| Paper | Title | Other Keywords | Page | ||
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| IT02 | Overview of the Diagnostics Systems of SOLEIL and DIAMOND | diagnostics, sychrotron radiation, pick-up, feedback, SOLEIL, DIAMOND | 6 | ||
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SOLEIL and DIAMOND are two third-generation light sources in construction
in France and in Great Britain respectively. SOLEIL is scheduled to
deliver its first photons to its users in 2006 and DIAMOND in 2007. This
talk will present the beam diagnostic systems of both projects with
emphasizing technological novelties and the instruments that are
essential to their performances: BPM system, profile monitors and
feedback systems.
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| IT03 | Single Pass Optical Profile Monitoring | emittance, optics | 10 | ||
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Beam profiles are acquired in transfer lines to monitor extracted beams
and compute their emittance. Measurements performed on the first
revolutions of a ring will evaluate the matching of a chain of
accelerators. Depending on the particle type and energy, these
measurements are in general performed with screens, making either use of
Luminescence or OTR [Optical Transition Radiation], and the generated
beam images are acquired with detectors of various types: CCD, CMOS, CID,
TV Tubes or Multi-Anode Photo-Multipliers. The principles, advantages and
disadvantages of both families of screens will be discussed in relation
with the detectors used. A possible evaluation method for luminescent
screens and beam test results will be presented. Finally other optical
methods used will be mentioned for completeness.
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| IT04 | Challenges for LHC and Demands on Beam Instrumentation | LHC, collimation, luminosity, superconducting-magnet | 15 | ||
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The LHC machine presently under construction at CERN will exceed existing
superconducting colliders by about one order of magnitude for luminosity
and beam energies for pp collisions. To achieve this performance the
bunch frequency is as large as 40 MHz and the range in beam intensity
covers 5·109 protons to 3·1014 protons with a normalised
beam emittance as small as 3 μmrad. This puts very stringent demands on the beam
instrumentation to be able to measure beam parameters like beam
positions, profiles, tunes, chromaticities, beam losses or luminosity.
The presentation will pick out interesting subjects of the LHC beam
instrumentation field. The examples will be chosen to cover new detection
principles or new numerical data treatments, which had to be developed
for the LHC as well as aspects of operational reliability for
instrumentation, which will be used for machine protection systems.
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| IT05 | Single Shot Electron-Beam Bunch Length Measurements | diagnostics, monitoring, electro-magnetic fields, electron, wakefield | 20 | ||
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It is recognised by the Instrumentation community that 4th generation
light sources (like TESLA, LCLS) are posing some of the most stringent
requirements on beam diagnostics. Among these, the single-shot
electro-optic measurement of the bunch length and shape in the
sub-picosecond domain is an ongoing development.
The electro-optic detection method makes use of the fact that the local
electric field of a highly relativistic electron bunch moving in a
straight line is almost entirely concentrated perpendicular to its
direction of motion. This electric field makes an electro-optic crystal
placed in the vicinity of the beam birefringent. The amount of
birefringence depends on the electric field and is probed by monitoring
the change of polarization of the wavelength components of a chirped,
synchronized Ti:sapphire laser pulse.
This talk will provide details of the experimental setup at the Free
Electron Laser for Infrared eXperiments (FELIX) in Nieuwegein, The
Netherlands, where single shot images have been obtained of 1.7 ps long
electron bunches (beam energy 46 MeV, charge per bunch 200 pC).
Furthermore, future upgrading possibilities will be discussed.
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| IT06 | Short Bunch Beam Profiling | diagnostics, linac, free electron laser, photon, optics, SPPS, LCLS | 25 | ||
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The complete longitunal profiling of short electron bunches is discussed
in the context of 4th generation light sources. The high peak current
required for the SASE lasing process is achieved by longitudinal
compression of the electron bunch. The lasing process also depends on of
the preservation of the transverse emittance along the bunch during
this manipulation in longitudinal phase space. Beam diagnostic
instrumentation needs to meet several challenges: The bunch length and
longitudinal profile should be measured on a single bunch to characterize
the instantaneous, peak current along the bunch. Secondly, the transverse
emittance and longitudinal energy spread should be measured for slices of
charge along the bunch. Several techniques for invasive and noninvasive
bunch profiling will be reviewed, using as examples recent measurements
from the SLAC Sub Picosecond Photon Source (SPPS) and the planned
diagnostics for the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). These include
transverse RF deflecting cavities for temporal streaking of the electron
bunch, RF zero-phasing techniques for energy correlation measurements,
and electro-optic measurements of the wake-field profile of the bunch.
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| IT07 | Digital Signal Processing in Beam Instrumentation: Latest Trends and Typical Applications | diagnostics, controls, betatron, closed-orbit, feedback | 30 | ||
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During the last decade digital signal processing has found its way into
the beam instrumentation arena, to become an essential part of several
beam diagnostic systems. In fact, the recent impressive hardware
performance improvement made it possible for functions once exclusively
accomplished by analogue methods, to be enhanced by the application of an
alternative digital approach. This is true to a point that the conversion
to digital processing has become inevitable. Factors that favour crossing
the border towards digital implementation are obviously speed as well as
precision, signal-to-noise ratio, dynamic range, stability of components
and configuration capability, together with the availability of powerful
and user-friendly development tools. Improvement in A/D conversion and
processing speed has allowed successfully developing digital feedback
loops and on-line diagnostics. The ascent of such digital techniques
generated a concurrent and parallel interest in digital signal processing
algorithms and in the use of the associated digital hardware components.
Current trends in beam diagnostics include using Digital Signal
Processors (DSPs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital
receivers and fast digitizers. The talk reviews latest developments and
illustrates selected digital applications, relevant to the beam
diagnostic area.
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| IT08 | Diagnostic Challenges at SNS | diagnostics, H-minus, SNS, superconducting-RF | 35 | ||
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The Spallation Neutron Source now being built in Oak Ridge, Tennessee,
USA, accelerates an H- ion beam to 1000 MeV with an average power of 1.4
MW. The H- beam is then stripped to H+, compressed in a storage ring to a
pulse length of 695 ns, and then directed onto a mercury neutron
spallation target. Most of the acceleration is accomplished with
superconducting rf cavities. The presence of these cavities, the high
average beam power, and the large range of beam intensity in the storage
ring, provide unique challenges to the beam diagnostics systems. In this
talk we will discuss these challenges and some of our solutions,
including the laser profile monitor system, the residual gas ionization
profile monitors, and network attached devices. Measurements performed
using prototype instrumentation will also be presented.
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| IT09 | Smith-Purcell Radiation in View of Particle Beam Diagnostics | diagnostics, radiation, monitoring | 40 | ||
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The development of the next generation high quality electron beams which
are necessary for future high luminosity linear colliders and short
wavelengths free electron lasers requires sensitive and non-destructive
beam diagnostic techniques. In this context Smith-Purcell radiation
which is generated when a charged particle beam passes close to the
surface of a periodic structure (diffraction grating) is under discussion
as a compact and inexpensive beam profile monitor.
In order to study the basic emission process of Smith-Purcell radiation
also in view of possible applications for particle beam diagnostics,
experimental studies were performed at the Mainz Microtron MAMI in the
visible spectral region with a microfocused 855 MeV electron beam. The
radiation was separated from background components, as diffracted
synchrotron radiation and transition radiation generated by electrons
scratching the grating surface, by exploiting their specific emission
characteristics. These are
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| IT10 | Advanced Diagnostics of Lattice Parameters in Hadron Colliders | beam-losses, collider, diagnostics, lattice | 45 | ||
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With a beam stored energy exceeding by several orders of magnitude the
quench level of the magnets and non-negligible non-linear field
components, the control of the beam dynamics and losses in LHC must be
very precise. This is a strong incentive to strengthen as much as
possible the potential of beam diagnostics. This paper reviews some of
the developments in various laboratories that appear to have a large
potential. They either allow for a much better access to classical beam
parameters or for the measurement of quantities formerly not accessible.
Examples are a fast measurement of the betatron tunes, the use of PLL for
reliable tune tracking and feedback, new methods or ideas to measure the
chromaticity with the potential of feedback systems and similarly for the
betatron coupling, the measurement of high-order non-linear fields and
resonances and the potential of AC dipole excitation. This list is bound
to be incomplete as the field is fortunately very dynamic.
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| CT01 | An Inductive Pick-Up for Beam Position and Current Measurements | pick-up, CLIC | 53 | ||
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An Inductive Pick-Up (IPU) senses the azimuthal distribution of the beam
image current. Its construction is similar to a wall current monitor, but
the pick-up inner wall is divided into electrodes and each of which forms
the primary winding of a toroidal transformer. The beam image current
component flowing along each electrode is transformed to a secondary
winding, connected to a pick-up output. Four pick-up output signals drive
an active hybrid circuit, producing two difference signals proportional
to the horizontal and vertical beam positions, and one sum signal,
proportional to the beam current. The bandwidth of these signals, ranging
from below 1 kHz to beyond 150 MHz, exceeds five decades. Each electrode
transformer has an additional turn to which a pulse from a precise
current source is applied to calibrate the sensor for accurate beam
position and current measurements. The IPU has been developed for the
drive beam linac of the CLIC Test Facility 3. For that purpose it had to
be optimized for low longitudinal coupling impedance in the GHz range.
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| CT02 | Single Shot Measurements of the 4-Dimensional Transverse Phase Space Distribution of Intense Ion Beams at the UNILAC at GSI | diagnostics, linac, ion, transverse-dynamics | 56 | ||
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The UNILAC is used as an injector for the synchrotron SIS. It is designed
to fill the synchrotron up to its space charge limit. The upper limit for
the useful beam emittance of the UNILAC is given by the finite acceptance
of the SIS during the injection process. In order to remain within this
acceptance the emittance growth during beam acceleration and
transportation due to space charge effects must be minimized by applying
an appropriate beam focusing. Therefore, the influence of the magnetic
focusing strength on the beam emittance growth was investigated
experimentally for different beam currents. Measurements of transverse
phase space distributions were performed before and after the Alvarez
accelerator with a periodic focusing channel, respectively. In order to
perform such a wide parameter scan within a reasonable time with respect
to machine stability, the pepper pot technique was applied. The pepper
pot method allows for single-pulse measurements. For comparison several
measurements using the slit-grid technique, which averages over many
pulses, were performed. Both transverse planes were measured
simultaneously. Using two pepper pot devices more than 60 single shot
measurements of the full 4-dimensional transverse phase space
distribution were performed within 8 hours. In this paper we report on
the results of the measurements and we compare them to beam dynamic
simulations and we give an outlook on further developments on pepper pot
devices.
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| CT03 | Beam Instrumentation for the Single Electron DAΦNE Beam Test Facility | diagnostics, linac, controls, electron, positrons | 59 | ||
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The DAΦNE Beam Test Facility (BTF) has been successfully commissioned in
February 2002, and started operation in November of the same year.
Although the BTF is a beam transfer line optimized for single particle
production, mainly for high energy detectors calibration, it can provide
electrons and positrons in a wide range of multiplicity: between 1-1010,
with energies from a few tens of MeV up to 800 MeV. The large
multiplicity range requires many different diagnostic devices, from
high-energy calorimeters and ionization/fluorescence chambers in the few
particles range, to standard beam diagnostics systems. The schemes of
operation, the commissioning results, as well as the beam diagnostics are
presented.
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| CT04 | The Beam Inhibit System for TTF II | diagnostics, linac, electron, free-electron-laser | 62 | ||
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The new generation of light sources based on SASE Free-Electron-Lasers
driven by LINACs operate with electron beams with high beam currents and
duty cycles. This is especially true for the superconducting machines
like TTF II and the X-RAY FEL, under construction or planning at DESY.
Elaborate fast protections systems are required not only to protect the
machine from electron beams hitting and destroying the vacuum chamber,
but also to prevent the machine from running at high loss levels,
dangerous for components like the FEL undulator.
This paper will give an overview over the different protection systems
currently under construction for TTF II. The very fast systems, based on
transmission measurements and distributed loss detection monitors, will
be described in detail. This description will include the fast
electronics to collect and to transmit the different interlock signals.
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| CT05 | Beam Loss Detection at Radiation Source ELBE | diagnostics, linac, electron, radiation, beam-losses, beam-transport | 65 | ||
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The Rossendorf superconducting Electron Linac of high Brilliance and low
Emittance (ELBE) delivers an 40 MeV, 1 mA cw-beam for different
applications such as bremsstrahlung production, electron channelling,
free-electron lasers or secondary particle beam generation. In this
energy region in case of collisions of the electron beam with the pipe
nearly all beam power will be deposited into the pipe material. Therefore
a reliable beam loss monitoring is essential for machine protection
at ELBE. Different systems basing on photo multipliers, compton diodes
and long ionization chambers were studied. The pros and cons of the
different systems will be discussed. Ionization chambers based on
air-isolated RF cables installed some cm away parallel to the beam line
turned out to be the optimal solution. The beam shut-off threshold was
adjusted to 1 μC integral charge loss during a 100 ms time interval. Due
to the favourable geometry the monitor sensitivity varies less than ±50%
along the beam line (different shielding conditions).
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| CT06 | Timing Sicknesses in Control Systems: Causes, Cure and Prevention | 68 | |||
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In some cases, Trigger Generators or Data Acquisition Systems used for
Beam Diagnostics show undefined or unreliable timing behavior. This
presentation identifies common reasons, ways to fix the problems and some
general rules to avoid them from the beginning. Examples will be given to
discuss causes for e.g. double bunches and timing and trigger jumps,
periodic as well as randomly. It will be discussed, how proper layout,
timing calculations and timing measurements can avoid these inconvenient
effects in advance.
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| CT08 | Capabilities of the ELETTRA/SLS Multibunch Feedback Electronics | diagnostics, feedback, transverse-dynamics | 74 | ||
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Due to the unavailability of commercial ADC and DAC boards, first
commissioning of the transverse multi bunch feedback was done in the last
year using loaned equipment from Sincrotrone Trieste. In order to remedy
that situation, development of ADC and DAC VME boards was started. The
boards do a 500 MS/s data conversion with an 8 bit resolution. The ADC
and DAC circuits are separate modules containing their own one to four
de-/multiplexing electronic reducing the data rate to 125 MS/sec. The
following stage being a common design to both ADC and DAC allows data
recording and play back using on board RAM and allows freely programmable
multiplexing/demultiplexing ratios of one to five to one to twelve. The
digital data streams flow via Front Panel Digital Ports (FPDP). A special
design criterion were low system latencies ensuring a high feedback
efficiency. Apart from lab tests, we report on full feedback system test
and show the feedback performance in the transverse and longitudinal
planes.
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| CT09 | SLIM (SEM for Low Interception Monitoring) - An Innovative Non-Destructive Beam Monitor for the Extraction Lines of a Hadrontherapy Centre | medical accelerators, hadron, diagnostics, monitoring, electrostatic devices | 77 | ||
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Real time monitoring of hadrontherapy beam intensity and profile is a
critical issue for the optimisation of the dose delivery to the patient
carcinogenic tissue, the patient safety and the operation of the
accelerator complex. For this purpose an innovative beam monitor, based
on the secondary emission of electrons by a nonperturbative, sub-micron
thick Al target placed directly in the extracted beam path, is being
proposed. The secondary electrons, accelerated by an electrostatics
focusing system, are detected by a monolithic silicon position sensitive
sensor, which provides the beam intensity and its position with a
precision of 1 mm at 10 kHz frame rate. The conceptual design and the
engineering study optimised for hadrontherapy, together with the results
of the preliminary tests of the first system prototype, will be
presented.
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| CT10 | Beam Diagnostics in the AGOR Cyclotron | diagnostics, cyclotron, ion | 80 | ||
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The beam diagnostics equipment in modern multi-particle, multi-energy
cyclotrons for research in nuclear physics is reviewed, using the
superconducting cyclotron AGOR at the KVI as an example. An extensive set
of diagnostics tools has been integrated already in the design stage. It
includes three scanning probes for beam centering, a scanning probe
for the measurement of radial and vertical beam oscillations and
beamlosses, beam phase pick-ups to optimize isochronism of the magnetic
field and profile and current measurements along the beam path through
the four movable extraction elements. The operating experience gained
since the start-up of the cyclotron in 1996 is discussed for the various
diagnostics tools and improvements are described.
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| CT11 | Beam Based HOM Analysis of Acceleating Structures at the TESLA Test Facility LINAC | diagnostics, linac, higher-order-mode, wakefield | 83 | ||
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The beam emittance in future linear accelerators for high energy physics
and SASE-FEL applications depends highly on the field performance in the
accelerating structures, i.e. the damping of higher order modes (HOM).
Besides theoretical and laboratory analysis (network analyzer), a beam
based analysis technique was established [S. Fartoukh, et.al.,
Proceedings of the PAC99 Conference] at the TESLA Test Facility (TTF)
linac. It uses a charge modulated beam of variable modulation frequency
to excite dipole modes. This causes a modulation of the transverse beam
displacement, which is observed at a downstream BPM and associated with a
direct analysis of the modes at the HOM couplers. Emphasis of this
presentation is put on beam instrumentation and signal analysis aspects.
A brief introduction of eigenmodes in resonant structures, as well as
some interesting measurement results are further presented.
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| PM03 | Studies of OTR Angular Distribution on CTF2 | CLIC, diagnostics, optics, transverse-dynamics | 92 | ||
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Today, Optical Transition radiation (OTR) is widely used in beam
diagnostics. The most common application is the imaging of the transverse
and longitudinal beam profiles. Other beam parameters like divergence and
energy can also be deduced by observing the angular distribution of the
OTR emission (“Donuts”). In order to investigate the possibilities
and the limits offered by this technique we have performed a test on the
48 MeV, 1 nC electron beam of the CLIC Test Facility 2 (CTF2).
Beam divergences between 2 and 6 mrad were measured with an accuracy of
few percent. A good agreement was also found between the energy
measurements obtained with a classical spectrometer and the OTR based
technique. We conclude describing some possible future applications of
OTR based diagnostics for CLIC.
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| PM04 | OTR from Non-Relativistic Electrons | CLIC, diagnostics, optics, transverse-dynamics | 95 | ||
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The CLIC Test Facility 3 (CTF3) injector will provide pulsed beams of
high average current; 5 A over 1.56 μs at 140 keV. For transverse beam sizes
of the order of 1mm, as foreseen, this implies serious damages to the
commonly used scintillating screens. Optical Transition Radiation from
thermal resistant radiators represents a possible alternative. At low
energy the OTR emission is feeble and distributed over a large solid
angle. In order to investigate the feasibility of such a diagnostic
studies have been carried out on a test 80 keV photo injector. The
experimental set-up is described and the results are compared to the
calculations based on the OTR emission theory. Our conclusions for the
design of the CTF3 injector profile monitor are also given.
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| PM06 | An Improved PLL for Tune Measurements | diagnostics, controls, synchrotron, transverse-dynamics | 101 | ||
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The key element determining the dynamic performance of such a PLL is the
phase detector between the beam oscillation and the internal oscillation.
Most circuits use a quadrature phase detector, for which the high
frequency carrier at twice the excitation frequency is attenuated by a
low-pass circuit. The remaining ripple of this component contributes to
the bandwidth/noise performance of the PLL.
In this paper we propose an alternative solution for the filter, notably
an adaptive notch filter. We explain in detail design considerations and
the resulting improvements in PLL bandwidth and/or noise figure.
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| PM08 | Recent Advances in the Measurement of Chromaticity Via Head-Tail Phase Shift Analysis | diagnostics, chromatic effects, SPS, LHC | 107 | ||
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A so-called "Head-Tail" monitor has been operational in the CERN-SPS for
a few years. The measurement of chromaticity using such a monitor relies
on the periodic dephasing and rephasing that occurs between the head and
tail of a single bunch for non-zero chromaticity. By measuring the
turn-by-turn position data from two longitudinal positions in a bunch it
is possible to extract the relative dephasing of the head and the tail,
and so to determine the chromaticity. Until recently this technique had
suffered from an unexplained “missing factor” when compared to
conventional chromaticity measurements. This paper explains the source of
this factor and also reports on the considerable experimental, simulation
and analysis effort that has qualified the technique for use in the LHC.
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| PM10 | Characterisation of Fast Faraday Cups at the ELETTRA Linac | diagnostics, electron, ELETTRA, linac | 113 | ||
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A major upgrade of the ELETTRA injector is currently on going: the 1 GeV
LINAC will be replaced with a 100 MeV LINAC and a 2.5 GeV Booster
Synchrotron. A new set of diagnostics is now under development for these
two new machines. The new Fast Tune measurement system for the Booster
represents a significant improvement as compared to the present Tune
measurement system.
With the Booster cycling at 3 Hz, horizontal and vertical tunes have to be
measured during the energy ramp, whose duration is 160 ms. To completely
characterise the dynamics of the Booster during the energy ramp, a set of
25 tune values has been required, corresponding to a 6.4 ms interval
between successive measurements. The accuracy of this measurement is
<10-3. Such frequency spans are achievable using a Real Time Spectrum
Analyser (Tektronix 3026), which is a fast sampling instrument with
built-in FFT algorithm and data presentation.
In this paper, after describing the system specifications and
architecture, we present the results of the preliminary tests, which have
been carried out both in the laboratory and on the Storage Ring.
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| PM11 | Beam Studies Made With The SPS Ionization Profile Monitor | diagnostics, emittance, monitoring, SPS | 116 | ||
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During the last two years of SPS operation, investigations were pursued
on the ability of the SPS ionization profile monitor prototype to fulfill
different tasks. It is now established that the instrument can be used
for injection matching tuning, by turn to turn recording of the beam size
after the injection. Other applications concern beam size measurements on
beams ranging from an individual bunch to a nominal SPS batch foreseen
for injection into the LHC (288 bunches). By continuously tracking
throughout the SPS acceleration cycle from 26 GeV to 450 GeV the
evolution of parameters associated to the beam size, it is possible to
explain certain beam behavior. Comparisons are also made at different
beam currents and monitor gains with measurements made with the wire
scanners. Data are presented and discussed, and the possible
implementation of new features is suggested in order to further improve
the consistency of the measurements.
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| PM12 | Cavity Mode Related Wire Breaking of the SPS Wire Scanners And Loss Measurements of Wire Materials | diagnostics, wire scanner, radio-frequency | 119 | ||
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During 2002 SPS running with the high intensity LHC type beam the
breaking of several of the carbon wires in the wire scanners has been
observed. This damage occurred with the scanners in their parking
position. The observation of large changes in the wire resistivity and
thermionic electron emission indicated clearly a strong RF beam induced
heating and its bunch length dependence. A subsequent analysis in the
laboratory, simulating the beam by a RF-powered wire, showed two main
problems. The housing of the wire scanner acts as a cavity with a mode
spectrum starting around 350 MHz and high impedance values around 700
MHz. The carbon wire used appears to be an excellent RF absorber and thus
dissipates a significant part of the beam-induced power. The classical
cavity mode technique is used to determine the complex permittivity and
permeability of different samples. As a resonator, a rectangular TE01N
type device is used. Different materials such as silicon carbide (SiC),
carbon and quartz fibres as well as other samples were measured, since no
data for these materials was available. In particular SiC properties are
of interest, since SiC bulk material is often used as a microwave
absorber. As a result, the carbon wire will be replaced by a SiC wire,
which shows much less RF losses. Placing ferrite tiles on the inner wall
of the wire scanner housing considerably reduces the impedance of the
cavity modes. The reduction of the Q values of these modes is confirmed
by laboratory measurements.
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| PM13 | The PS Booster Fast Wire Scanner | emittance, heavy ion | 122 | ||
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The very tight emittance budget for LHC type beams makes precise
emittance measurements in the injector complex a necessity. The PS
machine uses 2 fast wire scanners per transverse plane for emittance
measurement of the circulating beams. In order to ease comparison the
same type of wire scanners have been newly installed in the upstream
machine, the PS Booster, where each of the 4 rings is equipped with 2
wire scanners measuring the horizontal and vertical profiles.
Those wire scanners use new and more modern control and readout
electronics featuring dedicated intelligent motor movement controllers,
which relieves the very stringent real time constraints due to the very
high speed of 20 m/s. In order to be able to measure primary beams at the
very low injection energy of the Booster (50 MeV) secondary emission
currents from the wire can be measured as well as secondary particle
flows at higher primary particle energies during and after acceleration.
The solution adopted for the control of the devices is described as well
as preliminary results obtained during measurements made in 2002.
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| PM14 | Upgrade Of The ESRF Fluorescent Screen Monitors | emittance, linac, luminosity | 125 | ||
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The ESRF injector system contains 23 Fluorescent Screen monitors: 4 in
the TL-1 transferline (200 MeV), 8 in the Booster, and 11 in the TL-2
transferline (6 GeV). They are based on Chromium doped Alumina screens
that are pneumatically inserted at 45o angle in the beam path with an
optical system, at 90o angle, collecting and focusing the emitted
light onto a low-cost CCD camera with standard 75Ω video output.
Serving mainly alignment purposes in the past 10 years, the present
upgrade aims at a 200 μm fwhm resolution for beam-size and profile
measurements. The particularity of the Alumina screen not in vacuum but
in atmosphere will be explained. Details of the mechanics, the optic
system and a cost-efficient way of light flux adjustment will be given.
The analysis of the factors determining the ultimate spatial resolution
will show that it is dominated by the screen characteristics. Results
obtained with different screen material will be presented.
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| PM15 | First Experimental Results And Improvements On Profile Measurements With The Vibrating Wire Scanner | halo, tail, wire scanner, diagnostics | 128 | ||
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The paper presents the first experimental results of transverse profile
scans using a wire scanner based on a vibrating wire (vibrating wire
scanner - VWS). The measurements were performed at the injector electron
beam (6 nA) of the Yerevan synchrotron. The beam profile information is
obtained by measuring the wire natural oscillations that depend on the
wire temperature. This first experiments on weak electron beam proved
this new method as a very sensitive tool, even suitable for tail
measurements.
Additional, improvements were tested to overcome some problems connected
with signal conditioning and signal transfer in the presence of
electromagnetic noise. As a result the noises were neatly separated and
reduced. A mathematical method for rejection of distorted data was
developed. Experiments with the scanner at the PETRA accelerator at DESY
are planned for measurements of beam tails.
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| PM17 | Development of a Permanent Magnet Residual Gas Profile Monitor With Fast Readout | diagnostics, heavy ion, storage-ring, synchrotron | 134 | ||
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Modern ion accelerators and storage rings require very fast beam profile
measurements (turn-by-turn) with highest resolutions. We propose a new
residual gas monitor, which will operate on secondary electrons whose
trajectories are localized within ∅ 0.1 mm filaments along 0.1 T uniform
magnetic field lines excited by a permanent magnet. The best way to adopt
the resolution of 0.1 mm into the data acquisition system is the use of a
CCD camera with upstream MCP-phosphor screen assembly. To realize a fast
turn-by-turn beam profile measurement a photodiode readout by a
100-channel amplifier/digitizer is foreseen.
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| PM18 | Residual Gas Fluorescence for Profile Measurements at the GSI UNILAC | diagnostics, photon, linac, optics | 137 | ||
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The high beam currents, delivered at the LINAC at GSI (UNILAC) can
destroy intercepting diagnostics within one macro-pulse. As an
alternative for a non-destructive profile measurement the methode for
residual-gas-fluorescence is investigated. The fluorescence light is
emitted by the N2 molecules of the residual gas at the blue wavelength
range and can be monitored with a modern CCD-camera. The images are
transferred via digital bus (IEEE 1394 'FireWire') and the profiles are
generated by analysis of the images with a modern software tool (National
Instruments 'LabView'). Due to the short beam pulses (about 0.2 ms) the
light intensities emitted by the residual gas are low and require a high
amplification (gain >106) which is realized with an image intensifier
with double MCP (multi channel plate), connected with a fiber taper to
the CCD-chip. The design parameters of the optics and electronics are
discussed as well as the advantages of the digital data transmission.
Measurements with heavy ion beams of several 100 μA and a comparison to
other profile measurement methods show a good signal-to-noise ratio and
prove a good applicability.
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| PM19 | Ionisation Beam Profile Monitor at the Cooler Synchrotron COSY-Jülich | diagnostics, storage-ring, ion, synchrotron | 140 | ||
|
For beam profile measurements, a residual-gas ionisation beam profile
monitor using a position sensitive micro channel plate (MCP) detector was
developed and installed at the cooler synchrotron and storage ring
COSY at Forschungszentrum Julich.
A parallel ion drift field is maintained in the gap between two
electrodes. Residual gas ions are drifted onto an MCP assembly that
provides a charge gain of about 107. For online calibration the detector
can be illuminated with an α-source. The secondary charge produced from
each ion is collected by a wedge and strip anode. After some processing
the charge signal is digitized and read out by means of a PC running
Cobold PC software.
Since COSY operates with beam intensities up to 1011 protons and a vacuum
of 10-9 mbar, there is a high risk of detector damage. The lifetime of
the channel plates and the event rate are crucial issues for the profile
measurement of intense proton beams. The aging of the channel plates
(i.e. inhomogeneous decrease of the gain) were investigated using
scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis.
Different implemented detector protection mechanisms are discussed.
Measurements with electron cooled beams are reported.
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| PM23 | Networked Attached Devices at SNS | diagnostics, controls | 146 | ||
|
The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) diagnostic instruments at Oak Ridge
National Laboratory are based on the Network Attached Device (NAD)
concept. Each pickup or sensor has its own resources such as timing, data
acquisition and processing. NADs are individually connected to the
network, thus reducing the brittleness inherent in tightly coupled
systems. This architecture allows an individual device to fail or to be
serviced or removed without disrupting other devices.
This paper describes our implementation of the nearly 400 NADs to be
deployed. The hardware consists of rack-mounted PCs with standard
motherboards and PCI data-acquisition boards. The software environment is
based on LabVIEW and EPICS. LabVIEW supports the agile development
demanded by modern diagnostic systems. EPICS is the control system
standard for the entire SNS facility. To achieve high performance,
LabVIEW and EPICS communicate through shared memory.
SNS diagnostics are developed by a multi-laboratory partnership including
ORNL, BNL, LANL, and LBNL. The NAD concept proved successful during the
commissioning of the SNS front-end both at LBNL and ORNL.
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| PM24 | Parasitic Bunch Measurement in e+/e- Storage Rings | diagnostics, bunching, synchrotron-radiation, photon, lepton, undulator | 149 | ||
|
The lepton storage rings DORIS and PETRA at DESY are used as sources for
synchrotron radiation experiments. In normal operation the distance
between the bunches should be 96 ns in PETRA and 192 ns in DORIS. The
adjacent buckets must not have any stored particles or, in reality, as
few as possible. This is particularly important for time triggered photon
measuring experiments. The principle of the 'parasitic bunch' measurement
down to a fraction of 10-6 of the main bunch within 20 seconds are
described. Additionally, the sources of the 'parasitic bunches' and the
actions to minimize them are discussed.
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| PM26 | A System For Beam Diagnostics in the External Beam Transportation Lines of the DC-72 Cyclotron | diagnostics, cyclotron, medical accelerators, emittance, pick-up, DC-72 | 155 | ||
|
The isochronous four-sector Cyclotron DC-72 will serve as the basic
facility of the Cyclotron Center of the Slovak Republic in Bratislava. It
will be used for accelerating ion beams of H- to Xe up to energy of
72-2.7 MeV/nucleon.
In the present work a system for external beam diagnostics is presented,
which is intended for on-line acquisition of data on the main parameters
of accelerated beams (current, position, profile, emittance and energy
of the ion beams) to allow effective tuning of the accelerator operation
regime as well as ion beam transport along the transport lines through
the ion optical systems to physical targets and set-ups.
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| PM27 | Multifunction Test-Bench For Heavy Ion Sources | diagnostics, heavy ion, emittance | 158 | ||
|
The new test-bench for heavy ion sources has been created in ITEP. It is
planned to equip test-bench with a set of measurement devices to cover
wide range of beam widths, divergences, durations, currents etc. It will
provide measurements of different heavy ion beams parameters,
particularly, emittance and charge state distribution. The last parameter
may be measured both by the time-of-flight method and with the magnet
analyzer. Two emittance measurement devices will be installed. It will be
possible to use both slit/grid and CCD based "pepperpot" methods, which
will give advantages of combination of classical emittance measurements
with performance of the CCD based devices. The detailed description of
test-bench and its equipment is presented. The first results at MEVVA ion
source and beam investigations are discussed.
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| PT04 | Advantages Of Implementing Digital Receivers In Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) | controls, diagnostics, industrial-accelerators, operational-performance | 175 | ||
|
Today’s state-of-the-art FPGA technology allows designers to satisfy
almost any demand for high-speed data processing needed in DSP
applications and fast data transfers. Dedicated FPGA resources are used
in DSP applications to perform down conversion, filtering and data
formatting. New trends in system architecture favor serial data transfer
rather than parallel by using FPGA’s internal resources, BRAMs, high
speed serial IOs and hard core processors.
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| PT05 | Experience With Sampling Of 500 MHz Rf Signal For Digital Receiver Applications | controls, diagnostics, industrial-accelerators, operational-performance | 178 | ||
|
This article will present test results of a prototype system that was
built to evaluate feasibility of a direct sampling of a 500 MHz RF signal
for use in digital receiver applications. The system consists of a
variable gain RF front end, a fast analog to digital converter (ADC) and
a field programmable gate array (FPGA) providing glue-logic between the
ADC and a PC computer.
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| PT06 | Dynamic X-Y Crosstalk / Aliasing Errors of Multiplexing BPMs | diagnostics, pick-up, monitoring, operational-performance, controls, feedback | 181 | ||
|
Multiplexing Beam Position Monitors (BPM) are widely used for their
simplicity and inherent drift cancellation property. These systems
successively feed the signals of (typically four RF) pickups through one
single detector channel. The beam position is calculated from the
demultiplexed (base band) signal. However, as shown by this contribution,
transverse beam motion results in positional aliasing errors due to the
finite multiplexing frequency. Fast horizontal motion, for example, can
alias into an apparent, slow vertical position change. A thorough
analysis is presented and the impact of essential parameters such as the
multiplexing rate and the scanning pattern/sequence of classical 4-button
pickups is discussed.
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| PT08 | The LHC Orbit and Trajectory System | diagnostics, closed-orbit, controls, LHC | 187 | ||
|
This paper describes the definitive acquisition system selected for the
measurement of the closed orbit and trajectory in the CERN-LHC and its
transfer lines. The system is based on a Wide Band Time Normaliser (WBTN)
followed by a 10-bit ADC and a Digital Acquisition Board (DAB), the
latter developed by TRIUMF, Canada. The complete chain works at 40 MHz, so
allowing the position of each bunch to be measured individually. In order
to avoid radiation problems with the electronics in the LHC tunnel, all
the digital systems will be kept on the surface and linked to the
analogue front-ends via a single mode fibre-optic connection. Slow
control via a WorldFIP fieldbus will be used in the tunnel for setting
the various operational modes of the system and will also be used to
check power supply statuses. As well as describing the hardware involved,
some results will be shown from a complete prototype system installed on
four pick-ups in the CERN-SPS using the full LHC topology.
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| PT09 | Cavity-Type BPMs For The TESLA Test Facility Free Electron Laser | diagnostics, free-electron-laser, radio-frequency, undulator, TTF | 190 | ||
|
For measurements of the beam position at the undulator section of the
TESLA Test Facility (TTF) at DESY cavity-type beam position monitors were
developed, installed and brought into operation. Besides of some
theoretical aspects results of in-beam measurements at the TTF are
presented and pros and cons of this monitor concept are discussed.
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| PT12 | Beam Phase Measurements in the AGOR Cyclotron | diagnostics, cyclotron, ion, longitudinal-dynamics | 193 | ||
|
Beamphase measurement to optimize the isochronism is an essential part of
the diagnostics in multi-particle, multi-energy cyclotrons. In the AGOR
cyclotron an array of 13 nondestructive beamphase pick-ups is installed.
To reduce the large disturbances from the RF-system the measurements are
traditionally performed at the 2nd harmonic of the RF-frequency. To
further improve the sensitivity intensity modulation of the beam has been
introduced. This creates side-bands in the Fourier spectrum, that are
completely free of interference from the RF-system. These side-bands
contain information on both the beamphase with respect to the
accelerating voltage and the number of revolutions up to the radius of
the measurement. A specific case is intensity modulation at the orbital
frequency, where the side-bands contain only information on the
beamphase. Measurements with the different methods will be presented,
demonstrating that the intensity modulation strongly improves the
sensitivity of the measurement. Useful beamphase measurements can now be
made for beam intensities down to 10 nA.
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| PT13 | An X-Band Cavity for a High Precision Beam Position Monitor
Work supported by Dept. of Energy Contract DE-AC03-76F00515 |
beam position, pick-up, diagnostics, NLC | 196 | ||
|
The next generation of accelerators will require increasingly precise
control of beam position. For example designs for the next linear
collider require beam-position monitors (BPMs) with 200 nm resolution.
The accelerator designs also place difficult requirements on accuracy and
stability. To meet these requirements a cavity BPM operating at 11.424
GHz was designed. The BPM consists of two cavities: an xy-cavity tuned to
the dipole mode and a phase cavity tuned to the monopole mode. The
xy-cavity uses a novel coupling scheme that (in principal) has zero
coupling to the monopole mode. This report will present the mechanical
design, simulations, and test results of a prototype BPM. In addition BPM
designs with even higher precision will be discussed.
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| PT15 | Performance of the ELBE BPM Electronics | diagnostics, linac, monitoring, pick-up, ELBE | 202 | ||
|
The ELBE radiation source is based on a superconducting linac. Initially
it was designed to be used in CW mode with repetition rates either 13 MHz
either 260 MHz. Later it was decided to operate the accelerator with
reduced repetition rates for diagnostic reasons and for certain users.
Now it is possible to operate at repetition rate 13/n MHz, where n can be
2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128. It is required that the BPM system supports
any of these operation modes. A core element of the BPM electronics is a
logarithmic amplifier AD8313 made by Analog Devices Inc. The logarithmic
amplifier is a direct RF to DC converter rated up to 2.5 GHz. Initial
design of the BPM electronic was sophisticated only for CW operation with
repetition rate more than 10 MHz, since bandwidth of the AD8313 is
about of 10 MHz. Additionally a sample and hold amplifier is built in to
provide enough time for an ADC to make measurements. The sample and hold
amplifier is synchronized with a micropulse frequency. In the paper we
present results of the modified BPM electronics test.
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| PT16 | A High Dynamic Range Beam Position Measurement System for ELSA-2 | electron, linac, diagnostics | 205 | ||
|
New beamlines are presently under construction for ELSA, a 20 MeV
electron linac located at Bruyères-le-Châtel. These lines need a beam
position measurement system filling the following requirements: small
footprint, wide dynamic range, single-bunch/multi-bunch capability,
simple design. We designed a compact 4-stripline sensor and an
electronic treatment chain based on logarithmic amplifiers. This paper
presents the design, cold and hot test results.
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| PT20 | A New Wide Band Wall Current Monitor | diagnostics, electron, CTF3 | 216 | ||
|
Wall current monitors (WCM) are commonly used to observe the time profile
of particle beams. In CTF3, a test facility for the future CERN Linear
Collider CLIC, high current electron beams of 1.5 μs pulse length are
bunched at 3 GHz and accelerated in a Linac working in fully loaded mode,
for which a detailed knowledge of the time structure along the pulse is
mandatory. The WCM design is based on an earlier version developed for
CTF2, a previous phase of the test facility, in which the beam duration
was only 16 ns. Due to the longer pulse width the low frequency cut-off
must be lowered to 10 kHz while the high frequency cut-off must remain at
10 GHz. The new WCM therefore has two outputs: a direct one for which an
increase of the inductance results in a 250 kHz to 10 GHz bandwidth while
the second one, using an active integrator compensating the residual
droop, provides a 10 kHz to 300 MHz bandwidth. The new WCM has been
installed in CTF2 late 2002 in order to test its high frequency
capabilities prior to its use in CTF3. Design considerations and first
results are presented.
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| PT21 | Microwave measurement of intra bunch charge distributions | diagnostics, single bunch | 219 | ||
|
A direct way of obtaining intra bunch charge distributions is to measure
the amplitude roll off as well as the phase behavior of the spectrum of
the single bunch self field. To that effect, a microwave pickup together
with a microwave front end has been installed in the storage ring of the
Swiss Light Source (SLS). As pickup, button type bpms are used,
which have been designed for a broad band behavior in the excess of 30
GHz. Three bpms together with their individual front ends are used in
order to sample the beam spectrum at frequencies of 6, 12 and 18 GHz,
which compares to the standard spectrum of a 1 mA single bunch extending
to approximately 12 GHz (13 ps rms bunch length). The signals are mixed
to base band in loco using the multiplied RF frequency as a LO. By
shifting the LO phase, simultaneously the amplitude roll off as well the
complex phase of the beam spectrum can be obtained. Where using a
resonator as a pickup would smear out the response over several bunches,
allowing only the determination of average values, the current setup has
a band width of approximately 2 GHz, so that individual bunches in the
500 MHz bunch train can easily be resolved.
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| PT24 | Development of a Bunch-Length Monitor with Sub-Picosecond Time Resolution and Single-Shot Capability
Funding: SNF (Schweizer National Fonds) |
diagnostics, linac, electron, bunching, SLS | 228 | ||
|
A bunch-length monitor with single-shot capability is under development
at the 100 MeV pre-injector LINAC of the Swiss Light Source (SLS). It is
based on the electro-optical effect in a ZnTe crystal induced by coherent
transition radiation (CTR). A spatial autocorrelation of the CTR in the
EO-crystal rotates the polarisation of a mode-locked Nd:YAG laser to
produce an image on an array detector representing the Fourier components
of the CTR spectrum. Up to now a theoretical model for the emission of
transition radiation has been developed in order to design optics
allowing efficient transport of the CTR onto the EO-crystal. The
frequency dependency of the CTR due to the finite size of the target
screen has been measured in the sub-THz regime at the SLS Linac. The
results strongly support the theoretical descriptions of the radiation
source. By expanding the intensity pattern in higher-order
Laguerre-Gaussian modes, the transmission through the optical transfer
system is calculated.
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| PT25 | Fast Tune Measurement System for the ELETTRA Booster | booster, diagnostics, electron, storage-ring | 231 | ||
|
Since several years, the Diagnostic Group at Laboratori Nazionali di
Legnaro (LNL) has been designing Fast Faraday Cups (FFC) to be used on
their Heavy Ion Accelerators; latest developments in this field include a
stripline FFC, jointly developed with SNS, Oak Ridge. A collaborative
partnership has been set-up between LNL and ELETTRA Laboratory to fully
characterize new FFCs, using as electron source the ELETTRA 1 GeV Linac.
Two FFCs, the stripline FFC, built at SNS, and a coaxial FFC, made at
LNL, have been installed at ELETTRA who provided the wideband data
acquisition and the remote control of the measurement. The first
measurements carried out using 1 GHz oscilloscope allowed the proper
set-up of remote control and a low jitter triggering. Wideband
measurements were performed with a sampling scope equipped with 50 GHz
head whereas the bandwidth of the stripline FFC is in the order of 10 GHz.
A complete set of tests has been carried both on the coaxial FFC and on
the stripline FFC. Thanks to the information provided by these wideband
measurements, the Linac working point has been further optimized as well
as the injection process into the ELETTRA SR.
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| PT27 | A 40 MHz Bunch by Bunch Intensity Measurement for the CERN SPS and LHC | diagnostics, SPS, LHC | 237 | ||
|
A new acquisition system has been developed to allow the measurement of
the individual intensity of each bunch in a 40 MHz bunch train. Such a
system will be used for the measurement of LHC type beams after
extraction from the CERN-PS right through to the dump lines of the
CERN-LHC. The method is based on integrating the analogue signal supplied
by a Fast Beam Current Transformer at a frequency of 40 MHz. This has been
made possible with the use of a fast integration ASIC developed by the
University of Clermont-Ferrand, France, for the LHC-b pre-shower
detector. The output of the integrator is digitised using a 12-bit ADC
and fed into a Digital Acquisition Board (DAB) that was originally
developed by TRIUMF, Canada, for use in the LHC orbit system. A full
system set-up was commissioned during 2002 in the CERN-SPS, and following
its success will now be extended in 2003 to cover the PS to SPS transfer
lines and the new TT40 LHC extraction channel.
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| PT30 | Ionisation Chambers for the LHC Beam Loss Detection | beam-losses, radiation | 245 | ||
|
At the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) a beam loss system will be used to
prevent and protect superconducting magnets against coil quenches and
coil damages. Since the stored particle beam intensity is 8 orders of
magnitude larger than the lowest quench level value particular attention
is paid to the design of the secondary particle shower detectors. The
foreseen ionisation chambers are optimised in geometry simulating the
probable loss distribution along the magnets and convoluting the loss
distribution with the secondary particle shower distributions. To reach
the appropriate coverage of a particle loss and to determine the quench
levels with a relative accuracy of 2 the number of the detectors and
their lengths is weighted against the particle intensity density
variation.
In addition attention is paid to the electrical ionisation chamber signal
to minimise the ion tail extension. This optimisation is based on time
resolved test measurements in the PS booster.
A proposal for a new ionisation chamber will be presented.
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| PT31 | Optical Fibre Dosimeter for SASE FEL Undulators | beam-losses, diagnostics, free-electron-laser, optics | 248 | ||
|
Single pass Free Electron Lasers (FELs) based on self-amplified
spontaneous emission (SASE) are developed for high brightness and short
wavelength applications. They use permanent magnet undulators which are
radiation sensitive devices. During accelerator commissioning beam losses
can appear anywhere along the undulator line. To avoid damage of the
permanent magnets due to radiation, an optical fibre dosimeter system can
be used. The increase of absorption caused by ionizing radiation is
measured in radiation sensitive optical fibers. The dose system enables
relatively fast particle loss tuning during accelerator operation and
allows the monitoring of the accumulated dose. Dose measurements in
narrow gaps which are inaccessible for any other (online) dosimeter type
become possible. The electromagnetic insensitivity of optical fibre
sensor is an advantage of applications in strong magnetic undulator
fields. At each location the light absorption is measured by using an
optical power-meter. The dynamic range is about 50 dB and covers the
linear range of the dose calibration of the fibre. The resolution of the
system is 140 mGy. The time between successive measurements is about 5
minutes. The system was installed and successfully tested at the TESLA
Test Facility TTF1. The fibre sensors will be a standard diagnostic tool
in the soft X-ray user facility TTF2.
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| PT32 | Beam Loss Diagnostics Based on Pressure Measurements | beam-losses, beam diagnostics, heavy ion beam, synchrotron | 251 | ||
|
The GSI is operating a heavy ion synchrotron, which is currently
undergoing an upgrade towards higher beam intensities. It was discovered
that beam losses induce a significant pressure increase in the vacuum
system. In order to detect the time constants of the pressure increase
and decrease, fast total pressure measurements were put into operation.
With the recently installed partial pressure diagnostics it is also
possible to follow up which types of molecules are released. The
presentation will focus on the different techniques applied as well as on
some measurement results. The potential and difficulties of this
diagnostic tool will also be discussed.
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| DW01 | Machine Protection And Interlock Systems
Session 1: Wednesday (11:15--13:00 Hrs) |
diagnostics, controls, man-machine-interface, operational performance | 259 | ||
|
The purpose of a MPS is to protect the equipment against abnormal beam
behaviour. High intense and high brilliant particle, photon and X-ray
beams are capable of causing significant damage to components in a
fraction of a second, i.e. too fast for any human reaction. The aim of
this session is to discuss existing and planned MPS with both their
specific and their general requirements. Among points to be reviewed: the
choice of sensors and components, the logic, the strategy, etc. in view
of the need for the MPS to be fail-proof. Some typical questions that
will be raised: What are the criteria for determining that an alarm
situation has been reached and what is the subsequent action of the
system? Very often the MPS may allow different beam modes, depending on
beam permit inputs. Which kind of beam modes exist and what are the input
signals? How are these systems integrated with the accelerator controls
and what is the impact on their operation?
This session will include a few very brief presentations of existing and
planned MPS' from different machines to illustrate the above questions
and to stimulate the subsequent discussion.
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| DW02 | Global Accelerator Network, Control Systems And Beam Diagnostics
Session 2: Wednesday (11:15--13:00 Hrs) |
diagnostics, controls, man-machine-interface, operational performance | 260 | ||
|
Falling funds force all accelerator centers to look for new sources of
financing and for the most efficient way of implementing new projects.
This very often leads to collaborations between institutes scattered
around the globe, a problem well known to big high energy physics
experiments. The collaborations working on big detectors e.g. for LHC
started thinking about detector acquisition and control systems which can
be remotely used from their respective home institutes with minimal
support on the spot.
This idea was taken up by A. Wagner from DESY for the TESLA machine, who
proposed the “Global Accelerator Network” (GAN) enabling users from
around the world to run an accelerator remotely.
Questions around this subject that immediately come to mind
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| DW03 | Beam Synchronous Timing Systems
Session 3: Wednesday (11:15--13:00 Hrs) |
diagnostics, controls, fibre-optics | 261 | ||
|
For many beam diagnostics purposes beam synchronous timing systems are
needed in addition to the timing systems supplied by the control systems
of the different accelerators. The demands and techniques of different
accelerator facilities will be discussed along the following aspects:
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