• G. Prete, A. Andrighetto, L. Biasetto, F. Gramegna, A. Lombardi, M. Manzolaro
  INFN/LNL, Legnaro
• L. Calabretta
  INFN/LNS, Catania

SPES (Se­lec­tive Pro­duc­tion of Ex­ot­ic Species) is an INFN pro­ject to de­vel­op a Ra­dioac­tive Ion Beam (RIB) fa­cil­i­ty as an in­ter­me­di­ate step to­ward EU­RISOL. The SPES pro­ject is part of the INFN Road Map for the Nu­cle­ar Physics de­vel­op­ment in Italy and is sup­port­ed by LNL and LNS the INFN Na­tion­al Lab­o­ra­to­ries of Nu­cle­ar Physics in Leg­naro and Cata­nia. The Lab­o­ra­tori Nazion­ali di Leg­naro (LNL) was cho­sen as the fa­cil­i­ty site due to the pres­ence of the PI­AVE-ALPI ac­cel­er­a­tor com­plex, which will be used as re-ac­cel­er­a­tor for the RIBs. The SPES pro­ject is based on the ISOL method with an UCx Di­rect Tar­get and makes use of a pro­ton driv­er of at least 40 MeV en­er­gy and 200 mi­croA cur­rent. Neu­tron-rich ra­dioac­tive beams will be pro­duced by Ura­ni­um fis­sion at an ex­pect­ed fis­sion rate in the tar­get in the order of 10¹³ fis­sions per sec­ond. The key fea­ture of SPES is to pro­vide high in­ten­si­ty and high­qual­i­ty beams of neu­tron rich nu­clei to per­form fore­front re­search in nu­cle­ar struc­ture, re­ac­tion dy­nam­ics and in­ter­dis­ci­plinary fields like med­i­cal, bi­o­log­i­cal and ma­te­ri­al sci­ences. The ex­ot­ic iso­topes will be re-ac­cel­er­at­ed by the ALPI su­per­con­duct­ing linac at en­er­gies up to 10AMeV for mass­es in the re­gion of A=130 amu with an ex­pect­ed rate on tar­get of 10⁹ pps.

Slides

• K. Yamada, T. Dantsuka, M. Fujimaki, T. Fujinawa, N. Fukunishi, A. Goto, H. Hasebe, Y. Higurashi, E. Ikezawa, O. Kamigaito, M. Kase, M. Kobayashi Komiyama, H. Kuboki, K. Kumagai, T. Maie, M. Nagase, T. Nakagawa, J. Ohnishi, H. Okuno, N. Sakamoto, Y. Sato, K. Suda, M. Wakasugi, H. Watanabe, T. Watanabe, Y. Watanabe, Y. Yano, S. Yokouchi
  RIKEN, Wako, Saitama

The Ra­dioac­tive Iso­tope Beam Fac­to­ry at RIKEN Nishi­na Cen­ter is a next gen­er­a­tion fa­cil­i­ty which is ca­pa­ble of pro­vid­ing the world’s most in­tense RI beams over the whole range of atom­ic mass­es. Three new ring cy­clotrons have been con­struct­ed as post-ac­cel­er­a­tors for the ex­ist­ing fa­cil­i­ty in order to pro­vide the in­tense heavy ion beam for the RI beam pro­duc­tion by using a in-flight sep­a­ra­tion method. The beam com­mis­sion­ing of RIBF was start­ed at July 2006 and we suc­ceed­ed in the first beam ex­trac­tion from the final boost­er cy­clotron, SRC, by using 345 MeV/nu­cle­on alu­minum beam on De­cem­ber 28^th 2006. The first ura­ni­um beam with en­er­gy of 345 MeV/nu­cle­on was ex­tract­ed from the SRC on March 23^rd 2007. Var­i­ous mod­i­fi­ca­tions for equip­ments and many beam stud­ies were per­formed in order to im­prove the trans­mis­sion ef­fi­cien­cy and to gain up the beam in­ten­si­ty. Con­se­quent­ly, the world’s most in­tense 0.4 pnA ²³⁸U beam with en­er­gy of 345 MeV/nu­cle­on and 170 pnA ⁴⁸Ca beam with en­er­gy of 345 MeV/nu­cle­on have been pro­vid­ed for ex­per­i­ments.

Slides

• F. Chautard, G. Sénécal
  GANIL, Caen

The Grand Accéléra­teur Na­tion­al d’Ions Lourds (GANIL) fa­cil­i­ty (Caen, France) is ded­i­cat­ed to the ac­cel­er­a­tion of heavy ion beams for nu­cle­ar physics, atom­ic physics, ra­dio­bi­ol­o­gy and ma­te­ri­al ir­ra­di­a­tion. The pro­duc­tion of sta­ble and ra­dioac­tive ion beams for nu­cle­ar physics stud­ies rep­re­sents the main part of the ac­tiv­i­ty. Two com­ple­men­tary meth­ods are used for ex­ot­ic beam pro­duc­tion: the Iso­tope Sep­a­ra­tion On-Line (ISOL, the SPI­RAL1 fa­cil­i­ty) and the In-Flight Sep­a­ra­tion tech­niques (IFS). SPI­RAL1, the ISOL fa­cil­i­ty, is run­ning since 2001, pro­duc­ing and post-ac­cel­er­at­ing ra­dioac­tive ion beams. The run­ning modes of the ac­cel­er­a­tors are re­called as well as a re­view of the op­er­a­tion from 2001 to 2008. A point is done on the way we man­aged the high in­ten­si­ty ion beam trans­port is­sues and con­straints which al­lows the ex­ot­ic beam pro­duc­tion im­prove­ment.

Slides

• G. Gulbekyan, B. Gikal, I. Kalagin, N. Kazarinov
  JINR/FLNR, Dubna

Four heavy ions cy­clotrons are in op­er­a­tion at FLNR now. Heavy ion beams used for super heavy el­e­ments syn­the­sis, RIB pro­duc­tion and ap­pli­ca­tion. Plan for seven years ac­cel­er­a­tor de­vel­op­ment and op­er­a­tion are pre­sent­ed.

Slides

• K. Hatanaka, M. Fukuda, M. Kibayashi, S. Morinobu, K. Nagayama, T. Saito, H. Tamura, T. Yorita
  Osaka University/RCNP, Osaka

The Re­search Cen­ter for Nu­cle­ar Physics (RCNP) cy­clotron cas­cade sys­tem has been op­er­at­ed to pro­vide high qual­i­ty beams for var­i­ous ex­per­i­ments. In order to in­crease the physics op­por­tu­ni­ties, the Az­imuthal­ly Vary­ing Field (AVF) cy­clotron fa­cil­i­ty was up­grad­ed re­cent­ly. A flat-top­ping sys­tem and an 18-GHz su­per­con­duct­ing Elec­tron Cy­clotron Res­o­nance (ECR) ion source were in­tro­duced to im­prove the beam’s qual­i­ty and in­ten­si­ty. A new beam line was in­stalled to di­ag­nose the char­ac­ter­is­tics of the beam to be in­ject­ed into the ring cy­clotron and to by­pass the ring cy­clotron and di­rect­ly trans­port low en­er­gy beams from the AVF cy­clotron to ex­per­i­men­tal halls. A sep­a­ra­tor is equipped to pro­vide RI beams pro­duced by fu­sion re­ac­tions at low en­er­gy and by pro­jec­tile frag­men­ta­tions at high en­er­gy. De­vel­op­ment has con­tin­ued to re­al­ize the de­signed per­for­mance of these sys­tems.

Slides

• N. Sakamoto, M. Fujimaki, A. Goto, O. Kamigaito, M. Kase, R. Koyama, K. Suda, K. Yamada, S. Yokouchi
  RIKEN, Wako

At RIKEN RIB-fac­to­ry (RIBF) an ac­cel­er­a­tor com­plex as an en­er­gy boost­er which con­sists of su­per­con­duct­ing ring cy­clotron (SRC), in­ter­me­di­ate-stage ring cy­clotron (IRC) and fixed-fre­quen­cy ring cy­clotron (FRC) pro­vides very heavy ion beams like ura­ni­um with an en­er­gy of 345 MeV/u. The total beam power ob­tained up to now at the SRC is as high as 3 kW in the case of ⁴⁸Ca with an in­ten­si­ty of 170 pnA. Re­cent­ly we have suc­ceed­ed in achiev­ing sta­ble and re­li­able op­er­a­tion of rf sys­tem for new cy­clotrons. In this paper the pre­sent per­for­mance of the rf sys­tem and a re­cent de­vel­op­ment is re­port­ed.

Slides

• J.M. Schippers, A. Adelmann, W. Joho, M. Negrazus, M. Seidel, M.K. Stam
  PSI, Villigen
• H. Homeyer
  HMI, Berlin

A cy­clotron based sys­tem for hadron ther­a­py is de­vel­oped, which al­lows a phased in­stal­la­tion: start with pro­tons and He­li­um ions and add Car­bon ions later. The con­cept is based on an ac­cel­er­a­tor sys­tem of two cou­pled cy­clotrons. The first cy­clotron pro­vides pro­tons or He ions that can be used for the full spec­trum of treat­ments and “low en­er­gy” C-ions, with a range of 12.7 cm in water for a sub­set of tu­mours and ra­dio­bi­o­log­i­cal ex­per­i­ments. For treat­ments at all tumor sites with C-ions, the C-ions can be boost­ed sub­se­quent­ly up to 450 MeV/nucl in a sep­a­rate sec­tor cy­clotron, con­sist­ing of six sec­tor mag­nets with su­per­con­duct­ing coils and three RF cav­i­ties. First stud­ies of the sep­a­rate sec­tor cy­clotron in­di­cate a rel­a­tive­ly ro­bust de­sign with straight for­ward beam dy­nam­ics. This sys­tem is small­er than cor­re­spond­ing syn­chrotrons and pos­sess­es the typ­i­cal ad­van­tages for ther­a­py ap­pli­ca­tions of a cy­clotron. Pre­sent ef­forts to op­ti­mize the de­sign of the su­per­con­duct­ing sec­tor mag­nets in­di­cate that the in­tro­duc­tion of a ra­di­al gra­di­ent in the sec­tor would have many ad­van­tages.

Slides

• M. Maggiore, L. Calabretta, M. Camarda, G. Gallo, S. Passarello, L.A.C. Piazza
  INFN/LNS, Catania
• D. Campo, D. Garufi, R. La Rosa
  Catania University/Dept. Phys. and Eng., Catania

The study of the Su­per­con­duct­ing Cy­clotron named SCEN­T300 was car­ried out by the ac­cel­er­a­tor R&D team of Lab­o­ra­tori Nazion­ali del Sud (LNS-INFN) of Cata­nia in col­lab­o­ra­tion with the Uni­ver­si­ty of Cata­nia and sup­port­ed by IBA (Bel­gium). Com­bin­ing the com­pact­ness of a su­per­con­duct­ing cy­clotron, with the ad­van­tage of this kind of ma­chine as its con­tin­u­ous beam and its very good cur­rent con­trol, the ac­cel­er­a­tor R&D group of LNS, by its ten-year of ex­pe­ri­ence with this kind of ma­chine, has de­vel­oped a con­cept for a mul­ti­par­ti­cle ther­a­py cy­clotron which is de­scribed in the fol­low­ing re­port.

Slides

• T. Watanabe, N. Fukunishi, M. Kase, Y. Sasaki, Y. Yano
  RIKEN, Wako

A high­ly sen­si­tive beam cur­rent mon­i­tor with an HTS (High-Tem­per­a­ture Su­per­con­duct­ing) SQUID (Su­per­con­duct­ing QUan­tum In­ter­fer­ence De­vice) and an HTS cur­rent sen­sor, that is, an HTS SQUID mon­i­tor, has been de­vel­oped for use of the RIBF (RI beam fac­to­ry) at RIKEN. Un­like other ex­ist­ing fa­cil­i­ties, the HTS SQUID mon­i­tor al­lows us to mea­sure the DC of high-en­er­gy heavy-ion beams non­de­struc­tive­ly in real time, and the beam cur­rent ex­tract­ed from the cy­clotron can be record­ed with­out in­ter­rupt­ing the beam user's ex­per­i­ments. Both the HTS mag­net­ic shield and the HTS cur­rent sen­sor were dip-coat­ed to form a Bi₂ - Sr₂ - Ca₂ - Cu₃ - O_x (Bi-2223) layer on 99.9 % MgO ce­ram­ic sub­strates. In the pre­sent work, all the fab­ri­cat­ed HTS de­vices are cooled by a low-vi­bra­tion pulse-tube re­frig­er­a­tor. These tech­nolo­gies en­abled us to down­size the sys­tem. Prior to prac­ti­cal use at the RIBF, the HTS-SQUID mon­i­tor was in­stalled in the beam trans­port line of the RIKEN ring cy­clotron to demon­strate its per­for­mance. As a re­sult, a 20 μA ⁴⁰Ar¹⁵⁺ beam in­ten­si­ty (63 MeV/u) was suc­cess­ful­ly mea­sured with a 500 nA res­o­lu­tion. De­spite the per­for­mance tak­ing place in an en­vi­ron­ment with strong gamma ray and neu­tron flux ra­di­a­tions, RF back­ground and large stray mag­net­ic fields, the mea­sure­ments were suc­cess­ful­ly car­ried out in this study. This year, the HTS SQUID mon­i­tor was up­grad­ed to have ares­o­lu­tion of 100 nA and was re­in­stalled inthe beam trans­port line, en­abling us to mea­sure a 4 μA ¹³²Xe²⁰⁺ (10.8 MeV/u) beam and a 1 μA ¹³²Xe⁴¹⁺ (50.1 MeV/u) beam used for the ac­cel­er­a­tor op­er­a­tions at RIBF. Hence, we will re­port the re­sults of the beam mea­sure­ments an the pre­sent sta­tus of the HTS SQUID mon­i­tor.

Slides

• H. Koivisto, O. Tarvainen, T. Ropponen, M. Savonen, O. Steczkiewicz, V. Toivanen
  JYFL, Jyväskylä

Funding: This work has been supported by the Academy of Finland under the Finnish Centre of Excellence Programme 2006-2011 (Nuclear and Accelerator Based Physics Programme at JYFL).

The ac­tiv­i­ties of the JYFL ion source group cover the de­vel­op­ment of metal ion beams, im­prove­ment of beam trans­mis­sion and stud­ies of Elec­tron Cy­clotron Res­o­nance Ion Source (ECRIS) plas­ma pa­ram­e­ters. The de­vel­op­ment of metal ion beams is one of the most im­por­tant areas in the ac­cel­er­a­tor tech­nol­o­gy. The low en­er­gy beam in­jec­tion for K-130 cy­clotron is also stud­ied in order to im­prove its beam trans­mis­sion. It has been no­ticed that the ac­cel­er­at­ed beam in­ten­si­ty after the cy­clotron does not in­crease with the in­ten­si­ty ex­tract­ed from the JYFL 14 GHz ECR ion source, which in­di­cates that the beam trans­mis­sion ef­fi­cien­cy de­creas­es re­mark­ably as a func­tion of beam in­ten­si­ty. Three pos­si­ble ex­pla­na­tions have been found: 1) the ex­trac­tion of the JYFL 14 GHz ECRIS is not op­ti­mized for high in­ten­si­ty ion beams, 2) the solenoid fo­cus­ing in the in­jec­tion line caus­es degra­da­tion of beam qual­i­ty and 3) the fo­cus­ing prop­er­ties of the dipoles (analysing mag­nets) are not ad­e­quate. In many cases a hol­low beam struc­ture is gen­er­at­ed while the ori­gin of hol­low­ness re­mains un­known.

Slides

• G. Gulbekyan, I. Ivanenko
  JINR/FLNR, Dubna

At the pre­sent time, the ac­tiv­i­ties on cre­ation of the new mul­ti-pur­pose isochronous cy­clotron U400R are car­ried out at the FLNR, JINR. The isochronous cy­clotron U400R is in­tend­ed for ob­tain­ing the beams of the ac­cel­er­at­ed ions from ⁴He¹⁺ (A/Z=4, W=27MeV/u) up to ¹³²Xe¹¹⁺ (A/Z=12, W=3.5MeV/u). The cy­clotron mag­net­ic field can be changed from 0.8T to 1.8T and allow the smooth­ly vari­a­tion of the ion beam en­er­gy at the range ±35% from nom­i­nal. The cy­clotron RF sys­tem keeps up 2 - 6 har­mon­ic modes. The aim of the pre­sent work is to in­ves­ti­gate the op­ti­mal ge­om­e­try of U400R cy­clotron cen­ter for the wide range of ac­cel­er­a­tion regimes. The com­pu­ta­tion of the beams ac­cel­er­a­tion is car­ried out by means of the com­put­er code CENTR.

• G. Gulbekyan, O.N. Borisov, V.I. Kazacha
  JINR, Dubna

Ac­cel­er­at­ed heavy ions get a charge spec­trum on pass­ing a thing tar­get. The charge dis­per­sion and its max­i­mum de­pend on the ion type, its en­er­gy, ma­te­ri­al, and the foil thick­ness. Change of the ion charge leads to change of the ion mag­net­ic rigid­i­ty. Heavy ion beam ex­trac­tion from the AVF cy­clotrons by strip­ping in the thing tar­gets is based on loss of the ra­di­al sta­bil­i­ty of the ac­cel­er­at­ed beam after its mag­net­ic rigid­i­ty change. Prop­er­ty data of car­bon foils used for the heavy ion beam ex­trac­tion by strip­ping are given. Ex­pe­ri­ence of using heavy ion beam ex­trac­tion from the AVF cy­clotrons of FLNR (Dubna) by strip­ping is con­sid­ered.

• Y. Jongen, M. Abs, A. Blondin, W. Kleeven, S. Zaremba, D. Vandeplassche
  IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve
• V. Alexandrov, S. Gursky, G. Karamysheva, N. Kazarinov, S. Kostromin, N. Morozov, V. Romanov, N. Rybakov, A. Samartsev, E. Samsonov, G. Shirkov, V. Shvetsov, E. Syresin, A. Tuzikov
  JINR, Dubna

Car­bon ther­a­py is most ef­fec­tive method to treat the re­sis­tant tu­mors. A com­pact su­per­con­duct­ing isochronous cy­clotron C400 has been de­signed by IBA-JINR col­lab­o­ra­tion. This cy­clotron will be used for ra­dio­ther­a­py with pro­ton, he­li­um and car­bon ions. The ¹²C⁶⁺ and ⁴He²⁺ ions will be ac­cel­er­at­ed to the en­er­gy of 400 MeV/amu and will be ex­tract­ed by elec­tro­stat­ic de­flec­tor, H₂⁺ ions will be ac­cel­er­at­ed to the en­er­gy 265 MeV/amu and pro­tons will be ex­tract­ed by strip­ping. The mag­net yoke has a di­am­e­ter of 6.6 m, the total weight of the mag­net is about 700 t. The de­signed mag­net­ic field cor­re­sponds to 4.5 T in the hills and 2.45 T in the val­leys. Su­per­con­duct­ing coils will be en­closed in a cryo­stat; all other parts will be warm. Three ex­ter­nal ion sources will be mount­ed on the switch­ing mag­net on the in­jec­tion line lo­cat­ed bel­low of the cy­clotron. The main pa­ram­e­ters of the cy­clotron, its de­sign, the cur­rent sta­tus of de­vel­op­ment work on the cy­clotron sys­tems and sim­u­la­tions of beam dy­nam­ic will be pre­sent­ed.

• G. Tabacaru, D.P. May
  Texas A&M University, College Station
• J.E. Ärje
  JYFL, Jyväskylä

Texas A&M Uni­ver­si­ty is cur­rent­ly con­fig­ur­ing a scheme for the pro­duc­tion of ra­dioac­tive-ion beams that in­cor­po­rates a light-ion guide (LIG) cou­pled with an ECRIS con­struct­ed for charge-boost­ing (CB-ECRIS). This scheme is part of an up­grade to the Cy­clotron In­sti­tute and is in­tend­ed to pro­duce ra­dioac­tive beams suit­able for in­jec­tion into the K500 su­per­con­duct­ing cy­clotron. The prin­ci­ple of op­er­a­tion is the fol­low­ing: the pri­ma­ry beam in­ter­acts with a pro­duc­tion tar­get placed in the gas cell. A con­tin­u­ous flow of he­li­um gas main­tains a con­stant pres­sure of 500 mbar max­i­mum in the cell. Re­coils are ther­mal­ized in the he­li­um buffer gas and eject­ed from the cell with­in the gas flow through a small exit hole. The pos­i­tive­ly charged re­coil ions (1⁺ ) are guid­ed into a 2.43 m long rf-on­ly hexapole and will be trans­port­ed in this man­ner on-ax­is into the CB-ECRIS (Charge Breed­ing - ECRIS). The CB-ECRIS will op­er­ate at 14.5 GHz and has been spe­cial­ly con­struct­ed by Sci­en­tif­ic So­lu­tions of San Diego, Cal­i­for­nia for charge­boost­ing. An over­all image of the en­tire pro­ject will be pre­sent­ed with de­tails on dif­fer­ent con­struc­tion phas­es. Spe­cif­ic mea­sure­ments and re­sults will be pre­sent­ed as well as fu­ture de­vel­op­ments.

• J. L. Baelde, C. Berthe, F. Chautard, F. Lemaire, S. Perret-Gatel, E. Petit, E. Pichot, B. Rannou, J. F. Rozé, G. Sénécal
  GANIL, Caen

For the GANIL safe­ty reval­u­a­tion and the new pro­ject of ac­cel­er­a­tor SPI­RAL 2, it was de­cid­ed to re­place the ex­ist­ing ac­cess con­trol sys­tem for ra­di­o­log­i­cal con­trolled areas. These areas are all cy­clotron rooms and ex­per­i­men­tal areas. The ex­ist­ing sys­tem is cen­tral­ized around VME cards. Up­dat­ing is be­com­ing very prob­lem­at­ic. The new UGA (ac­cess con­trol unit) will be com­posed of a pair of PLC to en­sure the safe­ty of each room. It will be sup­ple­ment­ed by a sys­tem UGB (ra­di­o­log­i­cal con­trol unit) that will as­sure the ra­di­o­log­i­cal mon­i­tor­ing of the area con­cerned. This pack­age will for­bid ac­cess to a room where the ra­di­o­log­i­cal con­di­tions are not sure and, con­verse­ly, will for­bid the beam if there is a pos­si­bil­i­ty of pres­ence of a per­son. The study of the sys­tem is fin­ished and the record of safe­ty in prepa­ra­tion. At GANIL, the ions are ac­cel­er­at­ed by cy­clotrons (C01 or C02, CSS1, CSS2, CIME) and are trans­port­ed through beam­lines to­wards the rooms of ex­per­i­ments (D1-D6, G1-G4). A first named ex­ten­sion SPI­RAL was brought into ser­vice in 2000. It makes it pos­si­ble to pro­duce and post-ac­cel­er­ate, via the cy­clotron CIME, the ra­dioac­tive ion beams ob­tained by frag­men­ta­tion of sta­ble ions re­sult­ing from CSS2 in a car­bon tar­get. The pro­ject SPI­RAL2 will ar­rive soon and has the same need in safe­ty. Each room must thus re­main con­fined (with­out human pres­ence) when po­ten­tial­ly dan­ger­ous ion­iz­ing ra­di­a­tions are pre­sent. This pro­tec­tion was iden­ti­fied as an im­por­tant func­tion for safe­ty and is pro­vid­ed by EIS (Im­por­tant Equip­ment for Safe­ty). The EIS of GANIL are re­ferred and de­scribed in the RGE (Gen­er­al Rules of Ex­ploita­tion). It was de­cid­ed to re­place the cur­rent sys­tems of se­cu­ri­ty man­age­ment by four dis­tinct but in­ter­con­nect­ed sys­tems.