid quadrate copper coils cooled by medium evaporation at about 50^oC are to be used to produce a maximum axial magnetic field of about 2.5 T at injection and 1.4 T at the extraction, which are similar to SECRAL operating at 18 GHz. Furthermore, a large bore non-Halbach permanent sextupole with staggered structure has been under fabrication which can produce a radial magnetic field reaching 1.5 T at the plasma chamber wall for operation at 18 GHz. The progress updates and discussions of this new ion source will be presented in this paper.

WEPP14

An Advanced Injection System of Light Ions (AISLI) for Dielectric Wall Accelerator

ion, ion-source, proton, emittance

136

S.X. Peng, J. Chen, J.E. Chen, Z.Y. Guo, P.N. Lu, H.T. Ren, Y. Xu, J. Zhao
PKU, Beijing, People's Republic of China

The dielectric wall accelerator (DWA) is a kind of acceleration system that has the ability to accelerate any charge to mass ratio particle with high electric field gradients up to 400 MV/m and very compact dimension, for example d 30 mm x 50 mm. To demonstrate the high gradient tiny acceleration system, a comparable 50 mA/40 keV pulsed H⁺ converge beam injector is required. Based on the experimental results obtained on the test bench, a six electrodes injector was developed at Peking University (PKU). In this paper we will describe the preliminary experimental results as well as the details of the new compact injector which named as An Advanced Injector System of Light Ions (AISLI).

Poster WEPP14 [3.963 MB]

WEPP17

A Multi-Sample Changer Coupled to an ECR Source for AMS Experiments

plasma, laser, ion, ion-source

146

R.C. Vondrasek, T. Palchan, R.C. Pardo, C.E. Peters, M.A. Power, R.H. Scott
ANL, Argonne, USA

Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357.
A project using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) at the ATLAS facility to measure neutron capture rates on a wide range of actinides in a reactor environment is underway. This project will require the measurement of a large number of samples previously irradiated in the Advanced Test Reactor at Idaho National Laboratory. The AMS technique at ATLAS is based on production of highly-charged positive ions in an electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS) followed by acceleration in the ATLAS linac. The sample material is introduced into the plasma via laser ablation. This should limit the dependency of material feed rates upon the source material composition as well as minimize cross-talk between samples. A new multi-sample changer has been constructed allowing rapid changes between samples. The sample changer has 20 positions and is capable of moving from one sample to the next in one minute. Details of the sample changer design and operation will be presented.

THXO03

Recent RIKEN 28 GHz SC-ECRIS Results

ion, ion-source, ECRIS, extraction

159

Y. Higurashi, M. Fujimaki, H. Haba, O. Kamigaito, M. Kidera, M. Komiyama, J. Ohnishi, K. Ozeki
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
T. Aihara, M. Tamura, A. Uchiyama
SHI Accelerator Service Ltd., Tokyo, Japan

For increasing the beam intensity of highly charged heavy ions at RIKEN RIBF, we constructed new SC-ECR ion source. In the spring of 2011, we injected 28GHz microwave into the ion source and obtained first beam. Since then, we made several test experiments for increasing the beam intensity of highly charged Xe and U ion beam, and produced ~60 eμA of U³⁵⁺, ~90 eμA of U³³⁺ at the injected RF power of ~2 kW using sputtering method. In case of Xe²⁵⁺, 250 euA was obtained at RF power of 1.7 kW. Using sputtering method, we produced U³⁵⁺ ion beam longer than one month for the RIBF experiment without break. In the beginning of 2012, we installed additional GM-JT refrigerator to increase the cooling power at 4.2 K, then the total cooling power became higher than 9 W. Using it, we can use higher than 8 W of cooling power for heat load due to the absorbed X-rays. In this summer, we will install the new plasma chamber made of Al for increasing the cooling power. We will also use high temperature oven to increase the U vapor. In this contribution, we report the recent modification of the ion source and test experiments for production of U and Xe ion beam.

Slides THXO03 [49.487 MB]

THYO01

Operation of an ECRIS Charge State Breeder at TRIUMF

ion, background, plasma, experiment

163

F. Ames, R.A. Baartman, P.G. Bricault, K. Jayamanna, A. Mjøs
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada

After initial commissioning of the charge state breeder for radioactive ions at the TRIUMF/ISAC facility further tests on the performance of the system have been performed. One of the major problems found was the high background of stable ions from the ECR source, mainly C, N, O, Ar, Fe, Ni, C and Cr. The main source of those is the residual gas and sputtered material from the plasma chamber wall and from the surrounding electrodes. Although their intensity is small it can be orders of magnitude more than the intensity from the radioactive ions. Therefore, the original stainless steel plasma chamber of the Pantechnik PHOENIX ECR source has been exchanged to aluminium with an ultra pure aluminium coating, all electrodes for injection and extraction of the ions have been replaced with aluminium and the iron joke at the extraction side, which is part of the vacuum system in the PHOENIX source has been coated as well. This combined effect has reduced the amount of background ions substantially. Detailed results on the performance of the source after those changes will be presented.

Slides THYO01 [1.634 MB]

THYO03

Design Status of ECR Ion Sources and LEBT for FRIB

ion, ion-source, sextupole, solenoid

172

G. Machicoane, N.K. Bultman, G. Morgan, E. Pozdeyev, X. Rao
FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
J.Y. Benitez, C.M. Lyneis
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
L.T. Sun
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science under Cooperative Agreement DE-SC0000661
The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams at Michigan State University is currently being designed and will provide intense beams of rare isotopes for research in nuclear physics, nuclear astrophysics and study of fundamental interactions. The FRIB driver linac will accelerate all stable isotopes from Oxygen to Uranium to energies beyond 200 MeV/u at beam powers up to 400 kW. In the case of Uranium about 13.3 pμA of U³³⁺ are required from the ion source to reach the maximum beam power on the target. Such current is at the limit of what an ECR ion source can produce and led us to design the FRIB driver linac to accelerate concurrently two charges. The ECR ion source for FRIB will be based on the VENUS ion source developed at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). Recent beam measurements done with VENUS have demonstrated that the ion source can actually produce close to 13pμA of U³³⁺ and therefore could possibly meet the current required for FRIB in one charge state. This paper reviews the status of the FRIB ECR ion source and the modifications that have been made to the VENUS ion source design. The Low energy beam line transport (LEBT) will also be presented and discussed.

Slides THYO03 [6.532 MB]

THYO04

Performance of the ANL ECR Charge Breeder with Low Mass Beams

ion, plasma, injection, ion-source

177

R.C. Vondrasek, S.V. Kutsaev, R.C. Pardo, R.H. Scott
ANL, Argonne, USA
P. Delahaye, L. Maunoury
GANIL, Caen, France

Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357.
The Californium Rare Ion Breeder Upgrade (CARIBU) of the ATLAS superconducting linac facility aims at providing low-energy and reaccelerated neutron-rich radioactive beams to address key nuclear physics and astrophysics questions. These beams are obtained from fission fragments of a Cf-252 source, thermalized and collected into a low-energy particle beam by a helium gas catcher, mass analyzed by an isobar separator, and charge bred with an ECR ion source for acceleration in ATLAS. The charge breeding program had focused on optimizing beams in the mid-mass range, achieving high charge breeding efficiencies of both gaseous and solid species including 14.7% for the radioactive species ¹⁴³Ba²⁷⁺. In an effort to better understand the charge breeding mechanism, we recently focused on the low-mass species sodium and potassium which up to present have been difficult to charge breed efficiently. Charge breeding efficiencies of 10.1% for ²³Na⁷⁺ and 17.9% for ³⁹K¹⁰⁺ were obtained injecting stable Na⁺ and K⁺ beams from a surface ionization source. Details of these studies will be presented as well as simulations detailing the injection of the low charge state beams into the charge breeder.

Slides THYO04 [9.178 MB]

FRXA02

All Permanent Magnet ECR Ion Source Development and Operation Status at IMP

ion, ion-source, plasma, permanent-magnet

185

L.T. Sun, Y. Cao, J.Q. Li, J.Y. Li, B.H. Ma, H. Wang, J.W. Xia, D. Xie, W.H. Zhang, X.Z. Zhang, H.W. Zhao
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

All permanent magnet ECR ion sources have many advantages over traditional ECR ion sources composed of several axial room temperature solenoids and one permanent magnet hexapole magnet, which make them the first choice for many heavy ion facilities and platforms. At IMP, three types of all permanent magnet ECR ion sources have been built for different applications, i.e. the very compact ECR ion source LAPECR1 for intense mono or multi charge state ion beam production, the LAPECR2 ion source installed on the 320 kV high voltage multidisciplinary platform, and the LAPECR3 ion source dedicated to C⁵⁺ beam production for the cancer therapy facility. In this paper, after a general discussion of the ion sources' design, the applications and the operation status of the IMP all permanent magnet ECR ion sources will be presented.

Slides FRXA02 [6.380 MB]

FRXA03

Laser Ablation of Actinides into an Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources for Accelerator Mass Spectroscopy

laser, ion, plasma, target

190

T. Palchan, F.G. Kondev, S.A. Kondrashev, C. Nair, R.C. Pardo, R.H. Scott, R.C. Vondrasek
ANL, Argonne, USA
W. Bauder, P. Collon
University of Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
J.F. Berg, T. Maddock, G. Palmotti, M. Salvatores, G. Youinou
INL, Idaho Falls, Idaho, USA
G. Imel
ISU, Pocatello, Idaho, USA
M. Paul
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Racah Institute of Physics, Jerusalem, Israel
M. Salvatores
CEA Cadarache, Saint Paul Lez Durance, France

Funding: This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics, under contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357.
A project using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is underway at the ATLAS facility to measure the atom densities of transmutation products present in samples irradiated in the Advanced Test Reactor at INL. These atom densities will be used to infer effective actinide neutron capture cross-sections ranging from Thorium to Califorium isotopes in different neutron spectra relevant to advanced fuel cycles. This project will require the measurement of many samples with high precision and accuracy. The AMS technique at ATLAS is based on production of highly-charged positive ions in an ECRIS followed by injection into a linear accelerator. We use a picosecond laser to ablate the actinide material into the ion source. We expect that the laser ablation technique will have higher efficiency and lower chamber contamination than sputtering or oven evaporation thus reducing 'cross talk' between samples. The results of off-line ablation tests and first results of an accelerate beam generated by the laser coupled to the ECR will be discussed as well as the overall project schedule.

Slides FRXA03 [11.825 MB]

FRYA01

ECRISs at GANIL Today and Tomorrow

ion, ECRIS, target, ion-source

195

P. Jardin, O. Bajeat, C. Barue, C. Canet, P. Delahaye, M. Dubois, M. Dupuis, J.L. Flambard, R. Frigot, C. Leboucher, P. Lehérissier, F. Lemagnen, L. Maunoury, O. Osmond, J. Piot, E.K. Traykov
GANIL, Caen, France
B.J.P. Gall
IPHC, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
C. Peaucelle
IN2P3 IPNL, Villeurbanne, France
J. Rubert, T. Thuillier
LPSC, Grenoble Cedex, France
O. Tuske
CEA/DSM/IRFU, France

GANIL (Grand accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds) uses ECRIS for producing stable and radioactive ions since more than 20 years. 2 ECR4 type IS deliver intense multi-charged stable ion beams of gaseous and metallic elements to cyclotrons for post acceleration to energies up to 100 A·MeV. A full permanent magnet ECRIS is also used for producing multi-charged radioactive ion beams in the frame of SPIRAL 1 (Système de Production d'Ions radioactifs Accélérés en Ligne, part 1). For atomic physic experiment, a high performance ECRIS named GTS developed at CENG/ Grenoble (France) is currently used to deliver high intensity, high charge state and low energy ion beams. To extend the range of radioactive ion beams available at GANIL, two ISOL (Isotope Separator On Line) projects are underway (SPIRAL2 and SPIRAL1 upgrade). In the frame of these projects, radiation hard singly-charged ECRIS, Q/A=1/3 ECRIS, 2.45 GHz deuteron ECRIS and permanent magnet TISS (Target Ion Source System) using an ECRIS are in development in parallel. A review of the main uses, current developments and performances obtained or expected with ECRISs at GANIL will be presented.

Slides FRYA01 [6.926 MB]

FRYA02

Status of ECR Ion Sources for Carbon-ion Radiotherapy in Japan

ion, ion-source, operation, extraction

200

A. Kitagawa, M. Muramatsu
NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan
A.G. Drentje
KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands
T.F. Fujita
National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
M. Kanazawa
SAGA HIMAT, Saga, Japan
N. Sasaki, W. Takasugi
AEC, Chiba, Japan
E. Takeshita, S. Yamada
Gunma University, Heavy-Ion Medical Research Center, Maebashi-Gunma, Japan

Heavy-ion radiotherapy is successfully carried out at the Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC) at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS) since 1994. Now three facilities are in operation and two are under construction in Japan. Over 8000 cancer patients have already been treated. 140-400 MeV/u carbon beams were selected for the first clinical trials at HIMAC because carbon is one of the best candidates which gives good localized biological dose distribution for the typical conditions, a depth of 10 - 25 cm and a thickness of several cm. Based on the clinical results, all the patients have been treated by carbon beams at present. The ion source needs to realize a stable carbon beam with the same conditions for daily operation. Since operators are usually not specialists of the ion source, the source should not require complicated manual tuning. In addition, shorter maintenance time and cycle are better for a hospital. ECR ion sources are utilized for such requirements in each facility. We report the recent status of the ECR ion sources at heavy-ion radiotherapy facilities in Japan.

Slides FRYA02 [5.652 MB]