LLNL, Livermore, California
PPPL, Princeton, New Jersey
LBNL, Berkeley, California
University of electro-communications, Tokyo
We describe near term heavy-ion beam-driven warm dense matter (WDM) experiments. Initial experiments are at low beam velocity, below the Bragg peak, increasing toward the Bragg peak in subsequent versions of the accelerator. The WDM conditions are envisioned to be achieved by combined longitudinal and transverse neutralized drift compression to provide a hot spot on the target with a beam spot size of about 1 mm, and pulse length about 1-2 ns. The range of the beams in solid matter targets is about 1 micron, which can be lengthened by using porous targets at reduced density. Initial candidate experiments include an experiment to study transient darkening in the WDM regime; and a thin target dE/dx experiment to study beam energy and charge state distribution in a heated target. Further experiments will explore target temperature and other properties such as electrical conductivity to investigate phase transitions and the critical point.
Omega-P, Inc., New Haven, Connecticut
Euclid TechLabs, LLC, Solon, Ohio
KEK, Ibaraki
Ceramics Ltd., St. Petersburg
Columbia University, New York
Fast, electrically-controlled ferroelectric RF vector modulators are under development for different accelerator applications in the frequency range 0.4 - 1.3 GHz. The exact design of a vector modulator depends on the electrical parameters of particular ferroelectric material to be used, namely its dielectric constant, loss tangent and tunability. The exact values of these parameters were unknown in this frequency domain for low loss BST material that is planned to be used. A special two-disc test cavity has been designed and built that allows direct measurements of these parameters for large (100 mm in diameter) ferroelectric rings that are to be used in vector modulators. The results of measurements are presented.
LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken
ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
KEK, Ibaraki
Diamond stripping foils are under development for the SNS. Free-standing, flat 350 microgram/cm2 foils as large as 17 x 25 mm have been prepared. These nano-textured polycrystalline foils are grown by microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition in a corrugated format to maintain their flatness. They are mechanically supported on a single edge by a residual portion of their silicon growth substrate; typical fine foil supporting wires are not required for diamond foils. Six foils were mounted on the SNS foil changer in early 2006 and have performed well in commissioning experiments at reduced operating power. A diamond foil was used during a recent experiment where 12 microCoulombs of protons, approximately 40% of the design value, were stored in the ring. A few diamond foils have been tested at LANSCE/PSR, where one foil was in service for a period of five months (820 Coulombs of integrated injected charge) before it was replaced. Diamond foils have also been tested in Japan at KEK (650 keV H-) where their lifetimes slightly surpassed those of evaporated carbon foils, but fell short of those for Sugai's new hybrid boron carbon (HBC) foils.
Eltech University, St. Petersburg
Ceramics Ltd., St. Petersburg
Omega-P, Inc., New Haven, Connecticut
We present recent results on development of a BST(M) ferroelectric composition synthesized for use in advanced technology components for X-band and Ka-band RF systems in high gradient accelerators and offer significant advantages for high power RF manipulation in the 300-1'000 MHz frequency range as well. These low loss ferroelectric materials can be used as key elements of both tuning and phase shifting components. We have identified BST ferroelectric-oxide compounds as suitable materials for a fast electrically-controlled 700 MHz, 50 kW tuner for ERL (BNL) and for high-power fast RF phase shifters to be used for SNS vector modulation applications. We have also developed large diameter (11 cm) BST(M)-based ferroelectric rings planned to be used at high average power (10 kW range) for L-band phase-shifters intended for the ILC. This phase shifter will allow coupling adjustment and control of the power consumption during the process of SC cavity filling.
Tech-X, Boulder, Colorado
* C. Nieter, J. R. Cary, J. Comp. Phys. 196 (2004) 448.** S. Dey, R. Mittra, IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters 7 (1997) 273.
PPPL, Princeton, New Jersey
The Paul Trap Simulator Experiment is a compact laboratory Paul trap that simulates a long, thin charged-particle bunch coasting through a kilometers-long magnetic alternating-gradient (AG) transport system by putting the physicist in the beam's frame-of-reference. The transverse dynamics of particles in both systems are described by the same sets of equations, including all nonlinear space-charge effects. The time-dependent quadrupolar electric fields created by the confinement electrodes of a linear Paul trap correspond to the axially-dependent magnetic fields applied in the AG system. Results are presented from experiments in which the lattice period and strength are changed over the course of the experiment to transversely compress a beam with an initial depressed-tune of 0.9. Instantaneous and smooth changes are considered. Emphasis is placed on determining the conditions that minimize the emittance growth and the number of halo particles produced after the beam compression. The results of PIC simulations performed with the WARP code agree well with the experimental data. Initial results from a newly installed laser-induced fluorescence diagnostic will also be discussed.
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
Over the past years, SLAC's Advanced Computations Department (ACD) has developed the parallel finite element particle-in-cell code Pic3P (Pic2P) for simulations of beam-cavity interactions dominated by space-charge effects. As opposed to standard space-charge dominated beam transport codes, which are based on the electrostatic approximation, Pic3P (Pic2P) includes space-charge, retardation and boundary effects as it self-consistently solves the complete set of Maxwell-Lorentz equations using higher-order finite element methods on conformal meshes. Use of efficient, large-scale parallel processing allows for the modeling of photoinjectors with unprecedented accuracy, aiding the design and operation of the next-generation of accelerator facilities. Applications to the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) RF gun are presented.
LBNL, Berkeley, California
By "conditioning" an electron beam, through establishing a correlation between transverse action and energy within the beam, the performance of free electron lasers (FELs) can be dramatically improved. Under certain conditions, the FEL can perform as if the transverse emittances of the beam were substantially lower than the actual values. After a brief review of the benefits of beam conditioning, we present a method to generate this correlation through the use of a plasma channel. The strong transverse focusing produced by a dense plasma (near standard gas density) allows the optimal correlation to be achieved in a reasonable length channel, of order 1 m. This appears to be a convenient and practical method for achieving conditioned beams, especially in comparison with other methods which require either a long beamline or multiple passes through some type of ring.
INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma)
UCLA, Los Angeles, California
UCLA, Los Angeles, California
Seeded FEL/IFEL techniques can be used for modulation of a relativistic electron beam longitudinally on the radiation wavelength. However, in the 1-10 THz range, which is of particular importance for matched injection of prebunched electrons into a laser-driven plasma accelerating structure, a suitable radiation source is not available. At the UCLA Neptune Laboratory we have built and fully characterized a radiation source tunable in the range of 1-3 THz. The THz pulse is produced by mixing two CO2 laser lines in a noncollinear phase-matched GaAs crystal at room temperature. The crystal is pumped by 200 ns pulses of a dual beam TEA CO2 laser running at 1 Hz. A grating placed in each lasing section allowed to cover the spectral range for the difference frequency from 0.5-4.5 THz with a step of 30-40 GHz. The achieved narrow bandwidth of ~10-5 and the output power of 2kW are sufficient for seeding a single-pass, waveguide FEL amplifier-prebuncher*. These pulses were used to measure the coupling efficiency and the attenuation for different types of THz waveguides and the results will be reported.
* C. Sung et al. "Seeded FEL/IFEL techniques for radiation amplification and electron microbunching in the terahertz range" Phys. Rev. STAB, 2006 (to be published)
ACCEL, Bergisch Gladbach
Kyushu University, Fukuoka
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
LBNL, Berkeley, California
LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
The aim of the helicon plasma generator-assisted negative ion source development at Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) is to use high-density helicon plasmas for producing intense beams of H- ions. Our work consists of two development paths, construction of a hybrid ion source and replacement of the LANSCE surface converter ion source filaments by helicon plasma generators. The hybrid ion source is a combination of a long-life plasma cathode, sustained by a helicon plasma generator, with a stationary, pulsed main discharge (multi-cusp H- production chamber) directly coupled to each other. The electrons are transferred from the helicon plasma to the cusp-chamber by thermal flow process to ignite and sustain the main discharge. Replacing the filaments of the surface converter source by two helicon plasma generators is a low-cost solution, building upon the well-proven converter-type ion sources. Both development paths are aimed at meeting the beam production goals of the LANSCE 800 MeV linear accelerator refurbishment project. The design and status of both ion source types is discussed.
Far-Tech, Inc., San Diego, California
Electron cyclotron resonance ion sources (ECRIS) that generate multiply charged ions reduce the cost to produce radioactive ion beams by reducing the accelerating voltage needed to achieve the desired beam energy. FAR-TECH, Inc. is developing an integrated suite of numerical codes to simulate ECRIS ion capture, charge breeding, and ion extraction. Ion extraction is modeled with a particle in cell (PIC) code. Since the ion dynamics are strongly dependent on the behavior of the plasma sheath at the boundary between the ECRIS plasma and the ion optics, the PIC code uses an adaptive Poisson solver to accurately resolve the potential drop in the sheath. Results of the integrated ECRIS model will be presented, including calculations of extraction efficiency with multiple ion species.
Far-Tech, Inc., San Diego, California
ANL, Argonne, Illinois
UW-Madison/PD, Madison, Wisconsin
The electron cyclotron-resonance ion source (ECRIS) is one of the most efficient ways to provide high-quality, high-charge-state ion beam for research and development of particle accelerators and atomic physics experiments. For ECR ion source performance optimization, FAR-TECH Inc. is developing an integrated suite of computer codes: the Generalized ECRIS plasma Modeling code (GEM), the MCBC (Monte Carlo Beam Capture) module, to study beam capture and charge-breeding processes in ECRIS, and the extraction section code. Our recent progress includes the following: algorithm update of Coulomb collision in MCBC for more accurate calculations of the beam capture efficiency, which depends on beam energy and the background plasma, 2D extension of GEM by adding the radial dimension, and the ion extraction section modeling using an adaptive technique.
Far-Tech, Inc., San Diego, California
To model ECRIS, GEM is being extended to 2D by adding radial dimension. The electron distribution function (EDF) is calculated on each magnetic flux surface using a bounce-averaged Fokker-Planck code with 2D ECR heating (ECRH) modeling. The ion fluid model is also being extended to 2D by adding collisional radial transport terms. All species in ECRIS are balanced by keeping the neutrality in each cell and the plasma potential is calculated by maintaining the ambipolarity globally. The graphical user interface (GUI) and parallel computing ability of GEM make it an easy-to-use tool for ECRIS research. Numerical results and comparisons with experimental data will be presented.
Linac Systems, Albuquerque, New Mexico
JP Accelerator Works, Los Alamos, New Mexico
* J. D. Sherman, these conference proceedings.
UCLA, Los Angeles, California
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois
Rochester University, Rochester, New York
Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois
Focusing of a 15 MeV, 19 nC electron bunch by an underdense plasma lens operated just beyond the threshold of the underdense condition has been demonstrated in experiments at the Fermilab NICADD Photoinjector Laboratory (FNPL). The strong 1.9 cm focal-length plasma-lens focused both transverse directions simultaneously and reduced the minimum area of the beam spot by a factor of 23. Analysis of the beam-envelope evolution observed near the beam waist shows that the spherical aberrations of this underdense lens are lower than those of an overdense plasma lens, as predicted by theory. Correlations between the beam charge and the properties of the beam focus corroborate this conclusion. Time resolved measurements of the focused electron bunch are also reported and all results are compared to simulations.
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
UCLA, Los Angeles, California
USC, Los Angeles, California
The costs and the time scales of colliders intended to reach the energy frontier are such that it is important to explore new methods of accelerating particles to high energies. Plasma-based accelerators are particularly attractive because they are capable of producing accelerating fields that are orders of magnitude larger than those used in conventional colliders. In these accelerators a drive beam, either laser or particle, produces a plasma wave (wakefield) that accelerates charged particles. The ultimate utility of plasma accelerators will depend on sustaining ultra-high accelerating fields over a substantial length to achieve a significant energy gain. More than 42 GeV energy gain was achieved in an 85 cm long plasma wakefield accelerator driven by a 42 GeV electron drive beam at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). Most of the beam electrons lose energy to the plasma wave, but some electrons in the back of the same beam pulse are accelerated with a field of ~52 GV/m. This effectively doubles their energy, producing the energy gain of the 3 km long SLAC accelerator in less than a metre for a small fraction of the electrons in the injected bunch.
Tech-X, Boulder, Colorado
University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada
LBNL, Berkeley, California
OXFORDphysics, Oxford, Oxon
Tech-X, Boulder, Colorado
University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada
LBNL, Berkeley, California
Laser wakefield accelerators produce accelerating gradients up to hundreds of GeV/m and narrow energy spread, and have recently demonstrated energies up to GeV and improved stability [*,**] using electrons self trapped from the plasma. Controlled injection and staging can further improve beam quality by circumventing tradeoffs between energy, stability, and energy spread/emittance. We present experiments demonstrating production of a stable electron beam near 1 MeV with 100 keV level energy spread and central energy stability by using the plasma density profile to control self injection, and supporting simulations. A 10 TW laser pulse was focused near the downstream edge of a mm-long hydrogen gas jet. The plasma density near focus is decreasing in the laser propagation direction, which changes the wake phase velocity and reduces the trapping threshold. This allows stable self trapping and low absolute energy spread. Simulations indicate that such beams can be post accelerated to form high energy, high quality, stable beams, and experiments are under investigation.
* Geddes et al, Nature v431 no7008, 538 (2004).** Leemans et al, Nature Physics v2 no10, p696 (2006)
UCLA, Los Angeles, California
Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon
In a laser wakefield accelerator experiment where the length of the pump laser pulse is several plasma period long, the leading edge of the laser pulse undergoes frequency downshifting as the laser energy is transferred to the wake. Therefore, after some propagation distance, the group velocity of the leading edge of of the pump pulse–and therefore of the driven electron plasma wave–will slow down. This can have implications for the dephasing length of the accelerated electrons and therefore needs to be understood experimentally. We have carried out an experimental investigation where we have measured the velocity vf of the 'wave-front' of the plasma wave driven by a nominally 50fs (FWHM), intense (a0~1), 0.8 micron laser pulse. To determine the speed of the wave front, time- and space-resolved shadowgraphy, interferometry, and Thomson scattering were used. Although low density data (ne ~ 1018 cm-3) showed no significant changes in vf over 1.5mm (and no accelerated electrons), high-density data shows accelerated electrons and an approximately 5% drop in vf after a propagation distance of about 800 microns.
LLNL, Livermore, California
LBNL, Berkeley, California
PPPL, Princeton, New Jersey
Voss Scientific, Albuquerque, New Mexico
Intense heavy ion beam pulses need to be compressed in both the transverse and longitudinal directions for warm dense matter and heavy ion fusion applications. Previous experiments and simulations utilized a drift region filled with high-density plasma in order to neutralize the space-charge and current of a 300 keV K+ beam, and achieved transverse and longitudinal focusing separately to a radius < 2 mm and pulse width < 5 ns, respectively. To achieve simultaneous beam compression, a strong solenoid is employed near the end of the drift region in order to transversely focus the beam to the longitudinal focal plane. Simulations of near-term experiments predict that the ion beam can be focused to a sub-mm spot size coincident with the longitudinal focal plane, reaching a peak beam density in the range 1012 - 1013 cm-3, provided that the plasma density is large enough for adequate neutralization. Optimizing the compression under the appropriate experimental constraints offers the potential of delivering higher intensity per unit length of accelerator to the target, thereby allowing more compact and cost-effective accelerators and transport lines to be used as ion beam drivers.
IIT, Chicago, Illinois
Tech-X, Boulder, Colorado
Recent experimental work done to develop high gradient, low frequency cavities for muon cooling, has led to a model of rf breakdown and high gradient limits in warm structures. We have recently been extending this model to try to explain some superconducing rf quench mechanisms, as well as DC and dielectric breakdown. The model assumes that the dominant mechanisms in warm metal systems are fractures caused by the the electric tensile stress, and surface micro-topography that is strongly determined by the the cavity design and history*. We describe how these processes can determine all measurable parameters in warm systems. With superconducting systems, these mechanisms also apply, however field emission, impurities and temperature produce a somewhat different picture of quenching and pulsed power processing. We describe the model and some recent extensions and improvements in some detail and a variety of results accelerators and other applications.
* Hassanein et. al. Phys. Rev. STAB, 9, 062001
Omega-P, Inc., New Haven, Connecticut
IAP/RAS, Nizhny Novgorod
Basic studies of factors that limit RF fields in warm accelerator structures require experiments at RF power that can be produced using pulse compression. This approach is being implemented to compress output pulses from the Yale/Omega-P 34-GHz magnicon to produce ~100-200 MW, 100 ns pulses. A new approach for passive pulse compression is a SLED-II type circuit operating with axisymmetrical modes of the TE0n type that requires only a single channel instead of the usual double channel scheme. This allows avoidance of a 3-dB coupler and need for simultaneous fine tuning of two channels. A 30 GHz passive prototype was tested at low power level in order to demonstrate key principles. The prototype showed a power gain 3,8 at a compression ratio 6:1 for an efficiency 63%. An active version of the one-channel pulse compressor is also suggested. It is attractive due to a possibility to achieve higher power gain. The mentioned active version naturally requires an electrically controlled coupler. In particular, as active elements of the coupler we suggest to use gas filled discharge tubes or ferroelectrics which have well recommended itself at 11.4 GHz experiments.
Yale University, Physics Department, New Haven, CT
Columbia University, New York
IAP/RAS, Nizhny Novgorod
Omega-P, Inc., New Haven, Connecticut
Development of a future multi-TeV warm collider demands new technological solutions and new accelerator structure materials. The Ka-Band test facility being put into operation at Yale University that centers on the Yale/Omega-P 34-GHz magnicon allows users to carry out high gradient experiments on RF breakdown, pulse fatigue, tests of new high power pulse manipulation systems, and RF components. The magnicon is now conditioned for a pulse width up to 1 μs, at an output power level high enough for basic studies of electric and magnetic RF field limits at surfaces of conductors and dielectrics. The high-power waveguide transmission system for the facility is assembled and ready for tests. It includes RF windows, phase shifters, 13 mm diameter TE 11 waveguides, mode converters, etc. Recently the assembled system has undergone conditioning in preparation for carrying out first "user" experiments.
IF-UFRGS, Porto Alegre
In the present analysis we study the self consistent propagation of nonlinear electromagnetic pulses in a one dimensional relativistic electron-ion plasma, from the perspective of nonlinear dynamics. We show how a series of Hamiltonian bifurcations give rise to the electric fields which are of relevance in the subject of particle acceleration. Nonlinear coupling of plasma waves and electromagnetic pulses triggers strong chaotic dynamics which may detrap the plasma wave from the electromagnetic pulse, leading to wave breaking. Connections with results of earlier analysis are discussed.
UOR, Jaipur
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) study of low energy (10 keV) electron beam irradiated Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)20 micron thick surface was performed. PMMA film has been used in lithography applicatiion by this technique. AFM in tapping mode has been utilized to investigate the morphological changes on the samples surface as a function of fluence. TM-AFM showed the hills of the nano size surrounded by the craters type features in all the irradiated samples. The shape and size of these features varied with fluence. The root-mean-square (rms) surface roughness of the samples changed from 2.666 nm to 5.617 nm with fluence from 2x1014 electrons/cm2 to 1x1016 electrons/cm2. It shows that roughness increases as increasing fluence.
UTNL, Ibaraki
USTC/NSRL, Hefei, Anhui
Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg
The possibility of using an active medium to amplify the generated wakefield of an electron beam and employing the amplified wakefield to accelerate a second beam has been recognized recently*. This acceleration scheme is one of several related methods referred to as the Particle Acceleration by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (PASER). However, only the case of an active medium with a single resonant frequency has been analyzed until now. In this paper we present the results of analytical and numerical studies of Cherenkov radiation (CR) in an active medium with two resonant frequencies. We show that this medium can amplify CR even in the case of a purely real refractive index. In contrast to a medium with a single resonant frequency the amplification effect takes place in the absence of metal boundaries but only for sufficiently strong restrictions on the parameters of the medium. The amplification can be effective even for a medium with a relatively small inversion. Examples of CR amplification are given for several active materials. The effect may be useful both for wakefield accelerators and Cherenkov detectors.
*L. Schachter, Phys. Rev., E, 62, 1252 (2000); N. V.Ivanov, A. V.Tyukhtin, Tech. Phys. Lett., 32, 449 (2006).
Tech-X, Boulder, Colorado
LBNL, Berkeley, California
Colliding laser pulses* have been proposed as a method for controlling injection of electrons into a laser wakefield accelerator (LWFA) and hence producing high quality relativistic electron beams with energy spread below 1% and normalized emittances below 1 micron. The original proposal relied on three coaxial pulsesI. One pulse excites a plasma wake, and a collinear pulse following behind it collides with a counterpropagating pulse forming a beat pattern that boosts background electrons into accelerating phase. A variation of this method uses only two laser pulses** which may be non-collinear. The first pulse drives the wake, and beating of the trailing edge of this pulse with the colliding pulse injects electrons. Non-collinear injection avoids optical elements on the electron beam path (avoiding emittance growth). We report on progress of non-collinear experiments at LBNL, using the Ti:Sapphire laser at the LOASIS facility of LBNL. Preliminary results indicate that electron beam properties are affected by the second beam. Details of the experiment will be presented.
* E. Esarey, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett 79, 2682 (1997).** G. Fubiani, Phys. Rev. E 70, 016402 (2004).
LBNL, Berkeley, California
OXFORDphysics, Oxford, Oxon
A GeV-class laser-driven plasma-based wakefield accelerator has been realized at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). The device consists of a 100 TW-class high repetition rate Ti:sapphire LOASIS laser system of LBNL and a gas-filled capillary discharge waveguide developed at Oxford University. Results will be presented on the generation of GeV-class electron beams with a 3.3 cm long preformed plasma channel. The use of a discharge-based waveguide permitted operation at an order of magnitude lower density and 15 times longer distance than in previous experiments that relied on laser-preformed plasma channels. Laser pulses with peak power ranging from 10-50 TW were guided over more than 20 Rayleigh ranges and high-quality electron beams with energy up to 1 GeV were obtained. The dependence of the electron beam characteristics on plasma channel properties and laser parameters are discussed.
LBNL, Berkeley, California
At LBNL, laser wakefield accelerators (LWFA) now produce ultra-short electron bunches with energies up to 1 GeV[1]. As femtosecond electron bunches exit the plasma they radiate a strong burst in the terahertz range[2,3], via coherent transition radiation (CTR). Measuring the CTR properties allows non-invasive bunch-length diagnostics[4], a key to continuing rapid advance in LWFA technology. In addition, this method of CTR generation provides very high peak power that can lead novel THz-based applications. Experimental bunch length characterizations through electro-optic sampling as well as bolometric analysis are presented. Measurements demonstrate both the shot-by-shot stability of bunch parameters, and femtosecond synchronization between bunch, THz pulse, and laser beam.
[1] W. P. Leemans et al., Nature Physics 2, 696(2006)[2] W. P. Leemans et al., PRL 91, 074802(2003)[3] C. B. Schroeder et al., PRE 69, 016501(2004)[4] J. van Tilborg et al., PRL 96, 014801(2006)
MIT/PSFC, Cambridge, Massachusetts
We present the results of our recent research on 3D metal-wire lattices operating at microwave frequencies, with applications to advanced accelerator structures and radiation sources based on the Smith-Purcell effect. Bulk and surface electromagnetic waves supported by a diamond-like lattice are calculated using HFSS. The bulk modes are determined using primitive cell calculations. The surface mode is determined using the simulations of the stack of cells with the perfect-matching layer (PML) boundary.
LLNL, Livermore, California
A new cathode design has been proposed for the Flash X-Ray (FXR) induction linear accelerator with the goal of lowering the beam emittance. The present design uses a conventional Pierce geometry and applies a peak field of 134 kV/cm (no beam) to the velvet emission surface. Voltage/current measurements indicate that the velvet begins emitting near this peak field value and images of the cathode show a very non-uniform distribution of plasma light. The new design has a flat cathode/shroud profile that allows for a peak field stress of 230 kV/cm on the velvet. The emission area is reduced by about a factor of four to generate the same total current due to the greater field stress. The relatively fast acceleration of the beam, approximately 2.5 MeV in 10 cm, reduces space charge forces that tend to hollow the beam for a flat, non-Pierce geometry. The higher field stress achieved with the same rise time is expected to lead to an earlier and more uniform plasma formation over the velvet surface. Simulations of the proposed design are presented.
Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon
UCLA, Los Angeles, California
The extraordinary ability of space-charge waves in plasmas to accelerate charged particles at gradients that are orders of magnitude greater than that in current accelerators has been well documented. We develop a phenomenological framework for Laser Wakefield Acceleration (LWFA) in the 3D nonlinear regime, in which the plasma electrons are expelled by the radiation pressure of a short pulse laser, leading to nearly complete blowout. This theory provides a recipe for designing a LWFA for given laser and plasma parameters and estimates the number and the energy of the accelerated electrons whether self-injected or externally injected. These formulas apply for self-guided as well as externally guided pulses (e.g. by plasma channels). Based on this theory, we will present scenarios on how to build a single stage accelerator with output energies from GeV to TeV. Particle-In-Cell (PIC) simulations are used to verify our theory. This work was supported by DOE and NSF under grant Nos. DE-FG03-92ER40727, DE-FC02-01ER41179, DE-FG02-03ER54721, and NSF-Phy-0321345.
UCLA, Los Angeles, California
High-intensity short-pulse laser guiding in plasma channels has extended the length over which acceleration occurs in laser wake field accelerators*. Recent multidimensional nonlinear plasma wave theory predicts a range of optimal characteristics for self-guiding of laser pulses in the blowout regime for pulses shorter than a plasma wavelength**. This theory predicts a robust, stable parameter space for self-guiding and wake production and has been verified through multidimensional particle-in-cell simulations. We experimentally explore the plasma dynamics and laser pulse propagation using a 50 fs multi-terawatt Ti:Sapphire laser in a helium plasma at plasma densities, laser powers, and spot sizes within this parameter space. Our parameters are in the range where the plasma is underdense and the laser power is much greater than the critical power for self focusing. The evolution of the laser pulse and plasma channel will be followed over several Rayleigh lengths.
* C. Geddes et. al., Nature (London) 431, 538 (2004)** W. Lu et. al., Phys. Plasmas 13, 056709 (2006)
Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon
UCLA, Los Angeles, California
The realization of high quality LWFA-produced electron beams requires laser pulses that remain focused for distances exceeding the Rayleigh length. It is often thought that a short pulse laser cannot be self-guided and some form of external optical guiding is needed. As short pulse lasers with higher power are rapidly coming online to test the LWFA concept it is vital to understand the nature of their propagation through centimeters of plasma. We argue that a degree of self-guiding is possible for short ultra-intense pulses that have been shown to lead to complete ponderomotive expulsion of plasma electrons. Furthermore, the generation of a high quality electron beam requires proper loading of the wake. We have developed a theoretical framework which predicts the maximum number of electrons which can be loaded in the wake, as well as the optimal charge density profile for beam loading. Using the PIC codes OSIRIS and QuickPIC we present designs of LWFA accelerators that verify our theoretical estimates as well as demonstrate the potential of LWFA to produce high energy electron beams with high beam quality.
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
UCLA, Los Angeles, California
USC, Los Angeles, California
In the recent plasma wakefield accelerator experiments at SLAC, the energy of the particles in the tail of the 42 GeV electron beam were doubled in less than one meter [1]. Simulations suggest that the acceleration length was limited by a new phenomenon – beam head erosion in self-ionized plasmas. In vacuum, a particle beam expands transversely in a distance given by beta*. In the blowout regime of a plasma wakefield [2], the majority of the beam is focused by the ion channel, while the beam head slowly spreads since it takes a finite time for the ion channel to form. It is observed that in self-ionized plasmas, the head spreading is exacerbated compared to that in pre-ionized plasmas, causing the ionization front to move backward (erode). A simple theoretical model is used to estimate the upper limit of the erosion rate for a bi-gaussian beam by assuming free expansion of the beam head before the ionization front. Comparison with simulations suggests that half this maximum value can serve as an estimate for the erosion rate. Critical parameters to the erosion rate are discussed.
[1] I. Blumenfeld et al., Nature 445, 741(2007)[2] J. B. Rosenzweig et al., Phys. Rev. A 44, R6189 (1991)
USC, Los Angeles, California
UCLA, Los Angeles, California
Simulation and analysis of the ion motion and multiple ionization in a plasma wakefield accelerator is presented for the parameters required of a future ILC afterburner. We show that although ion motion leads to substantial emittance growth for extreme parameters of future colliders in the sub-micron spot size regime, several factors that can mitigate the effect are explored. These include sunchrotron damping, plasma density gradient and hot plasma.
USC, Los Angeles, California
STI, Washington
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
We investigate various plasma wakefield accelerator schemes that rely on multiple electron bunches to drive a large amplitude plasma wave, which are followed by a witness bunch at a phase where it will sample the high acceleration gradient and gain energy. Experimental verifications of various two bunch schemes are available in the literature; here we provide analytical calculations and numerical simulations of the wakefield dependency and the transformer ratio when M drive bunches and one witness bunch are fed into a high density plasma, where M is between 2 and 10. This is a favorable setup since the bunches can be adjusted such that the transformer ratio and the efficiency of the accelerator are enhanced compared to single bunch schemes. The possibility of a five bunch ILC afterburner to accelerate a witness bunch from 100 GeV to 500 GeV is also examined.
USC, Los Angeles, California
STI, Washington
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
Two ~100 fs electron bunches, separated in energy by approximately 1.8 MeV and in time by 0.5-1 ps, were sent through a capillary discharge plasma. The plasma density was varied from ~1·1014/cc to ~1·1017/cc. A 2-D PWFA model indicates the net wakefield produced by the bunches will depend on their relative charge, temporal separation, and the plasma density. This will affect the amount of energy gain or loss of the second bunch. During measurements of the energy spectrum of the second bunch, we observed a difference in the amount of gain or loss depending on the plasma density, which is consistent with the model prediction.
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
UCLA, Los Angeles, California
USC, Los Angeles, California
Systematic measurements of energy gain as a function of plasma parameters in the SLAC electron beam-driven plasma wakefield acceleration (PWFA) experiments lead to very important understanding of the beam-plasma interaction. In particular, measurements as a function of the plasma length Lp show that the energy gain increases linearly with Lp in the 10 to 30 cm range. Based on this scaling, the plasma was subsequently lengthened to Lp=90cm, resulting in the first demonstration of the doubling of the energy of a fraction of the incoming 42GeV electrons*. The peak accelerating gradient is larger than 40GV/m and is sustained over meter-scale plasma lengths. These measurements also reveal that the optimum plasma density for acceleration is about 2.7·1017/cc, larger than the value predicted by the linear theory for the approximately 20 microns bunch length, confirming that the experiment is conducted in the non-linear regime of the PWFA. Detailed experimental results will be presented.
* "Energy doubling of 42 GeV electrons in a meter scale plasma wakefield accelerator", I. Blumenfeld et. al., Nature, 2006, accepted
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
USC, Los Angeles, California
STI, Washington
The presentation will cover experimental results on generation and measurement of the beams with theμbunches length from 1 to 50 microns at Brookhaven Accelerator Test Facility. Arbitrary number of microbunches is sliced out of 5 ps long beam using wire mesh and slits. The details of beam structure are characterized using CSR interferometer and 6 mm long plasma wakefield channel with the controllable plasma density.
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
UCLA, Los Angeles, California
USC, Los Angeles, California
A new approach for positron acceleration in non-linear plasma wakefields driven by electron beams is presented. Positrons can be produced by colliding an electron beam with a thin foil target embedded in the plasma. Integration of positron production and acceleration in one stage is realized by a single relativistic, intense electron beam. Simulations with the parameters of the proposed SABER facility at SLAC suggest that this concept could be tested there.
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
UCLA, Los Angeles, California
USC, Los Angeles, California
Recent experiments at SLAC have shown that high gradient acceleration of electrons is achievable in meter scale plasmas. Results from these experiments show that the wakefield is sensitive to parameters in the electron beam which drives it. In the experiment the bunch length and beam waist location were varied systematically at constant charge. Here we investigate the correlation of peak beam current to the decelerating gradient. Limits on the transformer ratio will also be discussed. The results are compared to simulation.
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
Emittance growth is an important issue for plasma wakefield accelerators (PWFAs). Multiple Coulomb scattering (MCS) is one factor that contributes to this growth. Here, the MCS emittance growth of an electron beam traveling through a PWFA in the blow out regime is calculated. The calculation uses well established formulas for angular scatter in a neutral vapor and then extends the range of Coulomb interaction to include the effects of traveling through an ion column. Emittance growth is negligible for low Z materials; however, becomes important for high Z materials.
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
ANL, Argonne, Illinois
NRL, Washington, DC
LET
ANL, Argonne, Illinois
Coating Technology Solution, Inc., Somerville
Euclid TechLabs, LLC, Solon, Ohio
In this talk, we present our recent developments on a high gradient diamond-based cylindrical dielectric loaded accelerator (DLA). The final goal of this research is to achieve a record accelerating gradient (~ 600 MV/m) in a demonstration of the structure at high power and with accelerated beam. We discuss here a new technology for the development of cylindrical diamond-based waveguides and the design, fabrication and high power testing of a cylindrical diamond-based DLA accelerating structure. The electrical and mechanical properties of diamond make it an ideal candidate material for use in dielectric accelerators: high RF breakdown level, extremely low dielectric losses and the highest thermoconductive coefficient available. Multipacting of the CVD diamond can be suppressed by diamond surface dehydrogenation. A plasma supported Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) technology to produce low loss high quality cylindrical diamond layers is presented. Special attention is devoted to the numerical optimization of the coupling section, where the surface magnetic and electric fields are minimized relative to the accelerating gradient and within known metal surface breakdown limits.
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
University of California IIrvine, Irvine, California
Muons, Inc, Batavia
UCI, Irvine, California
Plasma lens concept is examined as an alternative to focusing horns and solenoids for a neutrino beam facility. The concept is based on a combined high-current lens/target configuration. Current is fed at an electrode located downstream from the beginning of the target where pion capturing is needed. Some of the current flows through the target, while the rest is carried by plasma outside the target. A second plasma lens section, with an additional current feed, follows the target. Plasma of this section is immersed in a solenoidal magnetic field to facilitate its current profile shaping to optimize pion capture. Simulation of the second section alone yielded a 10% higher neutrino production than the horn system. Plasma lenses have additional advantages: larger axial currents, high signal purity: minimal neutrino background in anti-neutrino runs. Lens medium consists of plasma, consequently, particle absorption and scattering is negligible. Withstanding high mechanical and thermal stresses is not an issue. Results of capturing and focusing obtained for various plasma lens configurations will be presented.
ANL, Argonne, Illinois
Euclid TechLabs, LLC, Solon, Ohio
LET
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
A joint project is underway by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), in collaboration with the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), to develop a compact X-band accelerator for testing dielectric-loaded accelerator (DLA) structures.* The accelerator will use a 5-MeV injector previously developed by the Tsinghua University in Beijing, China, and will accommodate test structures up to 0.5 m in length. Both the injector and the structures will be powered by an 11.4-GHz magnicon amplifier that can produce 25 MW, 200-ns output pulses at up to 10 Hz. The injector will require ~5 MW of rf power, leaving ~20 MW to power the test structures. This paper will present a progress report on the construction and commissioning of the test accelerator, which will be located in a concrete bunker in the Magnicon Facility at NRL.
* S. H. Gold et al., Proc. PAC 2005.
NRL, Washington, DC
IF-UFRGS, Porto Alegre
The goal of this work is to analyze the envelope dynamics of magnetically focused and high-intensity charged particle beams. As known, beams with mismatched envelopes decay into its equilibrium state with a simultaneous increasing of emittance. This emittance growth implies that, in the stationary regime, the transverse phase-space of the beam is characterized by a tenuous population of hot particles around a dense population of cold particles. To describe this emittance growth, it was used the test-particle approach for the development of a simplified self-consistent macroscopic model, whose self-consistency is a result of the inclusion of the emittance growth into the envelope equation. The model is then compared with full N-particle beam simulations and the agreement is shown to be quite reasonable. The model revealed to be useful to understand the physical aspects of the problem and is computationally faster when compared with full simulations.
PPPL, Princeton, New Jersey
Voss Scientific, Albuquerque, New Mexico
The linear growth of the two-stream instability for a charged particle beam that is longitudinally compressing as it propagates through a background plasma (due to an applied velocity tilt) is examined. Detailed, 1D particle-in-cell simulations are carried out to examine the growth of a wave packet produced by a small amplitude density perturbation in the background plasma. Recent analytic and numerical work by Startsev and Davidson [1] predicted reduced linear growth rates, which are indeed observed in the simulations. Here, small-signal asymptotic gain factors are determined in a semi-analytic analysis and compared with the simulation results in the appropriate limits. Nonlinear effects in the PIC simulations, including wave breaking and particle-trapping, are found to limit the linear growth phase of the instability for both compressing and non-compressing beams.
[1] Phys. Plasmas 13, 62108 (2006)
LBNL, Berkeley, California
PPPL, Princeton, New Jersey
Voss Scientific, Albuquerque, New Mexico
Longitudinal bunching factors in excess of 70 of a 300-keV, 27-mA K+ ion beam have been demonstrated in the Neutralized Drift Compression Experiment in rough agreement with LSP particle-in-cell end-to-end simulations. These simulations include both the experimental diode voltage and induction bunching module voltage waveforms in order to specify the initial beam longitudinal phase space critical to longitudinal compression. To maximize simultaneous longitudinal and transverse compression, we designed a solenoidal focusing system that compensated for the impact of the applied velocity tilt on the transverse phase space of the beam. Here, pre-formed plasma provides beam neutralization in the last one meter drift region where the beam perveance becomes large. Integrated LSP simulations, that include detailed modeling of the diode, magnetic transport, induction bunching module, plasma neutralized transport, were critical to understanding the interplay between the various accelerator components. Here, we compare simulation results with the experiment and discuss the contributions to longitudinal and transverse emittance that limit compression.
PPPL, Princeton, New Jersey
UCB, Berkeley, California
LBNL, Berkeley, California
Voss Scientific, Albuquerque, New Mexico
Future warm dense matter experiments with space-charge dominated ion beams require simultaneous longitudinal bunching and transverse focusing. The challenge is to longitudinally bunch the beam two orders of magnitude to a pulse length shorter than the target disassembly time and focus the beam transversely to a sub-mm focal spot. An experiment to simultaneously focus a singly charged potassium ion beam has been carried out at LBNL. The space charge of the beam must be neutralized so only emittance limits the simultaneous focusing. An induction bunching module provides a head-to-tail velocity ramp upstream of a plasma filled drift section. Tuning the initial beam envelope to compensate for the defocusing of the bunching module enables simultaneous focusing. A comparison of experimental and calculated results are presented, including the transverse distribution and the longitudinal phase-space of the beam.
LLNL, Livermore, California
LBNL, Berkeley, California
PPPL, Princeton, New Jersey
UCB, Berkeley, California
Voss Scientific, Albuquerque, New Mexico
This work was supported by the Office of Fusion Energy Sciences, of the U. S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231, W-7405-Eng-48, DE-AC02-76CH3073 for HIFS-VNL.
CIPS, Boulder, Colorado
LBNL, Berkeley, California
Tech-X, Boulder, Colorado
Simulation studies are under way to analyze the dynamics of microwave transmission through a beam channel containing electron clouds. Such an interaction is expected to produce a shift in phase accompanied by attenuation in the amplitude of the microwave radiation. Experimental observation of these phenomena would lead to a useful diagnosis tool for electron clouds. This technique has already been studied* at the CERN SPS. Similar experiments are being proposed at the PEP-II LER at SLAC as well as the Fermilab MI. In this study, simulation results will be presented for a number of cases including those representative of the above mentioned experiments. The code VORPAL is being utilized to perform electromagnetic particle-in-cell (PIC) calculations. The results are expected to provide guidance to the above mentioned experiments as well as lead to a better understanding of the problem.
* T. Kroyer, F. Caspers, E. Mahner , pg 2212 Proc. PAC 2005, Knoxville, TN
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
Tech-X, Boulder, Colorado
The design of the high-energy cooler for the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) recently adopted a non-magnetized approach. To prevent recombination between the fully stripped gold ions and co-propagating electrons, a helical undulator magnet has been proposed. In addition, to counteract space-charge defocusing, weak solenoids are proposed every 10m. To understand the effect of these magnets on the cooling rate, numerical models of cooling in the presence of external fields are needed. We present an approach from first principles using the VORPAL parallel simulation code. We solve the n-body problem by exact calculation of pair-wise collisions. Simulations of the proposed RHIC cooler are discussed, including fringe field and finite interaction time effects.
MIT/PSFC, Cambridge, Massachusetts
A warm-fluid theory of a thermal equilibrium for a rotating charged particle beam in a periodic solenoidal focusing magnetic field is presented. The warm-fluid equilibrium equations are solved in the paraxial approximation. It is shown that the flow velocity for the thermal equilibrium corresponds to periodic rigid rotation and radial pulsation. The equation of state for the thermal equilibrium is adiabatic. The beam envelope equation and self-consistent Poisson's equation are derived. The numerical algorithm for solving self-consistent Poisson's equation is discussed. Density profiles are calculated numerically for high-intensity beams. Temperature effects in such beams are investigated, and the validity of the warm-fluid theory is discussed. Examples of electron and ion beams are presented for space-charge-dominated beam and high energy density physics (HEDP) research.
UCLA, Los Angeles, California
USC, Los Angeles, California
We proposed a novel algorithm, which uses pipelining to reduce the simulation time for beam-electron cloud interaction. In the pipelining algorithm the processors are divided into subgroups, and during the simulation different groups will be on consecutive time steps. The pipelining algorithm is applied to the fully parallelized Particle-In-Cell (PIC) code QuickPIC to overcome the limit of the number of processors that can be used at each time step. With the new algorithm, the accuracy of the simulation is preserved; and the speed of the simulation is improved by a factor proportional to the number of processors available. The long term beam evolution results for the CERN-LHC and the FNAL main injector are presented using the QuickPIC with pipelining algorithm.
PPPL, Princeton, New Jersey
Installation of a laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) diagnostic system has been completed and initial measurement of the beam density profile has been performed on the Paul trap simulator experiment (PTSX). The PTSX device is a linear Paul trap that simulates the collective processes and nonlinear transverse dynamics of an intense charged particle beam propagating through a periodic focusing quadrupole magnetic configuration. Although there are several visible transition lines for the laser excitation of barium ions, the transition from the metastable state has been considered first mainly because an operating, stable, broadband, and high-power laser system is available for experiments in this region of the red spectrum. The LIF system is composed of a dye laser, fiber optic cables, a line generator, which uses a Powell lens, collection optics, and a CCD camera system. Single-pass mode operation of the PTSX device is employed for the initial tests of the LIF system to make optimum use of the metastable ions. By minimizing the background light level, it is expected that enough signal to noise ratio can be obtained to re-construct the radial density profile of the ion beam.
PPPL, Princeton, New Jersey
LBNL, Berkeley, California
Plasmas are sources of electrons for charge neutralizing ion beams to allow them to focus to small spot sizes and compress their axial pulse length. Sources must operate at low pressures and without strong electric/magnetic fields. To produce meter-long plasmas, sources based on ferroelectric ceramics with large dielectric coefficients were developed. The sources use BaTiO3 ceramic to form plasma. The drift tube inner wall of the Neutralized Drift Compression Experiment (NDCX) is covered with ceramic and ~7 kV is applied across the wall of the ceramics. A 20-cm-long prototype source produced plasma densities of 5·1011 cm-3. It was integrated into the Neutralized Transport Experiment and successfully neutralized the K+ beam. A one-meter-long source comprised of five 20-cm-long sources has been tested and characterized, producing relatively uniform plasma over the length of the source in the 1·1010 cm-3 range. This source was integrated into NDCX for beam compression experiments. Experiments with this source yielded compression ratios ~80. Future work will consider longer and higher plasma density sources to support beam compression and high energy density experiments.
PPPL, Princeton, New Jersey
Background plasma can be used as a convenient tool for manipulating intense charge particle beams, for example, for ballistic focusing and steering, because the plasma can effectively reduce the space-charge potential and self-magnetic field of the beam pulse. We previously developed a reduced analytical model of beam charge and current neutralization for an ion beam pulse propagating in a cold background plasma. The reduced-fluid description provides an important benchmark for numerical codes and yields useful scaling relations for different beam and plasma parameters. This model has been extended to include the additional effects of a solenoidal magnetic field and gas ionization. Analytical studies show that a sufficiently large solenoidal magnetic field can increase the degree of current neutralization of the ion beam pulse. The linear system of equations has been solved analytically in Fourier space. For a strong enough applied magnetic field, poles emerge in Fourier space. These poles are an indication that whistler waves and lower hybrid waves are excited by the beam pulse.
PPPL, Princeton, New Jersey
Evaluation of ion-atom charge-changing cross sections is needed for many accelerator applications. The validity of the classical trajectory approximation has been studied by comparing the results of simulations with available experimental data and full quantum-mechanical calculations [1]. Additionally, a theoretical criterion has been developed for the validity of the classical trajectory approximation [2]. For benchmarking purposes, a Classical Trajectory Monte Carlo simulation (CTMC) is used to calculate ionization and charge exchange cross sections for most simple, hydrogen and helium targets in collisions with various ions. The calculated cross sections compare favorably with the experimental results for projectile velocities near the projectile velocity corresponding to the maximum of cross section as a function of projectile velocity. At higher or lower velocities, quantum-mechanical effects become more significant and the CTMC results agree less well with the experimental values of the cross sections.
[1] I. D. Kaganovich, et al., , New Journal of Physics 8, 278 (2006).
[2] Igor D. Kaganovich, et al., Nucl. Instr. and Methods A 544, 91(2005).
PPPL, Princeton, New Jersey
In 3D high-intensity bunched beams, the collective effects associated with strong coupling between the longitudinal and transverse dynamics are of fundamental importance. A direct consequence of this coupling is that the particle dynamics does not conserve transverse energy and longitudinal energy separately, and there exists no exact kinetic equilibrium which has an anisotropic energy in the transverse and longitudinal directions. The strong coupling also introduces a mechanism for the electrostatic Harris-type instability driven by strong temperature anisotropy, which exists naturally in beams that have been accelerated to large velocities. The self-consistent Vlasov-Maxwell equations are applied to high-intensity bunched beams, and a generalized low-noise delta-f particle simulation algorithm is developed for bunched beams with or without energy anisotropy. Systematic studies are carried out that determine the particle dynamics, the approximate equilibrium, and stability properties under conditions corresponding to strong 3D nonlinear space-charge force. Finite bunch-length effects on collective excitations and anisotropy-driven instabilities are also investigated.
ANL, Argonne, Illinois
Laser beams have been widely used in the accelerator field for various applications. Here, we focus on ion beam production usage as an ion source. The laser ion source (LIS) already has about thirty years history and was developed for providing pulsed beam to synchrotrons. Since 2000 we have concentrated on the use of the high brightness of induced laser plasma to provide intense highly charged ions efficiently. To take advantage of the intrinsic density of the plasma, Direct Plasma Injection Scheme (DPIS) has been developed. The induced laser plasma has initial expanding velocity and can be delivered directly to the RFQ. The presentation will discuss general features of the laser ion sources and advantages of the DPIS.
NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan
An ECR ion source was constructed at the NSCL/MSU to replace the existing SC-ECRIS. This ECRIS operates at 18+14.5 GHz microwave frequencies and it is planned an upgrade to 24-28 GHz in the second phase of commissioning. A superconducting hexapole coil produces the radial magnetic field; the axial trapping is produced with six superconducting solenoids enclosed in an iron yoke to allow tuning the distance between the plasma electrode and resonant zone in the plasma. The plasma chamber of the ion source can be biased at +30 kV, the beam line at -30 kV. The voltage of the beam line vacuum pipe must be kept constant from the ECRIS to the point of full separation of the beam charge states near the image plane of the analyzing magnet. At this point, an insulator is used to increase the voltage up to zero value. The kinetic energy of the beam is decreased to 30 kV per unit charge after this point, as required for the injection in the Coupled Cyclotron Facility. To decrease the beam divergence, a focusing solenoid is installed after the vacuum pipe break. We report the details of the design, construction and initial commissioning results of this new ECIS.
ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
ORNL/SNS is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the U. S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725
LBNL, Berkeley, California
LLNL, Livermore, California
To provide a compact high-brightness heavy-ion beam source for Heavy Ion Fusion, we have performed experiments to study a proposed merging beamlet approach for the injector. We used an RF plasma source to produce the initial beamlets. An extraction current density of 100 mA/cm2 was achieved, and the thermal temperature of the ions was below 1 eV. An array of converging beamlets was used to produce a beam with the envelope radius, convergence, and ellipticity matched to an electrostatic quadrupole channel. Experimental results were in good quantitative agreement with simulation and have demonstrated the feasibility of this concept. The size of a driver-scale injector system using this approach will be several times smaller than one designed using traditional single large-aperture beams. The success of this experiment has possible significant economical and technical impacts on the architecture of HIF drivers.
Tech-X, Boulder, Colorado
LBNL, Berkeley, California
Next-generation heavy-ion beam accelerators require a great variety of high charge state ion beams (from protons to uranium) with up to an order of magnitude higher intensity than demonstrated with conventional Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion sources. Optimization of the ion beam production for each element is therefore required. Efficient loading of the material into the ECR plasma is one of the key elements for optimizing the ion beam production. High-fidelity simulations provide a means to understanding where along the interior walls the uncaptured metal atoms are deposited and, hence, how to optimize loading of the metal into the ECR plasma. We are currently extending the plasma simulation framework VORPAL with models to investigate effective loading of heavy metals into ECR ion sources via alternate mechanisms, including vapor loading, ion sputtering and laser ablation. Here we will present the models, simulation results of vapor loading and initial comparisons with experiments at the VENUS source at LBNL.
GSI, Darmstadt
An examination of heavy ion beam profiles using viewing targets and CCD cameras at both the GSI and NSCL shows highly structured patterns. These structures generally have a 3-fold symmetry reflecting the highly-magnetized nature of the ion formation within the plasma chamber. A program of experiment and three-dimensional modeling with KOBRA3d is continuing. Results of this program to date are discussed.
IF-UFRGS, Porto Alegre
We analyze the dynamics of inhomogeneous, magnetically focused high-intensity beams of charged particles. While for homogeneous beams the whole system oscillates with a single frequency, any inhomogeneity leads to propagating transverse density waves which eventually result in a singular density build up, causing wave breaking and jet formation. The theory presented in this paper allows to analytically calculate the time at which the wave breaking takes place. It also gives a good estimate of the time necessary for the beam to relax into the final stationary state consisting of a cold core surrounded by a halo of highly energetic particles.
RLNR, Tokyo
UTNL, Ibaraki
KURRI, Osaka
Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Komae
ANL, Argonne, Illinois
Euclid TechLabs, LLC, Solon, Ohio
Cherenkov radiation (CR) is extensively used for detection of charged particles. The prompt nature of the radiation is one major advantage for diagnostics that measure temporal properties of the beam. However, low signal levels and small angles of radiation with respect to the particle trajectory present limitations on the use of traditional detector media. Using modern artificial metamaterials as Cherenkov radiators can provide essential advantages. As a rule metamaterials are characterized by strong dispersion and anisotropy that can be engineered to the requirements of the detector. We present theoretical and numerical analyses of CR in bulk anisotropic and dispersive media and in waveguides. The properties exhibited by these materials (large angles of radiation, two maxima in the angular distributions, etc.) allow the design of detectors with unusual characteristics, like a detector that registers almost all moving particles, and simultaneously only particles with velocity exceeding a predetermined threshold. We consider the case of a material that is approximately equivalent to an isotropic left-handed medium that also presents advantages as a Cherenkov medium.
UNM, Albuquerque, New Mexico
We discuss the longitudinal dynamics of an unbunched beam with a collective effect due to the vacuum chamber and with the discretness of an N-particle beam (Schottky noise) included. We start with the 2N equations of motion (in angle and energy) with random initial conditions. The 2D phase space density for the N-Particles is a sum of delta functions and satisfies the Klimontovich equation. An arbitrary function of the energy also satisfies the Klimontovich equation and we linearize about a convenient equilibrium density taking the initial conditions to be independent, identically distributed random vaiables with the equilibrium distribution. The linearized equations can be solved using a Laplace transform in time and a Fourier series in angle. The resultant stochastic process for the phase space density is analyzed and compared with a known result*. Work is in progress to study the full nonlinear problem. To gain further insight we are studying three alternative approaches: (1) a BBGKY approach, (2) an approach due to Elskens and Escande** and (3) the 'three-level-approach' of Donsker and Varadhan (see "Entropy, Large Deviations and Statistical Mechanics'', by R. S. Ellis).
* V. V. Parkhomchuk and D. V. Pestrikov, Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 25(7), July 1980 ** "Microscopic Dynamics of Plasmas and Chaos", Y. Elskens and D. Escande, IoP, Series in Plasma Physics, 2003.
LBNL, Berkeley, California
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
We present the results of measurements of the electron cloud intensity in the PEP-II low energy ring (LER) by propagating a TE wave into the beam pipe. Connecting a pulse generator to a beam position monitor button we can excite a signal above the vacuum chamber cut-off and measure its propagation with a spectrum analyzer connected to another button a few meters away. The measurement can be performed with different beam conditions and also at different settings of the solenoids used to reduce the build up of electrons. The presence of a modulation in the TE wave transmission, synchronous with the beam revolution frequency and only measurable with the solenoids off, would be directly correlated to the intensity of the electron cloud phenomenon in the relative region of the ring. In this paper we present and discuss our measurements taken near Interaction Region 12 on the LER, during 2006 and early 2007.
INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma)
UCLA, Los Angeles, California
A 9-cell standing wave deflecting cavity has recently been constructed and installed at the UCLA Neptune Laboratory for use as a temporal diagnostic for the 13 MeV, 300 to 700 pC electron bunches generated by the Neptune photoinjector beamline. The cavity is a center-fed Glid-Cop structure operating in at TM110-like deflecting mode at 9.59616 GHz with a pi phase advance per cell. At the maximum deflecting voltage of 500 kV, the theoretical resolution limit of the device is 50 fs, although with current beam parameters and a spot size of 460 microns RMS the effective resolution is approximately 400 fs. We discuss the operation and testing of the cavity as well as its intended application: measuring the temporal current profile of ramped electron bunches generated using the Neptune dogleg compressor, and we present the first measurements of the electron beam current profile obtained using the deflecting cavity.
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
UCLA, Los Angeles, California
USC, Los Angeles, California
Particles are leaving the meter-long plasma wakefield accelerator with a large energy spread. To determine the spectrum of these particles, four diagnostics have been set up. These were used to determine energies of the particles that gain energy in the plasma, those that lose energy by driving the wake and the self-injected particles that are accelerated from rest.
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
UCLA, Los Angeles, California
USC, Los Angeles, California
Recent electron beam driven plasma wakefield accelerator experiments carried out at SLAC showed trapping of plasma electrons. These trapped electrons appeared on an energy spectrometer with smaller transverse size than the beam driving the wake. A connection is made between transverse size and emittance; due to the spectrometer?s resolution, this connection allows for placing an upper limit on the trapped electron emittance. The upper limit for the lowest normalized emittance measured in the experiment is 1 mm∙mrad.
PPPL, Princeton, New Jersey
This paper makes use of a one-dimensional kinetic model based on the Vlasov-Maxwell equations to describe nonlinear wave and soliton excitations in coasting charged particle beams. The kinetic description makes use of the recently-developed g-factor model [1] that incorporates self-consistently the effects of transverse density profile shape at moderate beam intensities. The nonlinear evolution of wave and soliton excitations is examined for disturbances both moving faster and moving slower than the sound speed, incorporating the important effects of wave dispersion [2]. Analytical solutions are obtained for nonlinear traveling wave pulses with and without trapped particles, and the results of nonlinear perturabtive particle-in-cell simulations are presented that describe the stability properties and long-time evolution.
[1] R. C. Davidson and E. A. Startsev, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 7, 024401 (2004).[2] R. C. Davidson, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 7, 054402 (2004).
PPPL, Princeton, New Jersey
A numerical scheme for the electromagnetic particle simulation of high-intensity charged-particle beams has been developed which is a modification of the Darwin model. The Darwin model neglects the transverse induction current in Ampere?s law and therefore eliminates fast electromagnetic (light) waves from the simulations. The model has been incorporated into the nonlinear delta-f Beam Equilibrium Stability and Transport(BEST) code. As a benchmark, we have applied the model to simulate the transverse electromagnetic Weibel-type instability in a single-species charged-particle beam with large temperature anisotropy. Results are compared with previous theoretical and numerical studies using the eighenmode code bEASt. The nonlinear stage of the Weibel instability is also studied using BEST code, and the mechanism for nonlinear saturation is identified.