BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
Centralization of information pertaining to accelerators can benefit accelerator operation and development. Further, retention and the changeable nature of information present challenges to accelerator operation, particularly in instances of turnover. MediaWiki is free, server-based software licensed under the GNU General Public License that uses PHP to render data stored in a MySQL database as interactive web documents, and is designed to produce collaborative documentation. The MediaWiki engine was implemented at BNL, and this paper describes the first year of use by the Operations, Controls, and RF groups at the Collider-Accelerator Department, including code modifications, common practices, and the use of the wiki as a training tool.
LBNL, Berkeley, California
LLNL, Livermore, California
UCB, Berkeley, California
Beam interaction with background gas and walls produces ubiquitous clouds of stray electrons that frequently limit the performance of particle accelerator and storage rings. Counterintuitively we obtained the electron cloud accumulation by measuring the expelled ions that are originated from the beam-background gas interaction, rather than by measuring electrons that reach the walls. The kinetic ion energy measured with a retarding field analyzer (RFA) maps the depressed beam space-charge potential and provides the dynamic electron cloud density. Clearing electrode current measurements give the static electron cloud background that complements and corroborates with the RFA measurements, providing an absolute measurement of electron cloud density during a 5 us duration beam pulse in a drift region of the magnetic transport section of the High-Current Experiment (HCX) at LBNL.*
* M. Kireeff Covo, A. W. Molvik, A. Friedman, J.-L. Vay, P. A. Seidl, G. Logan, D. Baca, and J. L. Vujic, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 054801 (2006).
BESSY GmbH, Berlin
Uni HH, Hamburg
Universität Muenster, Physikalisches Institut, Muenster
MAX-lab, Lund
Advanced Design Consulting, Inc, Lansing, New York
ASP, Clayton, Victoria
This paper summarizes the final magnetic measurement for a hybrid wiggler installed at the Australian Synchrotron Project (ASP). This device uses an anti-symmetric, hybrid design with a period of 100 mm and 40 full-strength Vanadium-Permendur poles surrounded by Neodynium-Iron-Boron magnets. It is designed to operate at two gaps with critical energies of 11.4 (14mm) and 9.6 keV (18.16mm) and to have a maximum gap with the field strength By ≤ 50 G. The wiggler's drive mechanism is capable of moving from minimum to maximum gap in 96 seconds. End terminations are designed to maintain the electron trajectory on-axis. The straightness of the electron orbit is controlled by moving the poles vertically and horizontally. The integrated multipoles are controlled over the interval |x| < 25 mm and all gap sizes by moving the side magnets, installing correction magnets at the wiggler entrance and exit and using correction coils. All adjustments have been made using threaded fasteners. No shims have been used.
LPSC, Grenoble
Sigmaphi, Vannes
CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette
2-D and 3-D magnetic calculation tools and methods have been developed at SIGMAPHI, in collaboration with IN2P3/LPSC, to design spiral FFAG magnets. These tools are currently being used for RACCAM spiral scaling FFAG magnet design. In the particular case of a spiral gap shaped magnet, a careful magnetic design has to be realized in order to keep both vertical and horizontal tunes constant during acceleration process. Promising results, obtained from tracking in 3-D field maps, demonstrate the efficiency of the horizontal and vertical tune adjustment methods presented in this paper.
On behalf of the Fermilab E835 Collaboration
INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma)
CERN, Geneva
Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
A conceptual design is presented for the 50 Tesla superconducting solenoids that are required for an optimized fast cooling ring in current designs for multi-TeV muon colliders. The solenoid utilizes high-performance multi-filament Bi-2212/Ag round strand. The conductor is a cable-in-conduit consisting of six such strands cabled around a thin-wall spring tube then drawn within an outer sheath. The spring tube and the sheath are made from high-strength superalloy Inconel. The solenoid coil comprises 5 concentric shells supported independently in the conventional manner. Each shell consists of a winding of the structured cable, impregnated in the voids between cables but empty inside so that the spring tubes decouple stress so that it cannot strain-degrade the fragile strands, and a high-modulus overband. An expansion bladder is located between the winding and the overband, and is pressurized and then frozen to provide hydraulic compressive preload to each shell. This approach makes it possible to accommodate ~10 T field contribution from each shell without degradation, and provides distributed refrigeration so that heat is removed throughout the windings.
INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma)
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
We present a preliminary design of an interaction region for a Super-B Factory with luminosity of 1x1036 cm2/s. The collision has a ± 17 mrad crossing angle and the first magnetic element starts 30 cm from the collision point. We show that synchrotron radiation backgrounds are controlled and are at least as good as the backgrounds calculated for the PEP-II accelerator. How the beams get into and out of a shared beam pipe is illustrated along with the control of relatively high synchrotron radiation power from the outgoing beams. The high luminosity makes radiative bhabha backgrounds significantly higher than that of the present B-Factories and this must be addresed in the initial design.
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
During Run 5, PEP-II has been plagued by beam instabilities causing beam aborts due to radiation in the BaBar detector or due to fast beam loss triggering the dI/dt interlock. The latest of such instabilities occurred in the High Energy Ring (HER), severely curtailing the maximum beam current achievable during physics running. Techniques used in tracking down this instability included fast monitoring of background radiation, temperatures and vacuum pressure. In this way, the origin of the instability was localized and inspection of the vacuum system revealed several damaged bellows shields. Replacing these units significantly reduced the incident rate but did not eliminate it fully. After the end of the run, a number of damaged rf seals were found, possibly having caused the remaining incidents of instability. In this paper we will outline the steps taken to diagnose and remedy the issue and also compare the different signatures of vacuum-induced instabilities we have seen in both rings of PEP-II during the run.
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
There are three main sources of the experimental background at RHIC. The beam-gas induced background is associated with the vacuum pressure, the beam-chamber-interaction induced background can be improved by collimations, and the beam-beam induced background is somewhat inherent, and probably harmless for the experimental data taking. The zero degree calorimeter (ZDC) is an essential luminosity detector for heavy ion operations in RHIC. It is shown that, however, the ratio of ZDC singles (background) and coincident rate is also useful in proton runs for background evaluations. In this article, the experimental background problem in RHIC polarized proton runs is reported.
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
JAI, Oxford
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire
DESY, Hamburg
In this paper, we will introduce our homepage (http://vibration.desy.de) which is used for the storage and dissemination of our ground motion measurement data of 20 sites around the world and the XFEL/ILC superconducting module data. This homepage is open to the scientific community and the data can be utilized for planning of future accelerator facilities and design of future prototypes of module vessels containing cold mass.
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois
IIT, Chicago, Illinois
LBNL, Berkeley, California
Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia
The MuCool Experiment has been continuing to take data with 805 and 201 MHz cavities in the MuCool Test Area. The system uses rf power sources from the Fermilab Linac. Although the experimental program is primarily aimed at the Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE), we have been studying the dependence of rf limits on frequency, cavity material, high magnetic fields, gas pressure, coatings, etc. with the general aim of understanding the basic mechanisms involved. The 201 MHz cavity, essentially a prototype for the MICE experiment, was made using cleaning techniques similar to those employed for superconducting cavities and operates at its design field with very little conditioning.
JAI, Egham, Surrey
KEK, Ibaraki
Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey
OXFORDphysics, Oxford, Oxon
The ATF extraction line laser-wire (LW) aims to achieve a micron-scale laser spot size and to verify that micron-scale beam profile measurements can be performed at the International Linear Collider beam delivery system. Recent upgrades to the LW system are presented together with recent results including the first use of the LW as a beam diagnostic tool.
IFIC, Valencia
LAL, Orsay
CERN, Geneva
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
JAI, Oxford
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire
Experiment T-488 at SLAC, End Station A recorded distorted BPM voltage signals and an accurate simulation of these signals was performed. Geant simulations provided the energy and momentum spectrum of the incident spray and secondary emissions, and a method via image charges was used to convert particle momenta and number density into BPM stripline currents. Good agreement was achieved between simulated and measured signals. Further simulation of experiment T-488 with incident beam on axis and impinging on a thin radiator predicted minimal impact due to secondary emission. By extension to worst case conditions expected at the ILC, simulations showed that background hits on BPM striplines would have a negligible impact on the accuracy of beam position measurements and hence the operation of the FONT feedback system
Incoherent background pair production processes are studied with respect to full polarizations of all states. Real initial photon polarizations are obtained via a QED calculation of the beamstrahlung process. Virtual photon polarizations are related to the electric field of the colliding bunches at the point of pair production. An explicit expression for the virtual photon polarization vector is developed and found to have no circular polarization component. Pair polarization states are highly dependent on initial state circular polarization and are consequently produced almost unpolarized. The Breit-Wheeler cross-section with full polarizations is calculated and coded into the CAIN pair generator program. Numerical evaluations of the ILC operating in the seven proposed collider parameter sets shows that there are 10-20% less low energy pairs than previously thought. Collider luminosity as calculated by CAIN remains the same.
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
Stanford University, Stanford, Califormia
The E163 laser acceleration experiments conducted at SLAC have stringent requirements on the temporal properties of two regeneratively amplified, 800nm, Spitfire laser systems. To determine the magnitude and cause of timing instabilities between the two Ti:Sapphire amplifiers, we pass the two beams through a cross-correlator and focus the combined beam onto a Hamamatsu G1117 photodiode. The photodiode has a bandgap such that single photon processes are suppressed and only the second order, two-photon process produces an observable response. The response is proportional to the square of the intensity. The diode is also useful as a diagnostic to determine the optimal configuration of the compression cavity.
Yoshihiro Takagi et al, 'Multiple- and Single-shot autocorrelator based on two-photon conductivity in semiconductors.' Optics Letters, Vol. 17, No. 9, May 1, 1992.
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
University of California IIrvine, Irvine, California
Muons, Inc, Batavia
UCI, Irvine, California
Plasma lens concept is examined as an alternative to focusing horns and solenoids for a neutrino beam facility. The concept is based on a combined high-current lens/target configuration. Current is fed at an electrode located downstream from the beginning of the target where pion capturing is needed. Some of the current flows through the target, while the rest is carried by plasma outside the target. A second plasma lens section, with an additional current feed, follows the target. Plasma of this section is immersed in a solenoidal magnetic field to facilitate its current profile shaping to optimize pion capture. Simulation of the second section alone yielded a 10% higher neutrino production than the horn system. Plasma lenses have additional advantages: larger axial currents, high signal purity: minimal neutrino background in anti-neutrino runs. Lens medium consists of plasma, consequently, particle absorption and scattering is negligible. Withstanding high mechanical and thermal stresses is not an issue. Results of capturing and focusing obtained for various plasma lens configurations will be presented.
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
A wide variety of superconducting magnets are needed in the ILC Beam Delivery System (BDS) to maximize luminosity and minimize experimental backgrounds. Compact final focus quadrupoles and multifunction correction coils are used with 14 mr total crossing angle to focus incoming beams to few nanometer spot sizes while focusing outgoing disrupted beams into a separate extraction beam line. Large aperture anti-solenoids correct deleterious nonlinear effects that arise due to the overlap of focusing fields with the main detector solenoid. Far from the interaction point (IP) sets of strong small aperture octupoles help minimize backgrounds at the IP due to beam halo particles while weak large aperture dipoles integrated with the experimental detector reduce backgrounds due to beamstrahlung pairs generated at the IP. The physics requirements and magnetic design solutions for these magnets are reviewed in this paper.
TEMF, Darmstadt
Accurate computations of wake potentials are an important task in modern accelerator design. Short bunches used in high energy particle accelerators excite very high-frequency fields. The geometrical size of accelerating structures exceeds the wavelength of the excited fields by many orders of magnitude. The application of codes such as TBCI, MAFIA or tamBCI are limited due to numerical dispersion effects and memory needs. Recently new codes like PBCI have been developed to overcome these problems. In this work the utilization of dispersionless directions in the leap-frog update scheme on a Cartesian grid are proposed for accurate simulations. In conjunction with a conformal modelling technique which allows for the full Courant time step a moving window technique can be applied. This was previously implemented in a 2D code. In this publication an extension to arbitrary three dimensional problems are presented.
PPPL, Princeton, New Jersey
Voss Scientific, Albuquerque, New Mexico
The linear growth of the two-stream instability for a charged particle beam that is longitudinally compressing as it propagates through a background plasma (due to an applied velocity tilt) is examined. Detailed, 1D particle-in-cell simulations are carried out to examine the growth of a wave packet produced by a small amplitude density perturbation in the background plasma. Recent analytic and numerical work by Startsev and Davidson [1] predicted reduced linear growth rates, which are indeed observed in the simulations. Here, small-signal asymptotic gain factors are determined in a semi-analytic analysis and compared with the simulation results in the appropriate limits. Nonlinear effects in the PIC simulations, including wave breaking and particle-trapping, are found to limit the linear growth phase of the instability for both compressing and non-compressing beams.
[1] Phys. Plasmas 13, 62108 (2006)
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
Orbit bumps in sextupoles are routinely used for tuning the luminosity in the PEP-II B-Factory. Anti-symmetric bumps in a sextupole pair generate dispersion, while symmetric bumps induce a tune shift and beta beat. By coming two of these symmetric bumps with opposite signs where the second pair is 90 degree away, the tune shift cancels and the beta beat doubles. In the low energy ring (LER) we have four sextupole pairs per arc, where pair 1 and 3 are at the same betatron phase and pair 2 and 4are 90 degree away. By making two symmetric bumps with opposite sign in pair 1 and 3 the tune shift and the beta beat outside this region cancel, BUT the LER lifetime improved by a factor of three, losses by a factor of five, and the beam-beam background in the drift chamber of the BaBar detector by 20%. Simulations showed that the phase change at the second sextupole pair introduced by the beta beat can completely cancel the third order chromaticity.
PPPL, Princeton, New Jersey
Background plasma can be used as a convenient tool for manipulating intense charge particle beams, for example, for ballistic focusing and steering, because the plasma can effectively reduce the space-charge potential and self-magnetic field of the beam pulse. We previously developed a reduced analytical model of beam charge and current neutralization for an ion beam pulse propagating in a cold background plasma. The reduced-fluid description provides an important benchmark for numerical codes and yields useful scaling relations for different beam and plasma parameters. This model has been extended to include the additional effects of a solenoidal magnetic field and gas ionization. Analytical studies show that a sufficiently large solenoidal magnetic field can increase the degree of current neutralization of the ion beam pulse. The linear system of equations has been solved analytically in Fourier space. For a strong enough applied magnetic field, poles emerge in Fourier space. These poles are an indication that whistler waves and lower hybrid waves are excited by the beam pulse.
INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma)
INFN-Roma II, Roma
Uni HH, Hamburg
DESY, Hamburg
Universita di Roma II Tor Vergata, Roma
The characterization of the transverse phase space for high charge density and high energy electron beams is a fundamental requirement in many particle accelerator facilities, since knowledge of the characteristics of the accelerated beams is of great importance for the successful development of the next generation light sources and linear colliders. The development of suitable beam diagnostics, non-invasive and non-intercepting, is therefore necessary to measure the properties of such beams. Optical Diffraction Radiation (ODR) is considered the most promise candidate, as testified by the interest of many laboratories all around the world. An experiment based on the detection of ODR has been set up at DESY FLASH Facility to measure the electron beam transverse parameters. The radiation is emitted by a 700 MeV-energy electron beam passing through a slit of 0.5 mm or 1 mm aperture depending on the beam size. The slit is opened by chemical etching on a screen made of aluminum deposited on a silicon substrate. Radiation is then detected by a air-cooled high sensitivity CCD camera. The status of the experiment and preliminary results are reported.
KEK, Ibaraki
JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken
JAEA, Ibaraki-ken
JAEA/LINAC, Ibaraki-ken
ANL, Argonne, Illinois
In the IPNS RCS, a single proton bunch (h=1) is accelerated from 50 MeV to 450 MeV in 14.2 ms. The bunch experiences an instability shortly after injection (<1 ms). During the first 1 ms, the beam is bunched but little acceleration takes place; thus, this period of operation is similar to that of a storage ring. Natural vertical oscillations (assumed to be tune lines) show the vertical tune to be rising toward the bare tune value, suggesting neutralization of space charge and a reduction of its detuning effects. Neutralization time near injection ranges from 0.25 ms - 0.5 ms, depending on the background gas pressure. Oscillations move from the LSB to the USB before disappearing. Measurements made with a recently installed pinger system show the horizontal chromaticity to be positive early but approaching zero later in the cycle. The vertical chromaticity is negative throughout the cycle. During pinger studies, two lines are observed, suggesting the formation of islands. Neutralization of the beam space charge implies the generation of plasma in the beam volume early in the cycle which may then dissipate as the time-varying electric fields of the beam become stronger.
ANL, Argonne, Illinois
Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois
A real-time image analysis system was developed for beam imaging diagnostics. An Apple Power Mac G5 with an Active Silicon LFG frame grabber were used to capture video images that were processed and analyzed. Software routines were created to utilize vector processing hardware to reduce the time to process images as compared to conventional methods. These improvements allow for more advanced image processing diagnostics to be performed in real time.
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois
ANL, Argonne, Illinois
Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois- experimental results for a laser-based mock-up of the EO experiment* and
- a design for a beam-based, single-shot, EO sampling experiment using the e-beam from the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA) RF photoinjector.
The free space electro-optical (EO) sampling technique is a powerful tool for analyzing the longitudinal charge density of an ultrashort e-beam. In this paper, we present
* Yuelin Li, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 251108, 2006
Alfred University, Alfred, New York
CLASSE, Ithaca
CESR-LEPP, Ithaca, New York
CMU, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
A fast vertical beam profile monitor has been implemented at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR). Readout is based on the Hamamatsu H7260K multianode photomultiplier. This device has a 32 channel linear anode array with 1 mm channel pitch and sub-nanosecond rise time. It provides the ability to probe individual electron and position bunches which are separated by 14 ns within the trains in CESR. A custom 72 MHz digitizer unit allows synchronous multibunch and turn-by-turn data acquisition. An on-board digital signal processor provides local data processing capability. This system provides the capability to probe a range of single bunch and multibunch beam dynamics issues as well as machine stability issues. In this paper we describe the profile monitor hardware, data acquisition system, calibration of the profile monitor, and data analysis software.
PPPL, Princeton, New Jersey
A numerical scheme for the electromagnetic particle simulation of high-intensity charged-particle beams has been developed which is a modification of the Darwin model. The Darwin model neglects the transverse induction current in Ampere?s law and therefore eliminates fast electromagnetic (light) waves from the simulations. The model has been incorporated into the nonlinear delta-f Beam Equilibrium Stability and Transport(BEST) code. As a benchmark, we have applied the model to simulate the transverse electromagnetic Weibel-type instability in a single-species charged-particle beam with large temperature anisotropy. Results are compared with previous theoretical and numerical studies using the eighenmode code bEASt. The nonlinear stage of the Weibel instability is also studied using BEST code, and the mechanism for nonlinear saturation is identified.
ITEP, Moscow
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
UW-Madison/PD, Madison, Wisconsin
Yale University, Physics Department, New Haven, CT
UCR, Riverside, California
RBRC, Upton, Long Island, New York
Kyoto University, Kyoto
IUCF, Bloomington, Indiana
The spin physics program at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) requires knowledge of the proton beam polarization to better than 5%. To achieve this goal, a polarized hydrogen jet target was installed in RHIC where it intersects both beams. The premise is to utilize the precise knowledge of the jet proton polarization to measure the analyzing power in the proton - proton elastic scattering process in the Coulomb Nuclear Interference (CNI) region at the prescribed RHIC proton beam energy, then use the reverse reaction to measure the degree of the beam polarization, and finally confront the results with simultaneous measurements by the fast high statistics polarimeter that measure the p-Carbon elastic scattering process in the CNI region to calibrate the latter. In this presentation, the polarized jet target mechanics, operation, detector systems and the p-Carbon polarimeter are described. The statistical accuracy attained as well as the systematic uncertainties will be discussed. Such techniques may well become the standard for high energy polarized proton beams planned elsewhere in Russia and Japan.