JAEA, Ibaraki
KEK, Tsukuba
Tokai Radioactive Ion Accelerator Complex (TRIAC) is an ISOL-based radioactive nuclear beam (RNB) facility, connected to the ISOL in the tandem accelerator at Tokai site of Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA). At JAEA-tandem accelerator facility, we can produce radioactive nuclei by means of proton induced uranium fission, heavy ion fusion or transfer reaction. Since TRIAC was opened for use in 2005, we have provided RNBs of fission products and 8Li. For the production of 8Li, we chose 13C (7Li, 8Li) neutron transfer reaction by 7Li primary beam and a 99% enriched 13C sintered disk target. The release time of Li ions from the 13C sintered target was measured to be 3.2 s. We are developing the RNB of 9Li (T1/2=178 ms) but the long release time caused a significant loss of the beam intensity. A boron nitride target which has fast release of Li is developed for 9Li beam with intensity of 104 ions/s after separation by JAEA-ISOL.
INFN/LNS, Catania
The EXCYT project has successfully come to conclusion at the end of 2006. As a consequence a new facility for production and acceleration of radioactive ion beams is now available at Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania. This facility is based on the ISOL method: in particular the primary beam is delivered by a Superconducting Cyclotron, while the secondary beam is post-accelerated by a Tandem. A low energy radioactive beam is also available at the exit of the pre-injector. The main features of the commissioning of the facility will be described. Details will be given on the characteristics of the diagnostic devices. Future development activities are related both to the operative features of the new facility and to the improvements and upgrading that are planned to be introduced in the near future. All of these subjects will be extensively discussed.
INFN/LNL, Legnaro
INFN/LNS, Catania
SPES (Selective Production of Exotic Species) is an INFN project to develop a Radioactive Ion Beam (RIB) facility as an intermediate step toward EURISOL. The SPES project is part of the INFN Road Map for the Nuclear Physics development in Italy and is supported by LNL and LNS the INFN National Laboratories of Nuclear Physics in Legnaro and Catania. The Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro (LNL) was chosen as the facility site due to the presence of the PIAVE-ALPI accelerator complex, which will be used as re-accelerator for the RIBs. The SPES project is based on the ISOL method with an UCx Direct Target and makes use of a proton driver of at least 40 MeV energy and 200 microA current. Neutron-rich radioactive beams will be produced by Uranium fission at an expected fission rate in the target in the order of 1013 fissions per second. The key feature of SPES is to provide high intensity and highquality beams of neutron rich nuclei to perform forefront research in nuclear structure, reaction dynamics and interdisciplinary fields like medical, biological and material sciences. The exotic isotopes will be re-accelerated by the ALPI superconducting linac at energies up to 10AMeV for masses in the region of A=130 amu with an expected rate on target of 109 pps.
INFN/LNL, Legnaro
Padova University/Dept. Mech. Eng., Padova
Padova University/Dept. Chem., Padova
Pavia University/Dept. Chem., Pavia
Trento University/Dept. Mech. Eng., Trento
INFN/BO, Bologna
SPES is a facility to be built at National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN laboratory, Legnaro, Italy) intended to provide intense neutron-rich Radioactive Ion Beams (RIBs) directly hitting a UCx target with a proton beam of 40 MeV and 0.2 mA; RIBs will be produced according to the ISOL technique and the new idea that characterize the SPES project is the design of the production target: we propose a target configuration capable to keep high the number of fissions, low the power deposition and fast the release of the produced isotopes. In this work we will present the recent results on the R&D activities regarding the multi-foil direct UCx target.
MLL/TU, München
The Tandem accelerator of the Maier-Leibnitz-Laboratorium (MLL), the former "Beschleunigerlabor der LMU und TU München“ was running very reliable during the last years. The status of the Tandem accelerator will be presented and some technical problems of the past years of operation will be discussed. The MAFF project (Munich Accelerator for Fission Fragments) was suspended due to missing funding. MAFF was planned be the successor of the Tandem accelerator. In the next years the Tandem accelerator will be useful for experiments in the framework of the two clusters of excellence “Origin and Structure of the Universe” and MAP (Munich Centre for Advanced Photonics). The Tandem ion beams are applied for experiments in the field of nuclear astrophysics, AMS with astrophysical implication, for irradiation of cells, tissue and finally animals for cancer therapy studies.
LBNL, Berkeley
Notre Dame University, Notre Dame
Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.
The DIANA project (Dakota Ion Accelerators for Nuclear Astrophysics) is a collaboration between the University of Notre Dame, University of North Carolina, Western Michigan University, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory to build a nuclear astrophysics accelerator facility 1.4 km below ground. DIANA is part of the US proposal DUSEL (Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory) to establish a crossdisciplinary underground laboratory in the former gold mine of Homestake in South Dakota, USA. DIANA would consist of two high-current accelerators, a 30 to 400 kV variable, high-voltage platform, and a second, dynamitron accelerator with a voltage range of 350 kV to 3 MV. As a unique feature, both accelerators are planned to be equipped with either high-current microwave ion sources or multi-charged ECR ion sources producing ions from protons to oxygen. Electrostatic quadrupole transport elements will be incorporated in the dynamitron high voltage column. Compared to current astrophysics facilities, DIANA could increase the available beam densities on target by magnitudes: up to 100 mA on the low energy accelerator and several mA on the high energy accelerator. An integral part of the DIANA project is the development of a high-density super-sonic gas-jet target which can handle these anticipated beam powers. The paper will explain the main components of the DIANA accelerators and their beam transport lines and will discuss related technical challenges.
GANIL, Caen
The Grand Accélérateur National d’Ions Lourds (GANIL) facility (Caen, France) is dedicated to the acceleration of heavy ion beams for nuclear physics, atomic physics, radiobiology and material irradiation. The production of stable and radioactive ion beams for nuclear physics studies represents the main part of the activity. Two complementary methods are used for exotic beam production: the Isotope Separation On-Line (ISOL, the SPIRAL1 facility) and the In-Flight Separation techniques (IFS). SPIRAL1, the ISOL facility, is running since 2001, producing and post-accelerating radioactive ion beams. The running modes of the accelerators are recalled as well as a review of the operation from 2001 to 2008. A point is done on the way we managed the high intensity ion beam transport issues and constraints which allows the exotic beam production improvement.
NIRS, Chiba-shi
Heavy-ion beams have attractive growing interest for cancer treatment owing to their high dose localization at the Bragg peak as well as high biological effect there. Recently, therefore, heavy-ion cancer treatments have been successfully carried out at various facilities and several construction projects for the facility of the heavy-ion therapy have also been progressing in the world, based on the development of accelerator technologies.
Michigan University/MIBL, Ann Arbor
The Michigan Ion Beam Laboratory (MIBL) at the University of Michigan has instruments equipped with ion sources capable of generating a wide variety of ions. The 1.7-MV Tandem accelerator can operate with three different sources: a Torvis source, a Duoplasmatron source and a Sputter source. The 400-kV ion implanter is equipped with a CHORDIS source that can operate in three different modes (gas, sputter, and oven) and is capable of producing ion beams for most of the elements in the periodic table. In this work, we discuss the principle of operation of each source, their performances and the latest applications and projects conducted at MIBL using these sources.
GSI, Darmstadt
ITEP, Moscow
In the frame of the FAIR project in spring 2008 an irradiation test of superconducting magnet components was done at GSI Darmstadt. Cave HHD with the beam dump of SIS18 synchrotron was taken as the test area. The beam dump was reequipped to meet the irradiation test requirements. Thereby the first stage of preparation for the irradiation test was to investigate the radiation field around the reconstructed beam dump from the point of view of radiation safety. FLUKA simulations were performed to estimate the dose rate inside and immediate outside of the cave during the irradiation. The simulations showed safe level of the radiation field, and it was later confirmed by the measurements provided by the radiation safety group of GSI.
GSI, Darmstadt
RAS/INR, Moscow
ITEP, Moscow
In spring 2008 an irradiation test of superconducting magnet components was done at GSI Darmstadt in the frame of the FAIR project. Cave HHD with the beam dump of SIS synchrotron was used for irradiation. The irradiation set-up modeled a scenario of beam loss in a FAIR accelerator: U beam with energy of 1 GeV/u was used to irradiate a thin stainless steel bar at very small angle, so that the test samples situated behind the stainless steel bar were exposed to the beam of secondary particles created in the bar. The total number of U ions dumped on the target assembly was about 2·1014. Presently, in spring 2009 some samples are still radioactive. In the paper we present the estimates of the energy deposition and secondary particle fluences in the test samples and also discuss some results of the irradiation campaign.
GSI, Darmstadt
Funding: Work is partially supported by project VEGA 1/0129/09.
In the frame of the FAIR project irradiation test of superconducting magnet components was performed at GSI Darmstadt in May 2008. As a part of the experiment stainless steel samples were irradiated by 1 GeV/u 238U ions. In contrast to the previous experimental studies performed with thick cylindrical samples, the target was a thin plate irradiated at small angle. The target was constituted as a set of individual foils. This stacked-foil target configuration was foreseen for depth-profiling of residual activity. Gamma-ray spectroscopy was used as the main analytical technique. The isotopes with dominating contribution to the residual activity induced in the samples were identified and their contributions were quantified. Depth-profiling of the residual activity of all identified isotopes was performed by measurements of the individual target foils. The characteristic shape of the depth-profiles for the products of target activation and projectile fragments was found and described. Monte Carlo code FLUKA was used for simulations of the residual activity and for estimation of the number of ions delivered to the target and their distribution. The measured data are relevant for assessment of radiation situation at high-energy accelerators during the “hands-on” maintenance as well for assessment of the tolerable beam-losses.
ITEP, Moscow
INFN/LNL, Legnaro
Development of new materials for future energy facilities with higher operating efficiency is a challenging and crucial task. However, full-scale testing of radiation hardness of reactor materials is quite sophisticated and difficult as it requires long session of reactor irradiation; moreover, induced radioactivity considerably complicates further investigation. Ion beam irradiation does not have such a drawback, on the contrary, it has certain advantages. One of them is high speed of defect formation. Therefore, it provides a useful tool for modeling of different radiation damages. Improved understanding of material behavior under high dose irradiation will probably allow to simulate reactor irradiation close to real conditions and to make an adequate estimation of material radiation hardness. Since 2008 in ITEP the ion beam irradiation experiments are under development at the ITEP heavy ion RFQ HIP-1. The main objectives of this work are to study primary damage, cascade formation phenomena, phase stability and self-organization under irradiation. This research is carried out by means of tomographic atom probe and transmission electron microscopy. This linac provides accelerated beams of Cu2+, Fe2+, Cr2+ ions with current up to 10 mA and energy 101 keV/n. The first experiments with ion beam at the linac injector demonstrated promising results. The linac output beam line is now under upgrade. The results of beam extraction line adjustment for experiments with reactor materials are presented. The construction of controllable heated target is presented as well.
NEM, Tokyo
The 1.7 MV tandem accelerator RAPID (Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopic Analyzer with Particle Induced X-ray Emission and Ion Implantation Devices), the University of Tokyo has been dedicated to various scientific and engineering studies in a wide range of fields by the ion beam analysis availability, including RBS (Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy), PIXE (Particle induced X-ray emission) and ion implantation. Total accelerator operation time amounted 9,358 hours since its installation with the highest annual operation time recorded in 2007. RAPID-PIXE analysis system has been contributed to many environmental studies by analyzing elemental composition of water and sediments samples. It is also applied to the analysis of several cultural heritages such as a works of gilded frame from Renaissance in Italy. Recently, the low level ion irradiation system was also developed and applied for the study of CR-39 track detector with proton beam.
LBNL, Berkeley
PPPL, Princeton
LLNL, Livermore
Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.
The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory (HIFS-VNL), a collaboration between Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), and Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), is currently constructing a new induction linear accelerator, called Neutralized Drift Compression eXperiment NDCX-II. The accelerator design makes effective use of existing components from LLNL’s decommissioned Advanced Test Accelerator (ATA), especially induction cells and Blumlein voltage sources that have been transferred to LBNL. We have developed an aggressive acceleration “schedule” that compresses the emitted ion pulse from 500 ns to 1 ns in just 15 meters. In the nominal design concept, 30 nC of Li+ are accelerated to 3.5 MeV and allowed to drift-compress to a peak current of about 30 A. That beam will be utilized for warm dense matter experiments investigating the interaction of ion beams with matter at high temperature and pressure. Construction of the accelerator will be complete within a period of approximately two and a half years and will provide a worldwide unique opportunity for ion-driven warm dense matter experiments as well as research related to novel beam manipulations for heavy ion fusion drivers.
JINR, Dubna
Accelerated 12C ion beams are effectively used for cancer treatment at various medical centers, in particular to treat patients with radio resistant tumors. On the other hand, positron emission tomography is the most effective way of tumor diagnostics. The intensive 11C ion beam could allow both these advantages to be combined. It could be used both for cancer treatment and for on-line positron emission tomography. Formation of a primary radioactive 11C6+ ion beam with the intensity of 1010-1011 pps from the ion source may allow cancer treatment and on-line dose verification. 11C isotope is produced in the nuclear reaction 14N (p,α)11C using the gas target chamber irradiated by a proton beam. If the nitrogen target chamber contains about 5% of hydrogen, approximately 1014 methane molecules 11CH4 can be produced each 20 minutes. The separated radioactive methane can be loaded into an ion source. The methodology and technique of formation of high-intensity radioactive carbon beams were tested in the JINR electron string ion source (ESIS) Krion-2 using usual non radioactive methane. The measured conversion efficiency of methane molecules to carbon ions appeared to be rather high, 15 % for C6+ ions and 25% for C4+ ions. The developed technique of pulsed methane loading and the experimentally obtained conversion efficiency permit obtaining primary radioactive 11C6+ beams at the intensity of 1010 -1011 pps and performing cancer treatment and online dose verification.
IPNO/IN2P3/CNRS, Orsay
GANIL, Caen
JINR, Dubna
Physics that motivated the building of the LISE magnetic spectrometer, main ideas exposed in the scientific council of GANIL June 4th 1981 by M. Brian and M. Fleury, were: atomic physics studies with stripped ions and the study of new isotopes produced by the fragmentation of beams. The LISE line is a doubly achromatic spectrometer (angle and position), with a resolution better than 10-3. Since the first experiment done in 1984, several improvements of the spectrometer were performed: use of a achromatic degrader (1987, used for the first time in the world), building of the achromatic deviation and the Wien Filter (1990), building of a new selection dipole and associated vertical platform (1994), building of the new LISE2000 line (2001), use of the CAVIAR detector (2002), building of the CLIM target (2007). Despite an extreme international competition, the LISE spectrometer remains a world-leader equipment using more than 50 % and up to 90 % of the beam time available at GANIL. This paper presents the status of CAVIAR detector which consists of a MWPC dedicated to in flight particle position at the first dispersive plane of LISE. Since two years, intensive efforts were done with the objective to make available a “plug and play” detector for nuclear physic experiment. We will describe the system from MWPC up to acquisition system. As example few experimental results will be presented.
IPNO/IN2P3/CNRS, Orsay
GANIL, Caen
SACM/IRFU/DSM/CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette
The SPIRAL2 facility at GANIL-Caen is now in its construction phase, with a project group including the participation of many French laboratories (CNRS, CEA) and international partners. The SPIRAL2 facility will be able to produce various accelerated beams at high intensities: 40 MeV Deuterons, 33 MeV Protons with intensity until 5mA and heavy ions with q/A=1/3 up to 14.5MeV/u until 1mA current. We will present the status of the beam dynamics studies recently performed for the high energy beam transport lines of the facility. Various studies were performed on beam-dump concerning beam dynamics, safety and thermo-mechanicals aspects. New experimental areas using stable beams and the cave dedicated to radioactive ion production will be presented according the scientific program.
NIRS, Chiba
Toshiba, Tokyo
Accelerator Engineering Corp., Chiba
A new treatment facility project, as an extension of the existing HIMAC facility, has been initiated for the further development of carbon-ion therapy in NIRS. This new treatment facility will be equipped with a 3D irradiation system with pencil beam scanning. The challenge of this project is to realize treatment of a moving target by scanning irradiation. To accomplish practical moving target irradiation and to fix the final design, a prototype of the scanning irradiation system was constructed and installed into existing HIMAC experiment course. The system and the status of the beam test are described.
NIRS, Chiba
Gunma University, Maebashi
In order to use an intensity-controlled raster scan method at the new treatment facility in HIMAC, we have developed a code system dedicated to the planning of radiotherapy with the scanned 12C beam. Inverse planning techniques are implemented in the software in order to obtain the uniform biological dose distribution within the planned target volume (PTV) as well as reduce the dose delivered to the organ at risks (OARs) delineated on clinical CT images. The scan trajectory is determined so that the path length will be minimized by applying a fast simulated annealing algorithm for scan trajectory optimisation. Furthermore, the extra dose inevitably delivered to the irradiated site during the beam transition time from one spot to the next spot is integrated into the inverse planning process to shorten the treatment time. The code also copes with the planning for intensity modulated ion therapy (IMIT). The reliability of the developed code has been confirmed through the irradiation experiments at the secondary beam line in HIMAC.
CIAE, Beijing
Guangxi University, Nanning
Funding: Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (10576040).
A new method was developed for AMS measurement of 126Sn. Major features of the method include the use of SnF2 as target material, the selection of SnF3- molecular ions for extraction form from the target, and the transmission of 126Sn beam current. A sensitivity of (1.92±1.13)×10-10 (126Sn/Sn) has been reached by measuring a blank sample.