• S. Peggs
  
• J. Flanz
  MGH-FHBPTC, Boston, Massachusetts
• T. Satogata
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York

• K. Schoenberg
  

• J.-M. Lagniel
  

• H. Sato
  
• T. Ise, Y. Miura
  Osaka University, Suita
• S. Nomura
  Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactors, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo
• t.s. Shintomi, M. J. Shirakata
  KEK, Ibaraki

• I. Sugai
  
• T. Hattori, K. K. Kawasaki
  Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactors, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo
• Y. Irie
  JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken
• H. Kawakami, M. Oyaizu, A. Takagi, Y. Takeda
  KEK, Ibaraki

• I.-S. Hong
  
• Y.-G. Song
  KAERI, Daejon

20MeV proton linear accelerator of the PEFP(Proton Engineering Frontier Project) has above 10 magnet power supplies and getter pumps to interface with Modbus protocol. VME IOC(Input Output Controller) has been designed and constructed for the control system by using VME serial I/O. The driver support module of the VME IOC has been developed to initialize the IO board and communicate with the instruments through EPICS. Operating console and storage module for operators in the control room has been programmed on PC and SUN of the operator interface.

• Y.-G. Song
  
• Y.-S. Cho, I.-S. Hong
  KAERI, Daejon

Proton Engineering Frontier Project (PEFP) has above 40 magnet power supplies for the 20MeV proton linac. Because some power supplies have analog interfaces, we chose ATEC (Analog Input To Ethernet Converter) to monitor their output currents and voltage by supporting the protocol conversion function. Software components of the Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS) have been ported to a VME single board computer based on a PowerPC microprocessor (MPC7410). This paper presents the software component and processing of analog input values between EPICS on the PowerPC based board and ATEC operating as Server Mode.

• R. Bruce
  
• B. Goddard, L. K. Jensen, T. Lefevre, W. J.M. Weterings
  CERN, Geneva

• M. C. Hughes
  
• J. W. Gray
  STFC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon

* M. G. White et al., A 3-BeV High Intensity Proton Synchrotron, The Princeton-Pennsylvania Accelerator, CERN Symp.1956 Proc., p525.

• D. J. Harding
  
• C. L. Bartelson, B. C. Brown, J. A. Carson, W. Chou, J. DiMarco, H. D. Glass, D. E. Johnson, V. S. Kashikhin, I. Kourbanis, W. F. Robotham, M. Tartaglia
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois

During the design of the Fermilab Main Injector synchrotron it was recognized that the aperture was limited at the beam transfer and extraction points by the combination of the Lambertson magnets and the reused Main Ring quadrupoles located between the Lambertsons. Increased intensity demands on the Main Injector from antiproton production for the collider program, slow spill to the meson fixed target program, and high intensity beam to the high energy neutrino program have led us to replace the aperture-limiting quadrupoles with newly built magnets that have the same physical length but a larger aperture. The magnets run on the main quadrupole bus, and must therefore have the same excitation profile as the magnets they replaced. We present here the design of the magnets, their magnetic performance, and the accelerator performance.

• I. Terechkine
  
• V. Kashikhin, T. M. Page, M. Tartaglia, J. C. Tompkins
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois

• M. J. Borden
  
• J. F. O'Hara, E. M. Perez, B. J. Roller, V. P. Vigil, L. S. Walker
  LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico

Large maintenance dose burdens have necessitated the development of radiation resistant water manifolds for use on DC magnets in the Proton Storage Ring, at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) accelerator. This paper will describe dose measurements and the mechanical design of radiation resistant water manifolds used in PSR.

• R. C. McCrady
  
• S. Assadi, C. Deibele, S. Henderson, M. A. Plum
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
• J. M. Byrd
  LBNL, Berkeley, California
• S.-Y. Lee
  IUCF, Bloomington, Indiana
• R. J. Macek, S. B. Walbridge, T. Zaugg
  LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
• M. T.F. Pivi
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California

A prototype of an analog, transverse (vertical) feedback system for active damping of the two-stream (e-p) instability has been developed and successfully tested at the Los Alamos National Laboratory Proton Storage Ring (PSR). This system was able to improve the instability threshold by approximately 30% (as measured by the change in RF buncher voltage at instability threshold). Evidence obtained from these tests suggests that further improvement in performance is limited by beam leakage into the gap at lower RF buncher voltage and the onset of instability in the horizontal plane, which had no feedback. Here we describe the present system configuration, system optimization, results of several recent experimental tests, and results from studies of factors limiting its performance.

• T. Tajima
  
• M. J. Borden, A. Canabal, J. P. Chamberlin, S. Harrison, F. R. Olivas, M. A. Oothoudt, J. J. Sullivan
  LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico

• M. P. McCarthy
  
• D. E. Anderson, I. E. Campisi, F. Casagrande, R. I. Cutler, G. W. Dodson, J. Galambos, D. P. Gurd, Y. W. Kang, K.-U. Kasemir, S.-H. Kim, H. Ma, B. W. Riemer, J. P. Schubert, M. P. Stockli
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

Increasing the pulse repetition rate (PRR) of the SNS Linac to its designed maximum of 60 Hz to provide 1.4 MW of beam on target is in progress. Operation above 60 Hz in the future to provide beam to a second target is also being considered. Increasing the PRR to 80 Hz would allow the additional pulses to be diverted to a second target. This paper discusses the impact of increasing the PRR on the SNS infrastructure including Radio Frequency (RF) systems and structures, the ion source, cryogenics, controls and the target.

• R. W. Shaw
  
• M. J. Borden, T. Spickermann
  LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
• C. S. Feigerle
  University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
• Y. Irie
  JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken
• M. A. Plum, L. L. Wilson
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
• I. Sugai, A. Takagi
  KEK, Ibaraki

Diamond stripping foils are under development for the SNS. Free-standing, flat 350 microgram/cm² foils as large as 17 x 25 mm have been prepared. These nano-textured polycrystalline foils are grown by microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition in a corrugated format to maintain their flatness. They are mechanically supported on a single edge by a residual portion of their silicon growth substrate; typical fine foil supporting wires are not required for diamond foils. Six foils were mounted on the SNS foil changer in early 2006 and have performed well in commissioning experiments at reduced operating power. A diamond foil was used during a recent experiment where 12 microCoulombs of protons, approximately 40% of the design value, were stored in the ring. A few diamond foils have been tested at LANSCE/PSR, where one foil was in service for a period of five months (820 Coulombs of integrated injected charge) before it was replaced. Diamond foils have also been tested in Japan at KEK (650 keV H-) where their lifetimes slightly surpassed those of evaporated carbon foils, but fell short of those for Sugai's new hybrid boron carbon (HBC) foils.

• H. G. Kirk
  
• J. R.J. Bennett
  STFC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon
• O. Caretta, P. Loveridge
  STFC/RAL, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon
• A. J. Carroll, V. B. Graves, P. T. Spampinato
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
• I. Efthymiopoulos, A. Fabich, F. Haug, J. Lettry, M. Palm
  CERN, Geneva
• K. T. McDonald
  PU, Princeton, New Jersey
• N. V. Mokhov, S. I. Striganov
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois

• H. G. Kirk
  

• C. R. Prior
  

• T. Ishida
  

• R. M. Zwaska
  
• P. Adamson, S. C. Childress, J. Hylen, T. Kobilarcik, G. M. Koizumi, P. W. Lucas, A. Marchionni, M. A. Martens
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois

• M. Meddahi
  
• K. Cornelis, K. Elsener, E. Gschwendtner, W. Herr, V. Kain, M. Lamont, J. Wenninger
  CERN, Geneva

• D. J.S. Findlay
  

• A. V. Fedotov
  

The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) is designed to provide luminosity over a wide range of beam energies and species, including heavy ions, polarized protons, and asymmetric beam collisions. In the first seven years of operation there has been a rapid increase in the achieved peak and average luminosity, substantially exceeding design values. Work is presently underway to achieve the Enhanced Design parameters in about 2008. Planned major upgrades include the Electron Beam Ion Source (EBIS), the RHIC-II electron cooling upgrade, and construction of an electron-ion collider (eRHIC). We review the expected RHIC upgrade performance. Electron cooling and its impact on the luminosity at various collision energies both for heavy ions and protons are discussed in detail.

• R. S. Moore
  

• K. A. Drees
  
• L. Ahrens, J. G. Alessi, M. Bai, D. S. Barton, J. Beebe-Wang, M. Blaskiewicz, J. M. Brennan, K. A. Brown, D. Bruno, J. J. Butler, R. Calaga, P. Cameron, R. Connolly, T. D'Ottavio, W. Fischer, W. Fu, G. Ganetis, J. Glenn, M. Harvey, T. Hayes, H.-C. Hseuh, H. Huang, J. Kewisch, R. C. Lee, V. Litvinenko, Y. Luo, W. W. MacKay, G. J. Marr, A. Marusic, R. J. Michnoff, C. Montag, J. Morris, B. Oerter, F. C. Pilat, V. Ptitsyn, T. Roser, J. Sandberg, T. Satogata, C. Schultheiss, F. Severino, K. Smith, S. Tepikian, D. Trbojevic, N. Tsoupas, J. E. Tuozzolo, A. Zaltsman, S. Y. Zhang
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York

After the last successful RHIC Au-Au run in 2004 (Run-4), RHIC experiments now require significantly enhanced luminosity to study very rare events in heavy ion collisions. RHIC has demonstrated its capability to operate routinely above its design average luminosity per store of 2x10²⁶ cm^-2 s^-1. In Run-4 we already achieved 2.5 times the design luminosity in RHIC. This luminosity was achieved with only 40% of bunches filled, and with β* = 1 m. However, the goal is to reach 4 times the design luminosity, 8x10²⁶ cm^-2 s^-1, by reducing the beta* value and increasing the number of bunches to the accelerator maximum of 111. In addition, the average time in store should be increased by a factor of 1.1 to about 60% of calendar time. We present an overview of the changes that increased the instantaneous luminosity and luminosity lifetime, raised the reliability, and improved the operational efficiency of RHIC Au-Au operations during Run-7.

• A. Valishev
  
• Y. Alexahin, V. A. Lebedev, R. S. Moore, V. D. Shiltsev
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois

• V. D. Shiltsev
  
• Y. Alexahin, V. Kamerdzhiev, G. F. Kuznetsov, X. Zhang
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois
• K. Bishofberger
  LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico

• I. Kourbanis
  

• M. Benedikt
  
• W. Bartmann, C. Carli, B. Goddard, S. Hancock, J. M. Jowett, Y. Papaphilippou
  CERN, Geneva

• M. Bai
  
• L. Ahrens, I. G. Alekseev, J. G. Alessi, J. Beebe-Wang, M. Blaskiewicz, A. Bravar, J. M. Brennan, K. A. Brown, D. Bruno, G. Bunce, J. J. Butler, P. Cameron, R. Connolly, T. D'Ottavio, J. DeLong, K. A. Drees, W. Fischer, G. Ganetis, C. J. Gardner, J. Glenn, T. Hayes, H.-C. Hseuh, H. Huang, P. Ingrassia, J. S. Laster, R. C. Lee, A. U. Luccio, Y. Luo, W. W. MacKay, Y. Makdisi, G. J. Marr, A. Marusic, G. T. McIntyre, R. J. Michnoff, C. Montag, J. Morris, P. Oddo, B. Oerter, J. Piacentino, F. C. Pilat, V. Ptitsyn, T. Roser, T. Satogata, K. Smith, S. Tepikian, D. Trbojevic, N. Tsoupas, J. E. Tuozzolo, M. Wilinski, A. Zaltsman, A. Zelenski, K. Zeno, S. Y. Zhang
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
• D. Svirida
  ITEP, Moscow

The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider~(RHIC) as the first high energy polarized proton collider was designed to provide polarized proton collisions at a maximum beam energy of 250GeV. It has been providing collisions at a beam energy of 100GeV since 2001. Equipped with two full Siberian snakes in each ring, polarization is preserved during the acceleration from injection to 100GeV with careful control of the betatron tunes and the vertical orbit distortions. However, the intrinsic spin resonances beyond 100GeV are about a factor of two stronger than those below 100GeV making it important to examine the impact of these strong intrinsic spin resonances on polarization survival and the tolerance for vertical orbit distortions. Polarized protons were accelerated to the record energy of 250GeV in RHIC with a polarization of 45\% measured at top energy in 2006. The polarization measurement as a function of beam energy also shows some polarization loss around 136GeV, the first strong intrinsic resonance above 100GeV. This paper presents the results and discusses the sensitivity of the polarization survival to orbit distortions.

• W. Scandale
  

We report observations, performed by the H8-RD22 Collaboration*, of the so-called volume reflection effect with 400 GeV/c protons interacting with bent Silicon crystals in the H8 beam line at the CERN SPS. The volume reflection is closely related with particle channeling. This phenomenon occurs at the tangency point of a particle trajectory with the bent crystalline planes and consists in the reversal of the transverse component of the particle momentum. The measurements were collected with a high spatial resolution detector mainly based on Silicon strips. The proton beam was deviated in the direction opposite to that of channeling by ~12μrad, which is ~1.3 times the critical angle, with an efficiency larger than 97% in a range of the proton-to-crystal incident angle as large as the bending angle of crystallographic planes. This evidence opens new perspectives for manipulation of high-energy beams, e.g., for collimation and extraction in the new-generation of hadron colliders or as a method for high-energy experiments in the region near to the circulating beam.

* H8-RD22 collaboration: CERN, FNAL, INFN (Ferrara, Legnaro, Perugia, Roma, Milano, Trieste), IHEP, PNPI, JINR

• W. Fischer
  
• M. Blaskiewicz, J. M. Brennan, H.-C. Hseuh, H. Huang, V. Ptitsyn, T. Roser, P. Thieberger, D. Trbojevic, J. Wei, S. Y. Zhang
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
• U. Iriso
  ALBA, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Valles)

Since 2001 RHIC has experienced electron cloud effects, which have limited the beam intensity. These include dynamic pressure rises – including pressure instabilities, a reduction of the stability threshold for bunches crossing the transition energy, and possibly slow emittance growth. We report on the main observations in operation and dedicated experiments, as well as the effect of various countermeasures including baking, NEG coated warm pipes, pre-pumped cold pipes, bunch patterns, scrubbing, and anti-grazing rings.

• M. A. Furman
  
• C. M. Celata, M. Kireeff Covo, K. G. Sonnad, J.-L. Vay, M. Venturini
  LBNL, Berkeley, California
• R. H. Cohen, A. Friedman, D. P. Grote, A. W. Molvik
  LLNL, Livermore, California
• P. Stoltz
  Tech-X, Boulder, Colorado

We present recent advances in the modeling of beam-electron-cloud dynamics, including surface effects such as secondary electron emission, gas desorption, etc, and volumetric effects such as ionization of residual gas and charge-exchange reactions. Simulations for the HCX facility with the code WARP/POSINST will be described and their validity demonstrated by benchmarks against measurements. The code models a wide range of physical processes and uses a number of novel techniques, including a large-timestep electron mover that smoothly interpolates between direct orbit calculation and guiding-center drift equations, and a new computational technique, based on a Lorentz transformation to a moving frame, that allows the cost of a fully 3D simulation to be reduced to that of a quasi-static approximation.

• R. J. Macek, M. J. Borden, A. A. Browman, R. J. Macek, R. C. McCrady, J. F. O'Hara, L. Rybarcyk, T. Spickermann, T. Zaugg
  LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
• J. E. Ledford
  TechSource, Santa Fe, New Mexico
• M. T.F. Pivi
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California

Recent beam physics studies on the two-stream e-p instability at LANL proton storage ring (PSR) have focused on the role of the electron cloud generated in quadrupole magnets where electrons, which seed beam-induced multipacting, are expected to be largest due to grazing angle losses from the beam halo. A new diagnostic to measure electron cloud formation and trapping in a quadrupole magnet has been developed, installed, and successfully tested at PSR. Experimental results will be presented on various characteristics of electron cloud obtain from experiments using this diagnostic and compared with simulations. Results include data on flux and energy spectra of electrons striking the vacuum chamber, the line density and lifetime of electrons trapped in the quadrupole after the beam has been extracted as well as evidence regarding electrons ejected from the magnet during passage of the proton beam.

• K. Takayama
  

* K. Takayama, published in Phys. Rev. Lett. soon.** K. Takayama and J. Kishiro, N. I.M. A 451, 304-317 (2000).*** K. Takayama, K. Torikai, Y. Shimosaki, and Y. Arakida, PCT/JP2006/308502

• G. J. Caporaso
  
• D. T. Blackfield, Y.-J. Chen, J. R. Harris, S. A. Hawkins, L. Holmes, S. D. Nelson, A. Paul, B. R. Poole, M. A. Rhodes, S. Sampayan, M. Sanders, S. Sullivan, L. Wang, J. A. Watson
  LLNL, Livermore, California
• M. L. Krogh
  University of Missouri - Rolla, Rolla, Missouri
• C. Nunnally
  University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
• K. Selenes
  TPL, Albuquerque, NM

Progress in the development of compact induction accelerators employing advanced vacuum insulators and dielectrics will be described. These machines will have average accelerating gradients at least an order of magnitude higher than existing machines and can be used for a variety of applications including flash x-ray radiography and medical treatments. Research describing an extreme variant of this technology aimed at proton therapy for cancer will be described.

• J. Galambos
  
• A. V. Aleksandrov, C. K. Allen, S. Henderson, T. A. Pelaia, A. P. Shishlo, Y. Zhang
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
• P. Chu
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California

The Accelerator Physics group at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) has developed numerous codes to assist in the beam commissioning, tuning, and operation of the SNS Linac. These codes have been key to meeting the beam commissioning milestones. For example, a recently developed code provides for rapid retuning of the superconducting Linac in case of RF stations going offline or coming online. Highlights of these "physics applications" will be presented.

• V. D. Shiltsev
  

• S. R. Koscielniak
  
• C. Johnstone
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois

The linear-field non-scaling FFAG lattices originally proposed for multi-GeV muon acceleration are now being modified for application to order 100 MeV/u proton or carbon medical applications. The momentum range is large and the chromatic tune variation is significant. In the medical case, the time of flight variation is immaterial but the issue of resonance crossing is more acute owing to the much lower rate of energy gain. Magnets with non-normal entry/exit faces are considered as means to reduce the tune variation. Thus one is motivated to study fringe fields and their effects. We make a brief study of dipole and quadrupole magnets with normal and rotated entry/exit faces. For the artificial case of a cosine-squared fall off in the quadrupole field, analytic results are obtained which though approximate are superior to numerical integration. This property is achieved by insisting that the error in the equation of motion is zero and the determinant is unity at the entry, exit and centre of the fringe field.

• S. R. Koscielniak
  

Linear-field non-scaling FFAGs are proposed for multi-GeV muon acceleration and order hundred MeV/u proton or carbon medical applications. The periodic lattices, which have large momentum acceptance (factor >3), employ cells comprised of combined function magnets. In one implementation, rectangular-shaped quadrupoles are used, with the dipole component generated by off-setting the magnet centre. This feature, coupled with the large radial aperture, gives rise to orbits with large displacement and/or divergence from the quadrupole centre. The angles may be so large that there is a partial interchange of longitudinal and radial momenta. We examine two methods to devise maps (through the body field) that are third order in radial coordinate and higher order in momentum. The WKBJ approximation is concluded to be no better than the usual linear transfer matrix. A Green's function approach is carried through to non-linear mappings for the dynamical variables, which are coupled. The first partial derivative of this map (relates to tune variation) produces a linear transfer matrix which must have unity determinant. For the FFAG application, the map is comparable with numerical integration.

• P. A. Elkiaer
  
• S. L. Birch, E. P. Quinn, S. P. Stoneham
  STFC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon
• C. E. Hansen, N. Hauge, C. Nielsen, E. Steinmann
  Danfysik A/S, Jyllinge
• A. Morris
  STFC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon

• K. Dunkel
  
• F. Kremer, C. Piel
  ACCEL, Bergisch Gladbach

• C. Piel
  
• K. Dunkel, M. Pekeler, H. Vogel, P. vom Stein
  ACCEL, Bergisch Gladbach

• G. Clemente
  
• L. Groening
  GSI, Darmstadt
• S. Minaev
  ITEP, Moscow
• H. Podlech, U. Ratzinger, R. Tiede
  IAP, Frankfurt am Main

The FAIR facility, under development at GSI, needs a new dedicated proton injector for the production of intense antiprotons secondary beams. This injector will accelerate protons from 3 to 70 MeV at a current of 70 mA, and due to the high voltage gain and shunt impedance will be based on CH cavities powered by a 2.5 MW, 325 MHz klystron. An innovative coupling cell containing one drift tube of length N-beta λ was developed to combine multicell drift tube modules of the CH-type (H210 mode).. In order to study this innovative coupling mechanism a scaled model of the second resonator of GSI Proton injector is under production at IAP. The according full scale prototype, 3 meter long coupled X MV resonator from MeV to MeV is under construction and will be power tested with a 2.5 MW klystron at GSI at the end of 2008. This paper describes in detail the coupled structure together with a general overview of the R&D results achieved on the CH-DTL's cavity.

• S. Kawata
  
• T. Kikuchi, M. Nakamura, Y. Nodera, N. Onuma
  Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya

* R. Sonobe, S. Kawata, et. al., Phys. Plasmas 12 (2005) 073104.

• Y.-S. Cho
  
• B. Chung, J.-H. Jang, K. Y. Kim, Y.-H. Kim
  KAERI, Daejon

The Proton Engineering Frontier Project (PEFP) will supply 20-MeV and 100-MeV proton beams from a 100 MeV proton linear accelerator for beam applications. The extracted 20 MeV or 100 MeV proton beams will be simultaneously distributed into the five targets through a dipole magnet equipped with a controllable AC power supply. The most important design criterion is the flexibility of the irradiation conditions in order to meet various user requirements in many application fields. For this purpose, we have designed the beamlines to the targets for wide or focused beams, external or in-vacuum beams, and horizontal or vertical beams. This work includes details of the conceptual design of the beamlines.

• J.-H. Jang
  
• Y.-S. Cho, K. Y. Kim, H.-J. Kwon
  KAERI, Daejon

The 100 MeV Linac of the Proton Engineering Frontier Project (PEFP) consists of an ion source, a low energy beam transport (LEBT), a 3 MeV radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ), and an 100 MeV drift tube linac (DTL). The DTL is separated into two parts. The first part includes 4 tanks which accelerate 20 mA proton beams up to 20 MeV. The medium energy beam transport (MEBT) follows the 20 MeV accelerator in order to match proton beams into the next linac as well as to extract and supply 20 MeV proton beams to the user facilities. The second part of the DTL consists of 7 tanks to accelerate proton beams to 100 MeV. This work focuses on the error analysis of the designed 100 MeV linac in order to obtain the tolerance limit in the fabrication and alignment processes of the linac as well as to study the steering magnets which control the beam fluctuations and reduce the potential beam loss.

• Y.-H. Kim
  
• Y.-S. Cho, J.-H. Jang
  KAERI, Daejon

The PEFP DTL II which accelerates a proton beam from the energy of 20MeV Beam to 100MeV is now under fabrication. The DTL II which has some similar specifications with the DTL I which accelerates the proton beam to the energy of 20MeV is made of seamless carbon steel with Cu electroplating inside. The DTL tank is divided into 3 sections whose length is about 2.2m. We verified the mechanical and thermal stability using ANSYS code, and we established the fabrication process of the drift tube. The DTL II is now being fabricated.

• E. S. Masunov
  
• A. V. Samoshin
  MEPhI, Moscow

• C. B. Bracco, C. B. Bracco
  EPFL, Lausanne
• R. W. Assmann, S. Redaelli, G. Robert-Demolaize
  CERN, Geneva

• H. Burkhardt
  
• G. Arduini, S. Bart Pedersen, C. Fischer, JJ. G. Gras, A. Koschik, D. K. Kramer, S. Redaelli
  CERN, Geneva

• E. Gschwendtner
  
• L. Bruno, K. Elsener, A. Ferrari, M. Meddahi, A. Pardons, S. Rangod
  CERN, Geneva
• A. Guglielmi
  INFN/LNL, Legnaro, Padova
• P. R. Sala
  INFN-Milano, Milano

• V. Kain
  
• E. Carlier, E. H.R. Gaxiola, B. Goddard, M. Gourber-Pace, E. Gschwendtner, M. Meddahi, H. Vincke, H. Vincke, J. Wenninger
  CERN, Geneva

• G. Robert-Demolaize
  
• R. W. Assmann, C. B. Bracco, S. Redaelli, Th. Weiler
  CERN, Geneva

• Th. Weiler
  
• O. Aberle, R. W. Assmann, R. Chamizo, Y. Kadi, J. Lettry, S. Redaelli
  CERN, Geneva

• M. A. Clarke-Gayther
  

A description is given of slow-wave chopper structures for the 3.0 MeV, 60 mA, H^- MEBT lines of the CERN Linac 4 and RAL Front-End Test Stands (FETS). Transmission line properties and transverse E-field uniformity for the original European Spallation Source (ESS) designs* have been refined by modelling static, and time dependent electromagnetic fields in the 3D CST 'EM Studio', and 'Microwave Studio' codes**. In addition, the original compact, radiation hard, vacuum compatible designs have been simplified and reconfigured to be compatible with standard NC machining practice. Transmission line properties in the frequency and time domain, together with E-field uniformity in the axial and transverse planes, are presented.

* M. A. Clarke-Gayther, 'Slow-wave electrode structures for the ESS 2.5 MeV fast chopper', Proc. of the 2003 Particle Accelerator Conference (PAC), Portland, Oregon, USA, p. 1473-1475.** www.cst.com

• D. C. Plostinar
  

• A. Seville
  
• D. J. Adams, C. W. Appelbee, D. Bayley, N. E. Farthing, I. S.K. Gardner, M. G. Glover, B. G. Pine, J. W.G. Thomason, C. M. Warsop
  STFC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon

• A. Kondrashev
  
• A. Barcikowski, B. Mustapha, P. N. Ostroumov, R. H. Scott, S. I. Sharamentov
  ANL, Argonne, Illinois
• N. Vinogradov
  Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois

A multi-charge-state injector for high-intensity heavy-ion LINAC is being developed at ANL. The injector consists of an all-permanent magnet ECR ion source, a 100 kV platform and a Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT). The latter comprises two 60-degree bending magnets, electrostatic triplets and beam diagnostics stations. The first results of beam measurements in the LEBT will be presented.

• S. Wang
  
• F. R. Brumwell, J. C. Dooling, R. Kustom, G. E. McMichael, M. E. Middendorf
  ANL, Argonne, Illinois

The Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS) Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) accelerates 3.2x 10¹² protons from 50 MeV to 450 MeV at 30 Hz. During the 14.2 ms acceleration period, the RF frequency varies from 2.21 MHz to 5.14 MHz. In order to improve capture efficiency, we varied the injection timing and the early RF voltage profiles. The experimental results are compared with similar studies at ISIS and calculation done with the 1-D tracking code, Capture-SPC. This allowed us to optimize injection time and the RF voltage profile for better capture efficiency. An optimized injection time and RF voltage profile was found that resulted in raising the capture efficiency from 85.1% to 88.6%. These studies have now also been expanded to included 2nd harmonic RF during the capture and initial acceleration cycle in the RCS.

• B. C. Brown
  
• P. Adamson, D. Capista, D. E. Johnson, I. Kourbanis, D. K. Morris, M.-J. Yang
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois

High intensity operation of the Fermilab Main Injector has resulted in increased activation of machine components. Efforts to permit operation at high power include creation of collimation systems to localize losses away from locations which require maintenance. As a first step, a collimation system to remove halo from the incoming beam was installed in the Spring 2006 Facility Shutdown*. We report on commissioning studies and operational experience including observations of Booster beam properties, effects on Main Injector loss and activation, and operational results.

* B. C. Brown, et al., "Collimation System for the Fermilab Booster to Main Injector Transfer Line", this conference.

• W. Chou
  
• M. A. Kostin
  NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan
• J. R. Lackey, Z. Tang
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois
• R. J. Macek
  LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
• P. S. Yoon
  Rochester University, Rochester, New York

Carbon foils are widely used in charge-exchange injection in high intensity hadron accelerators. There are a variety of physics issues associated with the use of carbon foils, including stripping efficiency, energy deposition, foil lifetime (temperature rise, mechanical stress and buckling), multiple Coulomb scattering, large angle single Coulomb scattering, energy straggling and radiation activation. This paper will give a brief discussion of these issues based on the study of the Proton Driver and experience of the Fermilab Booster. Details can be found in Ref*.

* W. Chou et al., "Transport and Injection of 8 GeV H^- Ions," Fermilab-TM-2285 (2007).

• W. Chou
  
• D. Capista, E. Griffin, K. Y. Ng, D. Wildman
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois

Two barrier rf systems were fabricated, tested and installed in the Fermilab Main Injector.* Each can provide 8-10 kV rectangular pulses (the rf barriers) at 90 kHz. When a stationary barrier is combined with a moving barrier, injected beams from the Booster can be continuously deflected, folded and stacked in the Main Injector (MI), which leads to doubling of the beam intensity. This paper gives a report on the beam experiment using this novel technology.

* W. Chou, D. Wildman and A. Takagi, "Induction Barrier RF and Applications in Main Injector," Fermilab-Conf-06-227 (2006).

• A. I. Drozhdin
  
• B. C. Brown, D. E. Johnson, I. Kourbanis, N. V. Mokhov, I. Rakhno, V. Sidorov
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois
• K. Koba
  KEK, Ibaraki

• D. E. Johnson
  
• A. Z. Chen, I. Rakhno
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois

A 8 GeV H^- superconducting linac has been proposed as an alternative injector for the Main Injector to support a 2 MW Neutrino program. An injection absorber is required to accept protons generated after the secondary stripping foil which will intercept the un-stripped H^- and H0 particles after the MI primary foil injection point. The motivations underlying the choice of a compact internal absorber over an external absorber will be discussed. We show that using a high-Z material (tungsten) for the inner shielding allows the construction a compact absorber that can take a very intense beam and fits within the existing enclosure. The absorber requirements and a shielding design and the results of energy deposition calculations are presented.

• D. E. Johnson
  
• J. Beebe-Wang, C. J. Liaw, D. Raparia
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York

The technique for H^- charge exchange for multi-turn injection utilizing stripping foils in the energy range of a few hundred MeV has been used at many labs for decades and most recently up to 1 GeV at the SNS. Utilization the beam from the proposed Proton Driver* would permit the extension of this technique up to 8 GeV. The injection layout and required accelerator modifications are discussed. Results from transverse and longitudinal simulations are presented.

* W. G. Foster and J. A. MacLachlan, "A Multi-mission 8 GeV Injector Linac as a Fermilab Booster Replacement", Proc. Of LINAC-2002, Gyeongju, Korea, p.86.

• V. Kamerdzhiev
  
• Y. Alexahin, V. D. Shiltsev, A. Valishev, X. Zhang
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois
• D. N. Shatilov
  BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk

• V. Kamerdzhiev
  
• R. J. Hively, G. F. Kuznetsov, H. Pfeffer, G. W. Saewert, V. D. Shiltsev, X. Zhang
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois

• M. A. Martens
  
• S. C. Childress, N. L. Grossman, P. Hurh, J. Hylen, A. Marchionni, E. McCluskey, C. D. Moore, R. E. Reilly, S. Tariq, A. Wehmann, K. E. Williams, R. M. Zwaska
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois

The NuMI beamline at Fermilab has been operational since the spring of 2005 delivering high-intensity neutrino beams to the MINOS experiment. A beam power on target of 310 kW has been achieved and a total of more than 2·10²⁰ protons have been delivered to the NuMI target. Upgrades to NuMI are planned in preparation for the future MINERvA and NOvA neutrino experiments increasing the NuMI beam power capability from 400 kW to 700 kW and then as much as 1.2 MW. An overview of the future upgrade to NuMI is presented.

• M. Xiao
  
• D. E. Johnson
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois

Upon the termination of the Fermilab Collider program, the current Recycler anti-proton storage ring will be converted to a proton pre-injector for the Main Injector synchrotron. This is scheduled to increase the beam power for the 120 GeV Neutrino program to upwards of 700KW. Due to momentum aperture restriction, a new transport line that extracts the beam from the Recycler at a dispersion free region to the main injector will be discussed, and its concept design will be presented.

• A. Bogdanov
  
• V. Anferov, M. Ball, D. V. Baxter, V. P. Derenchuk, A. V. Klyachko, T. Rinckel, K. A. Solberg
  IUCF, Bloomington, Indiana

The Low Energy Neutron Source (LENS) at Indiana University is producing neutrons by using a 7 MeV proton beam incident on a Beryllium target. The Proton Delivery System is currently being upgraded. A new DTL section will be added to increase proton beam energy from 7 to 13 MeV. A 3 MeV RFQ and 13 MeV DTL will be powered by 1 MW klystrons. The goal of this upgrade is a 13 MeV, 20 mA proton beam with duty factor more than 1%. At this power level it becomes increasingly important to make a proton beam that is uniformly distributed to prevent excessive thermal stress at the surface of the Be target. To achieve this goal two octupole magnets are being implemented in the LENS beam transport line. In this paper we discuss the experimental results of the beam intensity redistribution as well as some features inherent in tuning of the nonlinear beamline and our operational experience.

• D. T. Blackfield
  
• Y.-J. Chen, J. R. Harris, S. D. Nelson, A. Paul, B. R. Poole
  LLNL, Livermore, California

A compact Dielectric Wall Accelerator (DWA), with field gradient up to 100 MV/m, is being developed to accelerate proton bunches for use in cancer therapy treatment. The injector first generates a few nanosecond long and 40 pQ proton bunch, which is then compressed in the compression section at the end of the injector. Finally the bunch is accelerated in the high-gradient DWA accelerator to energy up to 70 - 250 MeV. The Particle-In-Cell (PIC) code LSP is used to model several aspects of this design. First, we use LSP to determine the needed voltage waveform in the A-K gap that will produce a proton bunch with the requisite charge. We then model pulse compression and shaping in the section between the A-K gap and the DWA. We finally use LSP to model the beam transport through the DWA.

• S. D. Nelson
  
• G. J. Caporaso, B. R. Poole
  LLNL, Livermore, California

Proton accelerator structures for medical applications using Dielectric Wall Accelerator (DWA) technology allows for the utilization of high field gradients on the order of 100 MV/m to accelerate the proton bunch. Medical applications involving cancer therapy treatment usually desire short bunch lengths on the order of hundreds of picoseconds in order to limit the extent of the energy deposited in the tumor site (in 3D space, time, and deposited proton charge). Electromagnetic simulations of the DWA structure, in combination with injections of proton bunches, have been performed using 3D finite difference codes in combination with particle pushing codes. Electromagnetic simulations of DWA structures includes these effects and also includes the details of the switch configuration and how that switch time affects the electric field pulse which accelerates the particle beam. Design trade-offs include the driving switch effects, layer-to-layer coupling analysis and its affect on the pulse rise time.

• Y.-J. Chen
  
• A. Paul
  LLNL, Livermore, California

An investigation is being made into the feasibility of making a compact proton accelerator for medical radiation treatment. The accelerator is based on high gradient insulation (HGI) technology. The beam energy should be tunable between 70 and 250 MeV to allow the Bragg peak to address tumors at different depths in the patient. The desired radiation dose is consistent with a beam charge of 40 pico-coulombs. The particle source is a small 2 mm plasma device from which a several nano-second pulse can be extracted. The beam current is selectable by the potential of the extraction electrode and is adjustable in the range of 10-100 milli-Amperes. This beam is then accelerated and focused by the next three electrodes forming a Accel-Deaccel-Accel (ADA) structure leading to the DWA accelerator block. The spot size is adjustable over 2 to 10 mm. A transparent grid terminates the injector section and prevents the very high gradient of the HGI structure from influencing the overall focusing of the system. The beam energy is determined by the length of the DWA structure that is charged. This give independent selection of beam dose, size and energy.

• B. R. Poole
  
• D. T. Blackfield, S. D. Nelson
  LLNL, Livermore, California

The dielectric wall accelerator (DWA) is a compact induction accelerator structure that incorporates the accelerating mechanism, pulse forming structure, and switch structure into an integrated module. The DWA consists of stacked stripline Blumlein assemblies, which can provide accelerating gradients in excess of 100 MeV/meter. Blumleins are switched sequentially according to a prescribed acceleration schedule to maintain synchronism with the proton bunch as it accelerates. A finite difference time domain code (FDTD) is used to determine the applied acceleration field to the proton bunch. Particle simulations are used to model the injector as well as the accelerator stack to determine the proton bunch energy distribution, both longitudinal and transverse dynamic focusing, and emittance associated with various DWA configurations.

• L. Wang
  
• G. J. Caporaso, S. Sullivan
  LLNL, Livermore, California

A compact proton accelerator for medical applications is being developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The accelerator architecture is based on the dielectric wall accelerator (DWA) concept. One critical area to consider is the switch region. Electromagnetic field simulations and thermal calculations of the switch area were performed to help determine the operating limits of the SiC switches. Different geometries were considered for the field simulation including the shape of the thin indium solder meniscus between the electrodes and SiC, and possible misalignment of electrodes and SiC during manufacturing. Electromagnetic field simulations were also utilized to demonstrate how the field stress could be reduced. Both transient and steady-state thermal simulations were analyzed to find the average power capability of the switches.

• K. W. Jones
  
• J. L. Erickson, F. R. Gallegos
  LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico

At the core of the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) accelerator lies an 800-MeV proton linac that drives user facilities for isotope production, proton radiography, ultra-cold neutrons, weapons neutron research and for various sciences using neutron scattering. LANSCE is in the planning phase of a refurbishment project that will sustain reliable facility operations well into the next decade. The general goals for LANSCE-R are to (1) preserve dependable operation of the linac and (2) increase the cost effectiveness of operations. Requirements can be met for overall beam intensity, availability, and reliability with long-term sustainability and minimal disruption to scheduled user programs. The baseline refurbishment project consists of replacing the 201 MHz RF systems, upgrading a substantial fraction of the 805 MHz RF systems, updating the control system, and replacing or improving a variety of diagnostics and accelerator subsystems. The plans for the various LANSCE-R improvements will be presented and the preliminary cost and schedule estimates will be discussed.

• J. D. Sherman
  

• J. D. Sherman
  
• F. W. Guy, W. J. Starling, D. A. Swenson, C. A. Willis
  Linac Systems, Albuquerque, New Mexico
• J. M. Potter
  JP Accelerator Works, Los Alamos, New Mexico

• M. Bai
  
• A. U. Luccio, Y. Makdisi, P. H. Pile, T. Roser
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York

Full spin flip in the presence of full Siberian snake has been achieved by using an rf dipole or solenoid as spin flipper at IUCF and COSY. This technique requires one to change the snake configuration to move the spin tune away from half integer. However, this is not practical for an operational high energy polarized proton collider like RHIC where beam lifetime is sensitive to small betatron tune change. An new technique of achieving full spin flip with the spin tune staying at half integer is proposed. This paper presents the design of RHIC spin flipper along with simulation results.

• M. Bai
  
• P. Cameron, H. Huang, A. U. Luccio, V. Ptitsyn, T. Roser, S. Tepikian
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York

Snake depolarizing resonances due to the imperfect cancellation of the accumulated perturbations on the spin precession between snakes were observed at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider~(RHIC). During the RHIC 2005 and 2006 polarized proton runs, we mapped out the spectrum of odd order snake resonance at Q_y=7/10. Here, Q_y is the beam vertical betatron tune. We also studied the beam polarization after crossing the 7/10th resonance as a function of resonance crossing rate. This paper reports the measured resonance spectrum as well as the results of resonance crossing.

The work was performed under the US Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH1-886, and with support of RIKEN(Japan) and RenaissanceTechnologies C orp.(USA)

• W. Fischer
  
• M. Blaskiewicz, R. Calaga, P. Cameron, Y. Luo
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
• T. Pieloni
  CERN, Geneva

We use transverse beam transfer functions to measure tune distributions of colliding beams in RHIC. The tune has a distribution due to the beam-beam interaction, nonlinear magnetic fields – particularly in the interaction region magnets, and non-zero chromaticity in conjunction with momentum spread. The measured tune distributions are compared with calculations.

• W. Fischer
  
• N. P. Abreu, R. Calaga, G. Robert-Demolaize
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
• U. Dorda, J.-P. Koutchouk, F. Zimmermann
  CERN, Geneva
• A. C. Kabel
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California
• H. J. Kim, T. Sen
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois
• J. Qiang
  LBNL, Berkeley, California

A DC wire has been installed in RHIC to explore the long-range beam-beam effect, and test its compensation. We report on experiments that measure the effect of the wire's electro-magnetic field on the beam's lifetime and tune distribution, and accompanying simulations.

• Y. Hao
  
• V. Litvinenko, C. Montag, E. Pozdeyev, V. Ptitsyn
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York

Beam-beam effects present one of major factors limiting the luminosity of colliders. In the linac-ring option of eRHIC design, an electron beam accelerated in a superconducting energy recovery linac collides with a proton beam circulating in the RHIC ring. There are some features of beam-beam effects which require careful examination in linac-ring configuration. First, the beam-beam interaction can induce specific head-tail type instability of the proton beam referred to as kink instability. Thus, beam stability conditions should be established to avoid proton beam loss. Also, the electron beam transverse disruption by collisions has to be evaluated to ensure beam quality is good enough for the energy recovery pass. In addition, fluctuations of electron beam current and/or electron beam size, as well as transverse offset, can cause proton beam emittance growth. The tolerances for those factors should be determined and possible countermeasures should be developed to mitigate the emittance growth. In this paper, a soft Gaussian strong-strong simulation is used to study all of mentioned beam-beam interaction features and possible techniques to reduce the emittance growth.

• C. Montag
  
• M. Bai, J. Beebe-Wang, M. Blaskiewicz, R. Calaga, W. Fischer, A. K. Jain, Y. Luo, N. Malitsky, T. Roser, S. Tepikian
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York

To achieve the RHIC polarized proton enhanced luminosity goal of 150*10³⁰ cm^-2 sec^-1 on average in stores at 250 GeV, the luminosity needs to be increased by a factor of 3 compared to what was achieved in 2006. Since the number of bunches is already at its maximum of 111, limited by the injection kickers and the experiments' time resolution, the luminosity can only be increased by either increasing the bunch intensity and/or reducing the beam emittance. This leads to a larger beam-beam tuneshift parameter. Operation during 2006 has shown that the beam-beam interaction is already dominating the luminosity lifetime. To overcome this limitation, a near-integer working point is under study. We will present recent results of these studies.

• T. Satogata
  
• L. Ahrens, M. Bai, J. M. Brennan, D. Bruno, J. J. Butler, K. A. Drees, A. V. Fedotov, W. Fischer, M. Harvey, T. Hayes, W. Jappe, R. C. Lee, W. W. MacKay, G. J. Marr, R. J. Michnoff, B. Oerter, E. Pozdeyev, T. Roser, F. Severino, K. Smith, S. Tepikian, N. Tsoupas
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York

There is significant interest in RHIC heavy ion collisions at c.m. energies of 5-50 GeV/u, motivated by a search for the QCD phase transition critical point. The low end of this energy range is well below the nominal RHIC injection c.m. energy of 19.6 GeV/u. There are several challenges that face RHIC operations in this regime, including longitudinal acceptance, magnet field quality, lattice control, and luminosity monitoring. We report on the status of work to address these challenges and include results from beam tests of low-energy RHIC operations with protons and gold.

• S. Y. Zhang
  
• D. Trbojevic
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York

There are three main sources of the experimental background at RHIC. The beam-gas induced background is associated with the vacuum pressure, the beam-chamber-interaction induced background can be improved by collimations, and the beam-beam induced background is somewhat inherent, and probably harmless for the experimental data taking. The zero degree calorimeter (ZDC) is an essential luminosity detector for heavy ion operations in RHIC. It is shown that, however, the ratio of ZDC singles (background) and coincident rate is also useful in proton runs for background evaluations. In this article, the experimental background problem in RHIC polarized proton runs is reported.

• S. Y. Zhang
  
• V. Ptitsyn
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York

The beam emittance growth in RHIC polarized proton runs has a dependence on the dynamic pressure rise, which is caused by the electron cloud and peaked at the end of the beam injection and the early energy acceleration. This emittance growth is usually presented without beam instability, and it is slower than the ones above the instability threshold. The effect on the machine luminosity, nevertheless, is significant, and it is currently a limiting factor in machine performance. The electron cloud is substantially reduced at the store, the emittance growth there has no dependence on the bunch spacing and instead it has a clear dependence on the beam-beam parameter. The results of the machine operation and beam studies will be reported.

• K. Gollwitzer
  

The Fermilab Tevatron Collider Run II program continues at the energy and luminosity frontier of high energy particle physics. The presentation will cover major improvements in the performance of the collider complex which lead to the record-breaking luminosity.

• V. Ptitsyn
  

• J. Keil
  

• C. Deibele
  
• S. Assadi, V. V. Danilov, S. Henderson, M. A. Plum, A. K. Polisetti
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
• J. M. Byrd
  LBNL, Berkeley, California
• J. D. Gilpatrick, R. C. McCrady, J. F. Power, T. Zaugg
  LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
• S.-Y. Lee
  IUCF, Bloomington, Indiana
• M. T.F. Pivi
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California
• M. J. Schulte, Z. P. Xie
  UW-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin

A prototype of an analog, transverse (vertical) feedback system for active damping of the two-stream (e-p) instability has been developed and successfully tested at the Los Alamos Proton Storage Ring (PSR). This talk describes the system configuration, results of several experimental tests and studies of system optimization along with studies of the factors limiting its performance.

• S. Wang
  
• F. R. Brumwell, J. C. Dooling, K. C. Harkay, R. Kustom, G. E. McMichael, M. E. Middendorf, A. Nassiri
  ANL, Argonne, Illinois

The Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS) Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) accelerates 3.2x 10¹² protons from 50 MeV to 450 MeV at 30 Hz. During the 14.2 ms acceleration period, the RF frequency varies from 2.21 MHz to 5.14 MHz. The beam current is limited by a vertical instability. By analyzing turn-by-turn Beam Position Monitor (BPM) data, large amplitude mode 0 and mode 1 vertical beam centroid oscillations were observed in the later part of the acceleration cycle. The oscillations develop in the tail of the bunch, build up and remain localized in the later part of the bunch. This vertical instability was compared with a head-tail instability that was intentionally induced in the RCS by adjusting the trim-sextupoles to make the horizontal chromaticity positive (below transition). It appears that our vertical instability is not typical head-tail instability. More data analysis and experiments were performed to characterize the instability.

• A. Noda
  
• H. Fadil, M. Grieser
  MPI-K, Heidelberg
• M. Ikegami, T. Ishikawa, M. Nakao, T. Shirai, H. Souda, M. Tanabe, H. Tongu
  Kyoto ICR, Uji, Kyoto
• I. N. Meshkov, A. V. Smirnov
  JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region
• K. Noda
  NIRS, Chiba-shi

S-LSR is a storage and cooler ring with the circumference of 22.56 m applied for an electron beam cooling of 7 MeV proton beam and laser cooling of 24Mg+ beam with 35 keV. From the measurement with the use of Schottky pich-up of the momentum spread of 7 MeV proton beam reducing the particle number to suppress the effect of intra-beam scattering,abrupt jump in fractional momentum spread and Schottky power has been observed, which is considered the 1 dimensional phase transition to the ordered state*. The situation has also been expected from numerical simulation**. Laser cooling with much stronger cooling force is expected to realize 2Dand 3D crystalline states if the maintenance condition can be satisfied. Experimental approaches to realize such a condition at S-LSR as dispersion free lattice and "tapered cooling" are also decribed in the present paper.

* A Noda, et al., , New Journal of Physics, 8 (2006)288.** A. Smirnov et al., Beam Science and Technology, 10 (2006) 6*** J. Wei, X-P, Li and A. M. Sessler, , Phys. Rev. Lett. 73 (1994) 3089.

• H. Podlech
  
• A. Bechtold, H. Liebermann, U. Ratzinger
  IAP, Frankfurt am Main

The superconducting CH-structure is the first multi-cell cavity for the acceleration of low and medium energy ions and protons. A superconducting prototype cavity has been built and several cold tests have been performed at the IAP in Frankfurt. After the detection of a field emission centre the cavity will be treated by buffered chemical polishing and high pressure rinsing. Additionally the cavity is being prepared for tests in a horizontal cryostat with slow and fast tuner system. We present the status of these developments and the test results which have been gained recently.

• V. G. Vaccaro
  
• R. Buiano
  Naples University Federico II and INFN, Napoli
• A. D'Elia
  CERN, Geneva
• D. Davino
  Universita' degli Studi del Sannio, Benevento
• C. De Martinis, D. Giove
  INFN-Milano, Milano
• M. R. Masullo
  INFN-Napoli, Napoli

For an assembled structure (module, tank) of a Linac, the single cells, when coupled, loose their individuality and in cooperation contribute to the generation of the structure modes (resonant frequencies) Fm. On the other end these modes are the only measurable quantities. The system of the coupled cells can be modelled, in a narrow frequency band, as a lumped constant circuit. The modes are solution of an equation obtained equating to zero the determinant relevant to the lumped circuit. This is an algebraic equation of the same order as the number N of cells. A plausible question can be posed: is it possible from a manipulation of the measurable quantities (Fm) to draw the lumped circuit parameters, namely coupling constants and single cell resonant frequencies? The answer is positive if a certain degree of symmetry is satisfied. The coefficients of above mentioned equation can be easily related to the measured modes Fm. By varying, by means of tuners, the tune of a single cell of a small unknown amount, any couple of equation coefficient moves on a straight line. Therefore, we have N(N-1) known straight line coefficients which may give the unknowns with extremely high accuracy.

• Z. Fang
  
• S. Anami, S. Michizono, S. Yamaguchi
  KEK, Ibaraki
• T. Kobayashi
  JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken
• H. Suzuki
  JAEA, Ibaraki-ken

• S. Sakanaka
  

* S. Sakanaka, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 8, 072002 (2005).** E. A. Knapp, B. C. Knapp, and J. M. Potter, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 39, 979 (1968).

• S. An
  
• Y.-S. Cho, B. H. Choi, C. Gao
  KAERI, Daejon

An elliptical superconducting RF cavity of 700 MHz with βg=0.42 has been designed for the Linac of Proton Engineering Frontier Project (PEFP). A double-ring stiffening structure is used for a low-beta cavity for a Lorentz force detuning. The results of the electron multipacting analysis of the cavity are presented. A HOM analysis shows that the HOM coupler's Qext is lower than 3·10⁺⁵, thus reducing the influence of dangerous modes on the beam instabilities and the HOM-induced power.

• H. S. Kim
  
• Y.-S. Cho, I.-S. Hong, D. I. Kim, H.-J. Kwon, K. T. Seol, Y.-G. Song
  KAERI, Daejon

The RF amplitude and the phase stability requirements of the LLRF system for the PEFP(Proton Engineering Frontier Project) proton linac are within 1% and 1 degree, respectively. As a prototype of the LLRF, a simple digital PI control system based on commercial FPGA board is designed and tested. The main features are a sampling rate of 40 MHz which is four times higher than the down-converted cavity signal frequency, digital in-phase and quadrature detection, pulsed mode operation with the external trigger, and a simple proportional-integral feedback algorithm implemented in a FPGA. The developed system was tested with 3 MeV RFQ and 20 MeV DTL, and satisfied the stability requirements.

• K. T. Seol
  
• Y.-S. Cho, D. I. Kim, H. S. Kim, H.-J. Kwon
  KAERI, Daejon

The PEFP LLRF system for the 3MeV RFQ and 20MeV DTL has been developed. The stability of ±1% in the amplitude and ±1˚ in the phase is required. Therefore, the drift of the analog components should be low to satisfy the requirement. Analog chassis as a prototype of LLRF system is configured and tested. RF components including an IQ modulator, an RF switch, a mixer, phase comparators, RF splitters, RF filters and trip circuit for high VSWR are installed in this chassis. This performs the shift of RF amplitude and phase from IQ signal, down-conversion to 10MHz IF signal, interlock for arc and high VSWR, and RF/clock distribution. The amplitude and phase stability of each component are measured to check the effect on the whole system performance. The detailed configuration and test results are presented.

• K. R. Kim
  
• Y.-S. Cho, H.-J. Kwon
  KAERI, Daejon
• W. H. Hwang, H. S. Kim, H.-G. Kim, S. J. Kwon, J. Park, J. C. Yoon
  PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk

The temperature-controlled cooling water system was designed to obtain the resonance frequency stabilization of the normal conducting drift tube linac (DTL) for the PEFP 100 MeV proton accelerator. The primary sizing of individual closed-loop low conductivity cooling water pumping skids for each DTL system was conducted with a simulation of thermo-hydraulic network model. The temperature control schemes incorporating the process dynamic model of heat exchangers were examined to regulate the input water temperatures into the DTL during the steady state operation. The closed water circuits to achieve system performance and stability for low and full duty operation modes were discussed, and numerical results were also presented.

• M. J. Barnes
  
• G. D. Wait
  TRIUMF, Vancouver

The present AGS injection kickers at A5 location were designed for 1.5 GeV proton injection. Recent high intensity runs have pushed the transfer kinetic energy to 1.94 GeV, but with an imperfect matching in transverse phase space. Space charge forces result in both fast and slow beam size growth and beam loss as the size exceeds the AGS aperture. An increase in the AGS injection energy to 2 GeV with adequate kick strength would greatly reduce the beam losses making it possible to increase the intensity from 70 TP (70 * 10¹² protons/s) to 100 TP. R&D studies* have been undertaken by TRIUMF, in collaboration with BNL, to design two new kicker magnets for the AGS A10 location to provide an additional kick of 1.5 mrad to 2 GeV protons. TRIUMF has designed and built a prototype 12.5 Ω transmission line kicker magnet with rise and fall times of 100 ns, 3% to 97% and field uniformity of (±)1% over 85% of the aperture, powered by matched 12.5 Ω pulse-forming lines. This paper describes the results of detailed capacitance and inductance measurements, on the prototype magnet, and compares these with predictions from 2D and 3D electromagnetic simulations.

*L. Ahrens, R. B. Armenta, M. J. Barnes, E. W Blackmore, C. J. Gardner, O. Hadary, G. D. Wait, W. Zhang, "Design Concept for AGS Injection Kicker Upgrade to 2 GeV", PAC 2005, Knoxville Tennessee.

• C. W. Appelbee
  
• A. Daly
  STFC/RAL, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon
• A. Seville
  STFC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon

• M. E. Middendorf
  
• F. R. Brumwell, J. C. Dooling, D. Horan, R. Kustom, M. K. Lien, G. E. McMichael, M. R. Moser, A. Nassiri, S. Wang
  ANL, Argonne, Illinois

The Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS) rapid cycling synchrotron (RCS) is used to accelerate protons from 50 MeV to 450 MeV, at a repetition rate of 30 Hz. The original ring design included two identical RF systems, each consisting of an accelerating cavity, cavity bias supply, power amplifiers and low level analog electronics. The original cavities are located 180 degrees apart in the ring, and provide a total peak accelerating voltage of ~21 kV over the 2.21 MHz to 5.14 MHz revolution frequency sweep. A third RF system has been constructed and installed in the RCS. The third RF system is capable of operating at the fundamental revolution frequency for the entire acceleration cycle, providing an additional peak accelerating voltage of up to ~11kV, or at the second harmonic of the revolution frequency for the first ~4 ms of the acceleration cycle, providing an additional peak voltage of up to ~11kV for bunch shape control, resulting in a modest increase in bunch length. We describe here to date, the hardware implementation and operation of the third RF cavity in the second harmonic mode.

• V. Kamerdzhiev
  
• H. Pfeffer, G. W. Saewert, V. D. Shiltsev, D. Wolff
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois

• G. Lanfranco
  
• G. Apollinari, I. G. Gonin, T. N. Khabiboulline, G. Romanov, R. L. Wagner
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois
• A. Bosotti
  INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI)

The High Intensity Neutrino Source (HINS) project represents the current effort at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory to produce an 8-GeV proton linac based on about 400 independently phased superconducting resonators. Eighteen β=0.21 single spoke resonators, operating at 325 MHz, comprise the first stage of the linac cold section. We are presenting the production status of the first two of these resonators and the performance of the tuning mechanism prototype. In particular, we will report on the construction phases, the pre-weld tuning process and the comparison of low power RF measurements with calculations made using Microwave Studio*.

* CST MICROWAVE STUDIO (CST MWS), http://www.cst.com/

• D. Rees
  
• G. O. Bolme, J. T. Bradley III, S. Kwon, J. T.M. Lyles, M. T. Lynch, M. S. Prokop, W. Reass, K. A. Young
  LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico

• Q. S. Shu
  
• G. F. Chen, F. H. Lu, I. M. Phipps, J. T. Susta
  AMAC, Newport News, Virginia
• T. N. Khabiboulline, N. Solyak
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois

In order to increase the protons energy up to 8 GeV in a driver Linac, the particles must be accelerated through various stages and three different power levels (25kW, 100kW and 210kW) are required for the 325 MHz Fermilab Proton Driver couplers. The problem identified by the project is that no High RF power coupler for these cavities has ever been produced using US industrial capabilities. AMAC proposed a novel resolution by development of innovative modular, multiple power levels, 325 MHz spoke cavities power couplers, which to meet three type cavities with one coupler design. The simulation and concept design are presented. The results of HFSS, MAFIA, ANSYS, and Multipacting are also discussed.

• R. Ferdinand
  

• V. V. Danilov
  
• A. V. Aleksandrov, S. Assadi, W. Blokland, S. M. Cousineau, C. Deibele, W. P. Grice, S. Henderson, J. A. Holmes, Y. Liu, M. A. Plum, A. P. Shishlo, A. Webster
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
• I. Nesterenko
  BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk
• L. Waxer
  LJW, Saint Louis

Thin carbon foils are used as strippers for charge exchange injection into high intensity proton rings. However, the stripping foils become radioactive and produce uncontrolled beam loss, which is one of the main factors limiting beam power in high intensity proton rings. Recently, we presented a scheme for laser stripping an H^- beam for the Spallation Neutron Source ring. First, H^- atoms are converted to H0 by a magnetic field, then H0 atoms are excited from the ground state to the upper levels by a laser, and the excited states are converted to protons by a magnetic field. In this paper we report on the first successful proof-of-principle demonstration of this scheme to give high efficiency (around 90%) conversion of H^- beam into protons at SNS in Oak Ridge. The experimental setup is described, and comparison of the experimental data with simulations is presented. In addition, future plans on building a practical laser stripping device are discussed.

• A. Bogdanov
  
• V. Anferov, M. Ball, D. V. Baxter, V. P. Derenchuk, A. V. Klyachko, T. Rinckel, P. E. Sokol, K. A. Solberg
  IUCF, Bloomington, Indiana

A Low Energy Neutron Source at Indiana University provides cold neutrons for material research and neutron physics as well as neutrons in the MeV energy range for the neutron radiation effects studies. Neutrons are being produced by a 7 MeV proton beam incident on a Beryllium target. Presently, the Proton Delivery System has been routinely running at 7 MeV, 8 mA and with up to 0.5% duty factor. The RF system of the accelerator is currently being upgraded by replacing 350 kW 425 MHz 12 tube amplifiers with two Litton 5773 klystron RF tubes capable of running at 425 MHz and 1 MW. A new DTL section will be added to increase proton beam energy from 7 to 13 MeV. A 3 MeV RFQ and 13 MeV DTL will be powered by the klystrons. The expected output is 20 mA and 13 MeV of proton current at more than 1% duty factor. Other upgrades include construction of the 2nd beamline, which copies the 1st line, and a new target station for the production of cold neutrons. In this contribution we discuss the results of the commissioning of the new DTL accelerator, new RF system and 2nd beamline. The future plans will also be outlined.

• S. Machida
  

Accelerator of muon has to have very large acceptance and very quick acceleration. Recent study shows that FFAGs (in particular non-scaling) are one of the most promising candidates for muon accelerators as building block for a neutrino factory. There are, however, some unresolved problems which should be studied in more detail. We will talk about mostly beam dynamics issues of the muon accelerators, not only FFAG, but other candidates such as linac and RLA and compare their performance.

• K. Hasegawa
  

• V. E. Scarpine
  
• A. H. Lumpkin
  ANL, Argonne, Illinois
• G. R. Tassotto
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois

An Optical Transition Radiation (OTR) detector has been installed in the Fermilab NuMI proton beamline, which operates at beam powers of up to ~300 kW, to obtain real-time, spill-by-spill beam profiles for neutrino production. A series of Optical Transition Radiation (OTR) detectors were design, constructed and installed in various beamlines at Fermilab and previous near-field OTR images of lower-intensity 120 GeV and 150 GeV protons with larger transverse beam size have been presented at BIW06 and IEEE NSS06. NuMI OTR images of 120 GeV protons for beam intensities up to 2.8·10¹³ at a spill rate of 0.5 Hz and small transverse beam size of ~1 mm (σ) are presented here. The NuMI OTR detector uses a 6 micron Kapton foil with 0.12 micron of aluminum which reduces beam scatter by 70% compared to an adjacent Secondary Emission Monitor (SEM). Beam profiles are extracted from the OTR images and compared to the adjacent SEM. The OTR detector provides two-dimensional beam shape such as ellipticity and tilt, as well as complementary beam centroid and beam intensity information. In addition, response of the OTR detector over different intensities and transverse positions is presented.

• T. Russo
  
• S. Bellavia, D. M. Gassner, P. Thieberger, D. Trbojevic, T. Tsang
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York

A hydrogen jet polarimeter was developed for the RHIC accelerator to improve the process of measuring polarization. Particle beams intersecting with gas molecules can produce light by the process known as luminescence. This light can then be focused, collected, and processed giving important information such as size, position, emittance, motion, and other parameters. The RHIC hydrogen jet polarimeter was modified in 2005 with specialized optics, vacuum windows, light transport, and camera system making it possible to monitor the luminescence produced by polarized protons intersecting the hydrogen beam. This paper will describe the configuration and preliminary measurements taken using the RHIC hydrogen jet polarimeter as a luminescence monitor.

• T. Semba
  
• Y. Chida, Y. Itou, T. Tagawa, Y. Tsujioka, T. Yoshinari
  Hitachi Ltd., Ibaraki-ken
• N. Shibata
  Hitachi High-Technologies Corp., Ibaraki-ken

• K. Hayashi
  
• M. Irikura, Y. Mitsunaka, Y. Okubo, M. Sakamoto, H. Taoka, K. Tetsuka, H. Urakata
  TETD, Otawara
• M. Y. Miyake, Y. Yano
  Toshiba, Yokohama

• M. M. Maggiore
  
• L. Calabretta, D. Campo, L. A.C. Piazza, D. Rifuggiato
  INFN/LNS, Catania

• B. Chung
  
• Y.-S. Cho
  KAERI, Daejon
• Y. Y. Lee
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York

The Proton Engineering Frontier Project (PEFP) is a research project to develop a 100 MeV, 20 mA pulsed proton linear accelerator to be used in basic/applied scientific R&D programs and industrial applications. The PEFP proposes the 1.0 GeV synchrotron accelerator as an extension of the PEFP linac, which is a 30 Hz rapid-cycling synchrotron (RCS) with the injection energy of 100 MeV. The target beam power is 87 kW at 1.0GeV in the first stage. The high intensity RCS is one of the important challenges for the spallation neutron source. The conceptual lattice design of the RCS as well as the simulations of an injection system is described in this paper.

• H. Aksakal
  
• A. K. Ciftci, Z. Nergiz
  Ankara University, Faculty of Sciences, Tandogan/Ankara
• D. Schulte, F. Zimmermann
  CERN, Geneva

• J. K. Pozimski
  
• R. J. Barlow
  UMAN, Manchester
• J. Cobb, T. Yokoi
  OXFORDphysics, Oxford, Oxon
• B. Cywinski
  University of Leeds, Leeds
• T. R. Edgecock
  STFC/RAL, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon
• A. Elliott
  Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow
• M. Folkard, B. Vojnovic
  Gray Cancer Institute, Northwood
• I. S.K. Gardner
  STFC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon
• B. Jones
  University Hospital Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham
• K. Kirkby, R. Webb
  UOSIBS, Guildford
• G. McKenna
  University of Oxford, Oxford
• K. J. Peach
  JAI, Oxford
• M. W. Poole
  STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire

• R. J. Barlow
  
• N. Bliss
  STFC/DL, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire
• T. R. Edgecock
  STFC/RAL, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon
• N. Marks, H. L. Owen, M. W. Poole
  STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire
• K. J. Peach
  JAI, Oxford
• J. K. Pozimski
  Imperial College of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, London

• I. Konkashbaev
  
• P. F. Fisher, A. Hassanein
  ANL, Argonne, Illinois
• N. V. Mokhov
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois

• M. A.C. Cummings
  
• C. M. Ankenbrandt, K. Yonehara
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois
• R. P. Johnson
  Muons, Inc, Batavia

The study of rare processes using stopping muon beams provides access to new physics that cannot be addressed at energy frontier machines. The flux of muons into a small stopping target is limited by the kinematics of the production process and by stochastic processes in the material used to slow the particles. Innovative muon beam cooling techniques are being applied to the design of stopping muon beams in order to increase the event rates in such experiments. Such intense stopping beams will also aid the development of applications such as muon spin resonance and muon-catalyzed fusion.

• A. Jansson
  
• V. Balbekov, D. R. Broemmelsiek, M. Hu, N. V. Mokhov, K. Yonehara
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois

Within the framework of the Fermilab Muon Collider Task Force, the possibility of developing a dedicated muon test beam for cooling experiments has been investigated. Cooling experiments can be performed in a very low intensity muon beam by tracking single particles through the cooling device. With sufficient muon intensity and large enough cooling decrement, a cooling demonstration experiment may also be performed without resolving single particle trajectories, but rather by measuring the average size and position of the beam. This allows simpler, and thus cheaper, detectors and readout electronics to be used. This paper discusses muon production using 400MeV protons from the linac, decay channel and beamline design, as well as the instrumentation required for such an experiment, in particular as applied to testing the Helical Cooling Channel (HCC) proposed by Muons Inc.

• D. V. Neuffer
  
• R. P. Johnson
  Muons, Inc, Batavia
• C. Y. Yoshikawa
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois

Common to various front end designs for a muon collider or neutrino factory are costly low frequency RF cavities used to bunch muons. In this paper we show that adding higher harmonic RF cavities to the bunching section of a muon capture channel can provide as good or better bunching efficiency than the case where only the fundamental is used. Since higher harmonic cavities are less expensive to build and operate, this approach implies significant cost savings.

• H. M. Miyadera
  
• A. J. Jason
  LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
• K. Nagamine
  UCR, Riverside, California

• V. B. Graves
  
• A. J. Carroll, P. T. Spampinato
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
• I. Efthymiopoulos, A. Fabich
  CERN, Geneva
• H. G. Kirk, H. Park, T. Tsang
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
• K. T. McDonald
  PU, Princeton, New Jersey
• P. Titus
  MIT/PSFC, Cambridge, Massachusetts

The design and operational testing of a mercury jet delivery system is presented. The equipment is part of the Mercury Intense Target (MERIT) Experiment, which is a proof-of-principle experiment to be conducted at CERN in the summer of 2007 to determine the feasibility of using an unconstrained jet of mercury as a target in a Neutrino Factory or Muon Collider. The Hg system is capable of producing a 1 cm diameter, 20 m/s jet of Hg inside a high-field solenoid magnet. A high-speed optical diagnostic system allows observation of the interaction of the jet with a 24 GeV proton beam. Performance of the Hg system will be presented, along with results of integrated systems testing without a beam.

• D. Trbojevic
  
• R. C. Gupta, B. Parker
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
• E. Keil
  CERN, Geneva
• A. Sessler
  LBNL, Berkeley, California

We report on improvements in the non-scaling Fixed Field Alternating Gradient (FFAG) gantry design. As we previously reported*, a major challenge of the carbon/proton cancer therapy facilities is isocentric gantry design. The weight of the isocentric gantry transport elements in the latest Heidelberg carbon/proton facility is 135 tons**. In this report we detail improvements to the previous non-scaling gantry design. We estimate that this non-scaling FFAG gantry would be almost hundred times lighter than traditional heavy ion gantries. Very strong focusing with small dispersion permits passage of different energies of carbon beams through the gantry's fixed magnetic field.*

• J. F. Cardona
  

It's been shown in previous conferences [*,**] that action and phase jump analysis is a promising method to measure normal quadrupole components, skew quadrupole components and even normal sextupole components. In this paper, the action and phase jump analysis is evaluated using new RHIC data.

*J. Cardona,et al, Procceedings of PAC 2005, Knoxville, Tennesse.**J. Cardona,et al, Procceedings of EPAC 2004, Lucerne, Switzerland.

• K. Y. Kim
  
• Y.-S. Cho, B. Chung, J.-H. Jang
  KAERI, Daejon

The proton engineering frontier project (PEFP) 100-MeV proton linac has two main beamline systems to extract and deliver the proton beam to the user. The one is designed to extract 20-MeV proton beams at the medium energy transport system of the linac and to deliver them to five target stations through a beam switching system. The other is able to extract 100-MeV proton beams at the end of the linac and to deliver them to another five target stations trough a beam distribution system. We have completed the detailed beam optics designs of the beamline system and performed intensive error analyses to set the marginal limits of engineering errors of the beamline components by using a dedicated beam transport code. The paper presents the error analysis results of the PEFP beamline systems along with their characteristics and beam optics designs.

• F. Zimmermann
  
• M. Aiba, M. Chanel, U. Dorda, R. Garoby, J.-P. Koutchouk, M. Martini, E. Metral, Y. Papaphilippou, W. Scandale
  CERN, Geneva
• G. Franchetti
  GSI, Darmstadt
• V. D. Shiltsev
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois

• J. Xu
  
• V. N. Aseev, B. Mustapha, P. N. Ostroumov
  ANL, Argonne, Illinois

Large scale beam dynamics simulations are important to support the design and operations of an accelerator. From the beginning, the beam dynamics code TRACK was developed to make it useful in the three stages of a hadron (proton and heavy-ion) linac project, namely the design, commissioning and operation of the machine. In order to combine the unique features of TRACK with large scale and fast parallel computing we have recently developed a parallel version of the code*. We have successfully benchmarked the parallel TRACK on different platforms: BG/L and Jazz at ANL, Iceberg at ARSC, Lemieux at PSC and Seaborg at NERSC. We have performed large scale RFQ and end-to-end simulations of the FNAL proton driver where particles were simulated. The actual parallel version has the potential of simulating particles on 10 racks with 20,480 processors of BG/L at ANL, which will be available soon. After a brief description of the parallel TRACK, we'll present results from highlight applications.

* "Parallelization of a Beam Dynamics Code and First large Scale RFQ Simulations", J. Xu, B. Mustapha, V. N. Aseev and P. N. Ostroumov, accepted for publication in PRST-AB.

• X. Zhang
  
• A. Z. Chen, W. Chou, B. M. Hanna, K. Y. Ng, J.-F. Ostiguy, L. Valerio, R. M. Zwaska
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois

Estimates indicate that the electron cloud effect could be a limiting factor for Main Injector intensity upgrades, with or without a the presence of a new 8 GeV superconducting 8GeV Linac injector. The effect may turn out to be an issue of operational relevance for other parts of the Fermilab accelerator complex as well. To improve our understanding of the situation, two sections of specially made vacuum test pipe outfitted for electron cloud detection with ANL provided Retarding Field Analyzers (RFAs), were installed in the Tevatron and the Main Injector. In this report we present some measurements, compare them with simulations and discuss future plans for studies.

• X. Zhang
  
• J.-F. Ostiguy
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois

To assess the effects of the electron cloud on Main Injector intensity upgrades, simulations of the cloud buildup were carried out using POSINST and compared with ECLOUD. Results indicate that even assuming an optimistic 1.3 maximum secondary electron yield, the electron cloud remains a serious concern for the planned future operational of mode of 500 bunches, 3·10¹¹ proton per bunch. Electron cloud buildup can be mitigated in various ways. We consider a plausible scenario involving solenoids in straight section and a single clearing strip electrode (like SNEG in Tevatron)held at a potential of 500V. Simulations with parameters corresponding to Tevatron and Main Injector operating conditions at locations where special electron cloud detectors have been installed have been carried out and are in satisfactory agreement with preliminary measurements.

• Y. Sato
  
• J. A. Holmes
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
• S.-Y. Lee
  IUCF, Bloomington, Indiana
• R. J. Macek
  LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico

We present ORBIT code simulations to examine the sensitivity of electron cloud properties to different proton beam profiles and to reproduce experimental results from the proton storage ring at Los Alamos National Laboratory. We study the recovery of electron clouds after sweeping, and also the characteristics of two types of electrons signals (prompt and swept) as functions of beam charge. The prompt signal means the peak height of electron sweeper signal before high voltage pulse applied on its electrode and after beam accumulation, and the swept signal means the spike height of electron sweeper signal during the high voltage pulse. To concentrate on the electron cloud dynamics, we use a cold proton bunch to generate primary electrons and electromagnetic field for electron dynamics. However, the protons receive no feedback from the electron cloud. Our simulations indicate that the proton loss rate in the field-free straight section might be an exponential function of proton beam charge and may also be lower than the averaged proton loss rate in a whole ring.

• C. Montag
  

Polarized protons are injected into the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) just above transition energy. When installation of a cold partial Siberian snake in the AGS required lowering the injection energy by Delta gamma=0.56, the transition energy in RHIC had to be lowered accordingly to ensure proper longitudinal matching. This paper presents lattice modifications implemented to lower the transition energy by ∆ γ_t=0.8.

• A. Zelenski
  
• J. G. Alessi, A. Kponou, J. Ritter, V. Zubets
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York

• T. W. Hardek
  
• M. S. Champion, M. T. Crofford, H. Ma, M. F. Piller
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
• K. Smith, A. Zaltsman
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) accumulator ring is a fixed-frequency proton storage ring located at the output of the SNS Linear Accelerator (Linac). Its purpose is to convert 1 millisecond H^- beam pulses from the SNS Linac into high-intensity 695 nanosecond pulses of protons for delivery to the neutron target. The RF bunching system controls longitudinal beam distribution during the accumulation process and maintains a 250+ nanosecond gap required for beam extraction. The RF system consists of three stations which operate at a beam revolution frequency of 1.05 MHz while a fourth station provides a second harmonic component at 2.1 MHz. The beam pulse at extraction consists of 1.6·10¹⁴ protons representing a peak beam current of 52 amperes. The system utilizes four 600kW tetrodes to provide the RF current necessary to produce the 40kV peak-bunching voltage and to control phase and amplitude at this high beam current. In this paper we review the design concepts incorporated into this heavily beam-loaded RF system and discuss its commissioning status.

• T. Kobayashi
  

• W. R. Flavell
  

* e.g. J Andruszkow et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 85, 3825, (2000).**e.g. G. R. Neil et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 662, (2000).*** e.g. H Wabnitz et al., Nature, 420, 467, (2002), T Laarmann et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 95, 063402 (2005)

• J. Dietrich
  
• C. Boehme
  UniDo/IBS, Dortmund
• A. H. Botha, J. L. Conradie, P. F. Rohwer
  iThemba LABS, Somerset West
• T. Weis
  DELTA, Dortmund

Diagnostics of intense particle beams requires development of new nondestructive beam monitoring methods. There are several kinds of diagnostic devices based on registration of products of accelerated beam particles interaction with atoms and molecules of residual gas in an accelerator vacuum chamber. Usually these devices used as beam profile monitors, which register electrons or/and ions produced in collisions of beam particles with residual gas. Some attempts were performed in application of light radiation of excited atoms. However, up to now this direction in the beam diagnostics was not developed properly. Nondestructive method of beam diagnostic system based on light radiation of atoms excited by the beam particles has the advantages - insensitivity to external magnetic and electric fields and, as a consequence, to the beam space charge fields. It allows to get higher spatial and time resolution. Measurements under different conditions at COSY-Juelich and in a cyclotron beamline at I'Themba LABS are presented and the pro and contra of the method is discussed

• K. Satou
  
• N. Hayashi, H. Hotchi, Y. Irie, M. Kinsho, M. Kuramochi, P. K. Saha, Y. Yamazaki
  JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken
• S. Lee
  KEK, Ibaraki

• K. R. Kim
  
• Y.-S. Cho, I.-S. Hong, H. S. Kim, B.-S. Park, S. P. Yun
  KAERI, Daejon
• H. J. Kim, J. H. So
  Kyungpook National University, Daegu

The test beam line was installed at the MC-50 cyclotron of KIRAMS (Korea Institute of Radiological And Medical Sciences). It has been supporting many pilot and feasibility studies on the development of beam utilization technologies of PEFP (Proton Engineering Frontier Project). The energy measurement with high accuracy is very important for the some experiments such as radiation hardness test of semiconductor devices, nuclear physics, detector test, etc. SSB and Si(Li) detector was used as del-E and E detector and the thickness of detectors are 2mm and 5mm each. The available energy range is 10MeV~39MeV and the flux was controlled not to be exceed 1·10⁺⁰⁵/cm²-sec using a 0.5mm diameter collimator.

• H.-J. Kwon
  
• Y.-S. Cho, I.-S. Hong, J.-H. Jang, D. I. Kim, H. S. Kim, K. T. Seol
  KAERI, Daejon

The beam test of the Proton Engineering Frontier Project (PEFP) 20 MeV proton linear accelerator started again, after the upgrade of the RF control system, One of the important goals of the test is to increase the beam current to the design level. Tuned current transformers were installed along the DTL tanks to measure the beam current itself and possible beam loss along the accelerator. Because there were no empty drift tubes, the current transformers should be installed between DTL tanks. Therefore, the tuning plans were developed to obtain the desired beam properties with the limited number of beam diagnostic devices. Also two BPMs for the time of flight measurement and energy degrader were installed at the end of the 20 MeV accelerator to measure the beam energy. In this paper, the overall test results including beam current and energy measurement are presented.

• E. Bravin
  
• A. Brambilla, M. Jolliot, S. Renet
  CEA, Grenoble
• S. Burger, C. Dutriat, T. Lefevre, V. Talanov
  CERN, Geneva
• J. M. Byrd, K. Chow, H. S. Matis, M. T. Monroy, A. Ratti, W. C. Turner
  LBNL, Berkeley, California

• B. Dehning
  
• E. Effinger, J. E. Emery, G. Ferioli, E. B. Holzer, D. K. Kramer, L. Ponce, M. Stockner, C. Zamantzas
  CERN, Geneva

• E. Metral
  
• B. Salvant
  EPFL, Lausanne
• B. Zotter
  Honorary CERN Staff Member, Grand-Saconnex

• R. R. Steerenberg
  
• G. Arduini, E. Benedetto, A. Blas, W. Hofle, E. Metral, M. Morvillo, C. Rossi, G. Rumolo
  CERN, Geneva

• F. Zimmermann
  

• F. Roncarolo
  
• R. Appleby, R. M. Jones
  UMAN, Manchester

* Cox, Brian et al., "FP420 : An R&D Proposal to Investigate the Feasibility of Installing Proton Tagging Detectors in the 420 m Region of the LHC", CERN-LHCC-2005-025

• J. C. Dooling
  
• F. R. Brumwell, L. Donley, K. C. Harkay, R. Kustom, M. K. Lien, G. E. McMichael, M. E. Middendorf, A. Nassiri, S. Wang
  ANL, Argonne, Illinois

In the IPNS RCS, a single proton bunch (h=1) is accelerated from 50 MeV to 450 MeV in 14.2 ms. The bunch experiences an instability shortly after injection (<1 ms). During the first 1 ms, the beam is bunched but little acceleration takes place; thus, this period of operation is similar to that of a storage ring. Natural vertical oscillations (assumed to be tune lines) show the vertical tune to be rising toward the bare tune value, suggesting neutralization of space charge and a reduction of its detuning effects. Neutralization time near injection ranges from 0.25 ms - 0.5 ms, depending on the background gas pressure. Oscillations move from the LSB to the USB before disappearing. Measurements made with a recently installed pinger system show the horizontal chromaticity to be positive early but approaching zero later in the cycle. The vertical chromaticity is negative throughout the cycle. During pinger studies, two lines are observed, suggesting the formation of islands. Neutralization of the beam space charge implies the generation of plasma in the beam volume early in the cycle which may then dissipate as the time-varying electric fields of the beam become stronger.

• A. H. Lumpkin
  
• V. E. Scarpine, G. R. Tassotto
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois

We have successfully imaged for the first time the angular distribution patterns of optical transition radiation (OTR) generated by 120-GeV proton beams passing through an Al metal plane. These experiments were performed at FNAL with the same chamber, foil, and camera design as with the near-field experiments previously reported. In this case the lens-to-CID-chip separation was remotely adjusted to provide the focus-at-infinity, or far-field optical imaging. The ~8-mrad opening angle of OTR patterns confirm/provide the calibration factors for the system. We also used linear polarizers to select the orthogonal polarization components of the radially polarized OTR. The OTR angular distribution results are compared to an existing analytical model. We show angle pointing information is available from the single-foil OTR data at the sub-mrad level and divergence information at about the 1-mrad level. Data have been obtained in transport lines both before the antiproton production target and before the NuMI target with particle intensities of about 5 to 22 x ·10¹². A two-foil interferometer calculation was also performed. Single-foil experimental and modeling results will be presented.

• Y. Alexahin
  

To avoid multiple head-on collisions the proton and antiproton beams in the Tevatron move along separate helical orbits created by 7 horizontal and 8 vertical electrostatic separators. Still the residual long-range beam-beam interactions can adversely affect particle motion at all stages from injection to collision. With increased intensity of the beams it became necessary to modify the orbits in order to mitigate the beam-beam effect on both antiprotons and protons. This report summarizes the work done on optimization of the Tevatron helical orbits, outlines the applied criteria and presents the achieved results.

• J.-P. Carneiro
  
• V. Kamerdzhiev, A. Semenov, R. C. Webber
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois

• A. Jansson
  
• K. Bowie, T. Fitzpatrick, R. Kwarciany, C. Lundberg, D. Slimmer, L. Valerio, J. R. Zagel
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois

Two Ionization Profile Monitors (IPMs) were installed in the Tevatron in 2006. The detectors are capable of resolving single bunches turn-by-turn, using a combination of gas injection to boost the ionization signal and very fast and sensitive electronics to detect it. This paper presents recent improvements to the system hardware and its use for beam monitoring. In particular, the correction of beam size oscillations observed at injection is discussed.

• M.-J. Yang
  

• J. Beebe-Wang
  

The beam-beam interaction has a significant impact on the beam emittance growth and the luminosity lifetime in RHIC. A simulation study of the emittance growth was performed using the Lifetrac code. The operational conditions of RHIC 2006 100GeV polarized proton run were used in the study. In this paper, the result of this study is presented and compared to the experimental measurements.

• Y. Luo
  
• M. Bai, J. Bengtsson, R. Calaga, W. Fischer, N. Malitsky, F. C. Pilat, T. Satogata
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York

To further improve the polarized proton (pp) run collision luminosity in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, correction of the horizontal two-third resonance is desirable to increase the available tune space. The third resonance driving term (RTD) is measured with the turn-by-turn (TBT) beam position monitor (BPM) data with AC dipole excitation. A first order RTD response matrix based on the optics model is used to on-line compensate the third resonance driving term h30000 while keeping other first order RTDs and first order chromaticities unchanged. The results of beam experiment and simulation correction are presented and discussed.

• Y. Makdisi
  
• I. G. Alekseev, D. Svirida
  ITEP, Moscow
• A. Bravar, G. Bunce, R. L. Gill, H. Huang, A. Khodinov, A. Kponou, Z. Li, W. Meng, A. N. Nass, S. Rescia, A. Zelenski
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
• M. Chapman, W. Haeberli, T. Wise
  UW-Madison/PD, Madison, Wisconsin
• S. Dhawan
  Yale University, Physics Department, New Haven, CT
• O. Eyser
  UCR, Riverside, California
• O. Jinnouchi, I. Nakagawa
  RBRC, Upton, Long Island, New York
• H. Okada, N. Saito
  Kyoto University, Kyoto
• E. J. Stephenson
  IUCF, Bloomington, Indiana

The spin physics program at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) requires knowledge of the proton beam polarization to better than 5%. To achieve this goal, a polarized hydrogen jet target was installed in RHIC where it intersects both beams. The premise is to utilize the precise knowledge of the jet proton polarization to measure the analyzing power in the proton - proton elastic scattering process in the Coulomb Nuclear Interference (CNI) region at the prescribed RHIC proton beam energy, then use the reverse reaction to measure the degree of the beam polarization, and finally confront the results with simultaneous measurements by the fast high statistics polarimeter that measure the p-Carbon elastic scattering process in the CNI region to calibrate the latter. In this presentation, the polarized jet target mechanics, operation, detector systems and the p-Carbon polarimeter are described. The statistical accuracy attained as well as the systematic uncertainties will be discussed. Such techniques may well become the standard for high energy polarized proton beams planned elsewhere in Russia and Japan.