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| TUPLT021 | Heavy Ion Beam Transport in Plasma Channels | ion, laser, beamloading, antiproton | 1183 | ||
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The transport of heavy ion beams in high current discharge channels is a promising option for the final beam transport in a heavy ion fusion reactor. The channel provides space-charge neutralization and an azimuthal magnetic field of several tesla, thereby allowing for transporting high current ion beams. The possibility to heat the hohlraum target with only two ion beams simplifies the reactor design significantly. Therefore channel transport is studied as part of the US fusion reactor study as an alternative to neutralized ballistic focusing. We have created 1 m long discharge channels and studied the channel development and stability. In addition, we have carried out proof-of-principle transport experiments using the UNILAC facility at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung. The experiments demonstrate the feasibility of plasma channel transport. Our transport experiments with low current beams are supplemented by simulations for high current beams. These simulations show the possibility of transporting particle currents of up to 60 kA.
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| TUPLT022 | Beam Dynamics Simulations at the S-DALINAC for the Optimal Position of Beam Energy Monitors | ion, beamloading, antiproton, cathode | 1186 | ||
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The S-DALINAC is a 130 MeV superconducting recirculating electron accelerator serving several nuclear and radiation physics experiments as well as driving an infrared free-electron laser. For the experiments an energy stability of 1·10-4 should be reached. Therefore noninvasive beam position monitors will be used to measure the beam energy. For the measurement the different flight time of the electrons to the ideal particle are compared, that means in the simulations the longitudinal dispersion of the beam transport system is used for the energy detection. The results of the simulations show that it is possible to detect an energy difference of 1·10-4 with this method. The results are also proven by measurements.
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| TUPLT023 | A New Ion Beam Beam Facility for Slow Highly Charged Ions | ion, electron, beamloading, antiproton | 1189 | ||
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A new ion beam facility for slow highly charged ions is presented. It will provide slow highly charged ions from an Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion source as well as very highly charged ions at lower ion currents from an Electron Beam Ion Trap (EBIT). As ECR ion source a SUPERNANOGAN source* is applied. The Dresden EBIT**, a room-temperature EBIT, is used to produce comparatively low currents of very highly charged ions. This very compact and long-term stable device is producing highly charged ions at ultimate low costs. The Dresden EBIT working with electron energies up to 15 keV at electron currents up to 50 mA is able to produce bare nuclei up to nickel as Fe26+ or Ni28+, helium-like ions for medium Z such as Ge30+ or Kr34+ and neon-like ions for elements of the high-Z region such as Xe44+ or Ir67+. The ion currents extracted from the Dresden EBIT are typically in the range of some nA per pulse. With the new ion beam facility outstanding possibilities for a wide range of investigations are opened up in areas such as surface analysis, materials science and nanotechnology as well as for basic research in different fields as for instance in atomic and solid state physics.
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*The Pantechnik Catalogue, August 2001 Edition, Caen 2001, France **V.P.Ovsyannikov, G.Zschornack; Review of Scientific Instruments, 70 (1999) 2646 |
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| TUPLT024 | A Comparison of High Current Ion Beam Matching from an Ion Source to a RFQ by Electrostatic and by Magnetic Lenses | ion, electron, beamloading, antiproton | 1192 | ||
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In order to improve the ?direct? injection scheme of the Riken Nd-YAK-laser driven ion source into a RFQ rf-accelerator, several basic methods have been investigated and compared, in order to transform the initially divergent ion beam into a convergent one, needed for matching the high current (100 mA C6+) ion beam at an energy of 100 keV to a RFQ. From the point of power supplies and break down characteristics, the simplest solution is a decelerating electrostatic lens, with the decelerating electrode operated on ion source potential. Due to the strong divergence of the ions beam after acceleration, this lens will be filled to an aperture, which causes strong aberrations. Therefore, we also investigated to use an accelerating potential on the lens electrode. This reduces significantly the filling of the lens and the emittance growth is only a factor of 3, as compared to the decelerating lens with a factor of 30! Finally we have been looking also into a magnetic matching system, which can match the ion beam to the RFQ with virtually no emittance growth.
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| TUPLT025 | Matching of a C6+ Ion Beam from a Laser Ion Source to a RFQ | electron, ion, beamloading, antiproton | 1195 | ||
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A laser ion source, driven by a Nd-YAG laser can provide more than 100 mA of C6+ ions for a duration of about 1 μs, which is well matching the task of single-turn injection into synchrotrons for hadron tumor therapy with light ions. The ?direct? injection scheme has been improved by providing a design, which reduces the surface field strength to less than 30 kV/cm on all critical parts on relative negative potential. The new design keeps the advantage of divergent ion emission and acceleration, which seems to be the only way to keep the surface fields in limits, but includes a decelerating electrostatic lens on birth potential of the ions to refocus the emerging ion beam to the RFQ entrance. The whole design is very compact and allows for electrostatic steering between the ion source and the RFQ.
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| TUPLT026 | High Current Ion Beams at Frankfurt University | electron, beamloading, antiproton, cathode | 1198 | ||
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A new building for the physics faculty at the Goethe-University in Frankfurt is under construction including an experimental hall. The Institute of Applied Physics IAP has started development of a high current ion beam facility consisting of a high voltage terminal(150 kV,I_beam < 300 mA,H-,p,Bi+), a 10 MV linear rf accelerator and a high current storage ring for 150 keV beams. The 150 kV terminal equipment is already ordered while the subsequent units are in the design stage. The storage ring will use a stellarator-like magnetic configuration to allow for a high degree of space charge compensation by electrons. The facility will allow high current beam investigations as well as experiments in fields of plasma, nuclear and atomic physics.
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| TUPLT027 | Status of the HITRAP Decelerator Linac at GSI | electron, linac, beamloading, antiproton | 1201 | ||
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Within the European Network HITRAP (heavy Ion trap) trapped and cooled higly charged ions up to U92+ will become avilable for a variety of attractive experiments in atomic physics. Heavy ions are produced, accelerated and stripped in the GSI accelerator complex and are stored in the ESR down to 4 MeV/u. To be captured in HITRAP, ions have to be decelerated to energies below 6 keV/u. The decelerator proposed to achieve these energies is a combination of an IH Drift tube cavity operating in the H11(0) mode and a RFQ. The operating frequency is 108.408MHz . The A/q range of the linac is up to 3. A very efficient deceleration by up to 11 MV along the 2.7 m long IH cavity with a rf power of 200kw is achieved by applying the KONUS beam dynamics. The deceleration from 500 A.keV down 6A.keV is provided by a 1.8 m long 4-rod RFQ.The beam dynamics as well as the cavity design of that linac will be described.The decelerator linac will be installed in the reinjection beam line and is being developed in collaboration between GSI and the Frankfurt University .
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| TUPLT033 | RF Design of the MAFF IH-RFQ Power Resonator | electron, focusing, beamloading, antiproton | 1216 | ||
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The low energy part of the LINAC of the MAFF facility will be an IH-RFQ cavity with 101.28 MHz resonance frequency. The RF design of the cavity has been completed, including design calculations and model measurements. The RFQ is designed to deliver ions of A/q = 6.5 up to 300 keV/u to be injected into the following LINAC. The structure chosen was an IH type of resonator since it was demontrated to have a better shunt impedance. The required voltage between the electrodes is 70kV and the operation mode is pulsed with a duty cycle of 10%. The structure will be made out from bulk copper in order to improve the shunt impedance and hence to allow not direct cooling on the electrodes. The optimizazion of the several parameters of the structure, and the technique for tuning the voltage distribution are presented in this paper. Measurements with a short model will be shown as well.
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| TUPLT034 | Beam Dynamics Studies for the Low Energy Section at MAFF | electron, focusing, beamloading, antiproton | 1219 | ||
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For the LINAC of the Munich accelerator for fission fragments (MAFF) a new scheme for the low energy section has been proposed in order to fulfill new experimental requirements, such as time spacing between bunches and low longitudinal emittance. The proposed solution consists in a combination of an external multi-harmonic buncher with a "traditional" RFQ with a shaper and an adiabatic bunching section included where the employment of the external buncher is upon request from the experiment. The matching section downstream the RFQ has been re-designed in order to allow room for the installation of a beam cleaning section and to a proper injection into the following DTL. Details about the optics and beam dynamics studies of the low energy section are presented in this paper.
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| TUPLT035 | Online Calculation of the Beam Trajectory in the HERA Interaction Regions | electron, focusing, beamloading, antiproton | 1222 | ||
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During the HERA luminosity upgrade the new super conducting mini beta quadrupoles have been placed inside the experiments for final focussing and separation of the lepton and proton beams. The synchrotron radiation of up to 12 kW produced in these magnets passes through the detector and is absorbed behind the experiments. In order to avoid background events from synchrotron radiation it is a mandatory to adjust precisely the beam trajectory before and inside the detector. A procedure has been developed to calculate the trajectory in the interaction regions. With a beam-based alignment the offsets of the beam with respect to the quadrupoles is measured. From this measurement the offsets of the quadrupoles and of the beam position monitors are fitted. With the knowledge of these offsets the trajectory of the beam is calculated with high precision. The display of the trajectory is online available as an operational tool for beam steering and background optimization.
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| TUPLT040 | CSR - a Cryogenic Storage Ring at MPI-K | ion, beamloading, antiproton, damping | 1237 | ||
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A small cryogenic storage ring is planned to be developed at MPI-K, Heidelberg. The energy in the machine will be variable from 300 keV > down to 20 keV. Electron cooling will be applied to produce a high quality ion beam. The ring shall accommodate slow, vibrationally and rotationally cooled molecular ions and highly charged ions from the EBIT ion source. Moreover, it will serve as a test facility for the low-energy antiproton ring planned within the FLAIR collaboration to be installed at the future GSI facility. A number of technological challenges have to be handled: Especially highly charged ions require a vacuum in the order below 10-13 mbar to achieve reasonable lifetimes. Therefore - and for enabling experiments with rotationally cold molecules - the complete machine will be cooled down to below 10 K. Moreover, experiments with reaction microscopes to determine the full kinematics of ion- (antiproton-) atom or molecule collisions require a bunched operation with a bunch length below 2 ns. The optical elements of the machine and the lattice functions are given and first ideas about the vacuum chamber design are described in this paper.
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| TUPLT041 | Ultra-low Energy Antiprotons at FLAIR | ion, beamloading, antiproton, damping | 1240 | ||
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The Future Accelerator Facility for Beams of Ions and Antiprotons at Darmstadt will produce the highest flux of antiprotons in the world. So far it is foreseen to accelerate the antiprotons to high energies (3-15 GeV) for meson spectroscopy and other nuclear and particle physics experiments in the HESR (High Energy Storage Ring). Within the planned complex of storage rings, it is possible to decelerate the antiprotons to about 30 MeV kinetic energy, opening up the possibility to create low energy antiprotons. In the proposed FLAIR facility the antiprotons shall be slowed down in a last step from 300 keV to 20 keV in an electrostatic storage ring (USR) for various in-ring experiments as well as for their efficient injection into traps. In this energy range - especially if one thinks about realizing a real multi-purpose facility with not only antiprotons, but also various highly-charged radioactive ions to be stored and investigated - electrostatic storage rings have clear advantages compared to their magnetic counterparts. In case one envisions to even approach the eV range, electrostatic machines are the only possible choice. This contribution presents the layout and design parameters of the USR.
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| TUPLT042 | Ring of FIRE | ion, beamloading, antiproton, damping | 1243 | ||
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A small electrostatic storage ring is the central machine of the Frankfurt Ion stoRage Experiments which will be build up at the new Stern-Gerlach-Center of Frankfurt university. With ion energies up to 50 keV it will allow new methods to analyze complex many-particle systems from atoms to very large bio molecules. The high luminosity of the beam allows measurements with many orders of magnitude better resolution compared to traditional measurements. It will be combined with existing experiments, like the reaction microscope COLTRIMS and the ECR ion source. In comparison to earlier designs, the ring lattice was modified in many details: Problems in earlier designs were related with e.g. the detection of light particles and highly charged ions with different charge states. Therefore, the deflectors were redesigned completely, allowing a more flexible positioning of the diagnostics. In this contribution the final design of the storage ring is presented and the layout of all elements given. First results from vacuum measurements in the recently assembled quarter ring section are summarized.
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| TUPLT043 | Status of the Cooler Synchrotron COSY-Juelich | ion, beamloading, antiproton, damping | 1246 | ||
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The cooler synchrotron COSY accelerates and stores unpolarized and polarized protons and deuterons in the momentum range between 300 MeV/c to 3.65 GeV/c. To provide high quality beams, an Electron Cooler at injection and a Stochastic Cooling System from 1.5 GeV/c up to maximum momentum are available. Vertically polarized proton beams with a polarization of more than 0.80 are delivered to internal and external experimental areas at different momenta. Externally, the maximum momentum is up to date restricted to approximately 3.4 GeV/c by the extraction elements installed in COSY. In 2003 deuteron beams with different combinations of vector and tensor polarization were made available for internal and external experiments. An rf dipole was installed, which is used to induce artificial depolarizing resonances. It can be used for an accurate determination of the momentum of the stored beams. The status of the cooler synchrotron COSY is presented and future plans are discussed.
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| TUPLT045 | Separatrix Formalism Applied to Linacs Accelerating Particles with Different Charge to Mass Ratio | ion, beamloading, antiproton, damping | 1252 | ||
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We have developed separatrix formalism for superconducting linear accelerators. This method allows optimizing the quasi-synchronous velocity behavior along a linac. It gives a great advantage in acceleration of particles with different charge to mass ratio. In the article design optimization of structure supposed to accelerate different particles is presented. As an example for numerical simulation superconducting injector COSY is taken.
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| TUPLT046 | Luminosity Considerations for Internal and External Experiments at COSY | ion, beamloading, antiproton, damping | 1255 | ||
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The future physics program at the Cooler-Synchrotron COSY in Jülich requires intense beams to provide high luminosities up to 1032cm-2s-1 for internal and external experiments. In 2003 the number of unpolarized protons could significantly be increased up to the theoretical space charge limit of COSY. This was achieved by careful study and adjustment of all subsystems in the accelerator chain of COSY. The intensities for polarized proton beams are at best an order of magnitude lower compared to one for unpolarized beams, depending on the beam current provided the injector cyclotron. Still there is some potential for further enhancement of polarized beam intensities. In this paper, luminosity considerations for polarized and unpolarized beams at COSY are presented taking into account different machine cycles and operation modes for internal and external experimental set-ups.
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| TUPLT047 | First Results of Pulsed Superconducting Half-wave Resonators | ion, beamloading, antiproton, damping | 1258 | ||
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A pulsed linac for the cooler synchrotron COSY was projected based on superconductive half-wave resonators (HWRs). The concept of single phased resonators is a great challenge related to the requirement of accelerating protons and deuterons up to a similar energy. A cryomodule, which houses four cavities was designed in Cooperation with FZJ-ZAT, taking into account the restricted space and the special requirements of a linear accelerator. Two prototypes of the 160MHz Half-Wave Resonators (HWRs) were built at different companies. The fabrication differs slightly concerning the top and bottom parts of the cavity as well as the welding of the inner and outer conductor. First results of warm and cold measurements will be presented. The behaviour of the adjustable 4kW main coupler as well as the mechanical tuner can be tested together with the HWR in a new vertical test-cryostat.
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| TUPLT049 | Triple-spoke Cavities in FZJ | ion, beamloading, antiproton, damping | 1261 | ||
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We report the situation with superconducting triple-spoke cavity activities at the research center FZJ in Juelich. The Nb prototype of the 700 MHz, beta=0.2 cavity is already in fabrication and should be tested this year. This work has been initiated for the European Spallation Source project. In the frames of the new European project of High Intensity Pulsed Proton Injector the 352 MHz, beta=0.48 cavity is under developments. This cavity should be designed, built and tested in the Lab within next few years.
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| TUPLT051 | Beam Optical Design of a Multi Charge Ion Recirculator for Charge Breeders | emittance, beamloading, antiproton, damping | 1267 | ||
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Ions of high charge states as required for both stable and radioactive beams in order to optimally profit from the existing accelerating voltage can be produced by means of a charge breeder. However, the energy increase obtained is accompanied by an intensity decrease due to the low efficiency of the charge breeding process. With respect to the production of radioactive beams an enhancement of the breeding efficiency would be most desirable to avoid a high power primary beam as yet inevitable to counteract the loss in intensity. For this purpose the beam optics of an ion recirculation capable to separate the desired charge state and to reinject the remaining charge spectrum has been designed. The ions extracted from both sides of the charge breeder are focused by electrostatic quadrupole doublets and bent by two 180° dipole magnets. After one revolution the optics realises horizontally a (1:1) and vertically a (1:-1) point-to-point image independent from the charge state of the ions. The second order geometric aberrations as well as most of the chromatic aberrations vanish.
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| TUPLT054 | Design of the Low-beta, Quarter-wave Resonator and its Cryomodule for the SPIRAL 2 Project | emittance, beamloading, antiproton, damping | 1276 | ||
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The SPIRAL 2 project, to be built in GANIL, consists of a 40 MeV linear accelerator for 5 mA of deuterons and a target-source complex for the production of exotic isotopes. The accelerator is also optimised to accelerate q/A = 1/3 ion up to 14.4 MeV/u. The three stages of the linac are a RFQ (up to 0.75 MeV/A), a low beta (0.007) and a high beta (0.12) sections consisting of quarter-wave, 88 MHz superconducting resonators. This paper focuses on the low beta cavity and its cryomodule. The cavity nominal accelerating gradient is at least 6.5 MV/m in operation conditions. RF properties of the cavities are dealt with, as well as the mechanical ones: helium pressure effects, tunability, vibrations. The cryomodule is designed so as to save longitudinal space and therefore is partly assembled in clean room.
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| TUPLT056 | ECRIS Development for the SPIRAL II Project | beamloading, antiproton, damping, cathode | 1279 | ||
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The SSI/LPSC laboratory is involved in the development of high intensity sources for the driver accelerator and on the improvements of a charge breeding system for its operation inside an highly radioactive environment. We will present the results obtained for the qualification of a 5 mAe/40 KV beam of Deuteron ions dedicated to the feeding of the driver. Concerning the heavy ions, the source PHOENIX 18/28 GHz has been chosen as injector of the driver. The optimization of the source is done in order to produce reliable beams of 1mAe / O6+ and 0.3 mAe of Ar12+ at 60 KV. Theses developments are presently done with the room temperature version of PHOENIX (including a new version of the hexapole of the source). In parallel, an upgrade version of PHOENIX, using HTS coils, is under construction and is dedicated to production of very high intensity of the Argon ions (up to 1 mAe of Ar12+). A charge breeding system is also under qualification. The PHOENIX Booster source confirms that efficiency for mass around hundred can reach up to 6%. Now the efforts consist in precisely defining the 1+ beam matching for charge breeding tuning of the source (emittance measurements).
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| TUPLT057 | Beam Dynamics Studies for the Fault Tolerance Assessment of the PDS-XADS Linac Design | beamloading, antiproton, damping, cathode | 1282 | ||
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In order to meet the high availability/reliability required by the PDS-XADS design the accelerator needs to implement, to the maximum possible extent, a fault tolerance strategy that would allow beam operation in the presence of most of the envisaged faults that could occur in its beamline components. In this work we report the results of beam dynamics simulations performed to characterize the effects of the faults of the main linac components (cavities, deflecting and focusing magnets, …) on the beam parameters. The outcome of this activity is the definition of the possible corrective and preventive actions that could be conceived (and implemented in the system) in order to guarantee the fault tolerance characteristics of the accelerator.
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| TUPLT058 | High Intensity Linac Driver for the SPIRAL-2 Project : Design of Superconducting 88 MHz Quarter Wave Resonators (beta 0.12), Power Couplers and Cryomodules | beamloading, antiproton, damping, cathode | 1285 | ||
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A Superconducting Linac Driver, delivering deuterons with energy up to 40 MeV (5 mA) and heavy ions with energy of 14.5 MeV/u (1 mA ), is proposed for the Spiral-2 radioactive beams facility. For the high energy section of the linac, a superconducting 88 MHz Quarter Wave Resonator (beta 0.12) has been designed and the optimisation of RF and mechanical performances will be presented. Based on the present state-of-art of the Superconducting RF technology, maximum electric surface field of 40 MV/m and magnetic surface field of 80 mT, have been adopted which should allow to reach an accelerating field of 7 MV/m (energy gain 3 MeV per resonator). A first complete prototype is under construction. The high intensity deuteron beam specifications have imposed the design of an original power coupler (maximum power 20 KW). The RF, mechanical, and thermal characteristics will be presented. The design of the cryomodule for this high energy section, integrating two QWR with its associated equipments (couplers, tuners, helium tanks), will be presented.
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| TUPLT059 | Evolution of Optical Asymmetries in the Elettra Storage Ring | beamloading, antiproton, damping, cathode | 1288 | ||
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Optical asymmetries have been measured and analyzed, before and after the magnet realignments. One way is to compare theoretical to measured orbit response matrices. Another way is to analyze the measured response matrix itself, by comparing the measured effects at identical optical positions. To evaluate the effects of the sextupoles on the optical asymmetries, the measurements have been performed with the sextupoles ON and OFF. The impact of a partial realignment is also analyzed both by varying the quadrupole excitations as well as by performing dispersion and coupling measurements. The results are presented in this paper.
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| TUPLT062 | Design of the Proton Beam Line for the Trade Experiment | ion, beamloading, antiproton, damping | 1297 | ||
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The TRADE (Triga Accelerator Driven Experiment)experiment, to be performed in the TRIGA reactor of the ENEA-Casaccia centre consists in the coupling of a 140-300 MeV, 0.5 mA proton beam produced by a cyclotron to a target hosted in the central thimble of the reactor scrammed to sub-criticality. A 30 m long beamline has been designed to transfer the beam injecting it from the top of the pool with special care of having low losses in TRIGA building where a limited shielding of the line is possible. A particular attention was paid to reduce the number and size of elements in the last part of the beamline that are immersed in the pool's water. The paper presents a description of the beam line, the design criteria and the results of beam dynamics calculations.
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| TUPLT161 | Normal Form Analysis of Linear Beam Dynamics in a Coupled Storage Ring | focusing, bunching, injection, emittance | 1503 | ||
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The techniques of normal form analysis, well known in the literature, can be used to provide a straightforward characterization of linear betatron dynamics in a coupled lattice. Here, we consider both the beam distribution and the betatron oscillations in a storage ring. We find that the beta functions for uncoupled motion generalize in a simple way to the coupled case. Defined in the way that we propose, the beta functions remain well behaved (positive and finite) under all circumstances, and have essentially the same physical significance for the beam size and betatron oscillations as in the uncoupled case. Application of this analysis to the online modeling of the PEP-II rings is also discussed.
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| TUPLT162 | Computation of the Longitudinal Space Charge Effect in Photoinjectors | focusing, bunching, injection, beamloading | 1506 | ||
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The LCLS Photoinjector produces a 100A, 10 ps long electron bunch which is later compressed down to 100 fs to produce the peak current required for producing SASE radiation. SASE saturation will be reached in the LCLS only if the emittance and uncorrelated energy spread remain respectively below 1.2 mm.mrad and 5. 10-4. This high beam quality will not be met if the Longitudinal Space Charge (LSC) instability develops in the injector and gets amplified in the compressors. The Longitudinal Space Charge instability originates in the injector beamline, from an initial modulation of the current density. Numerical computations, performed with Multiparticle Space Charge tracking codes, showing the evolution of the longitudinal phase space along the LCLS Photoinjector beamline, are presented. Those results are compared with an analytical model for various regimes of energy and acceleration. This study justifies the necessity to insert a "laser heater" in the LCLS Photoinjector beamline to warm up the beam and thus prevent the amplification of the LSC instability in the compressors. Numerical calculations of the 'laser heater' performances are presented.
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| TUPLT163 | Achieving Beam Quality Requirements for Parity Experiments at Jefferson Lab | focusing, electron, bunching, injection | 1509 | ||
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Measurement of asymmetry between alternating opposite electron polarization in electron-nucleon scattering experiments can answer important questions about nucleon structures. Such experiments impose stringent condition on the electron beam quality, and thus the accelerator used for beam creation and delivery. Of particular concern to such ?parity? experiments is the level of correlation between beam characteristics (orbit, intensity) and electron polarization that can obscure the real asymmetry. This can be introduced at the beam forming stage, created due to scraping, or not damped to desired level due to defective transport. Suppression of such correlation thus demands tight control of the beam line from cathode to target, and requires multi-disciplined approach with collaboration among nuclear physicists and accelerator physicists/engineers. The approach adopted at Jefferson Lab includes reduction of correlation source, improving low energy beam handling, and monitoring and correcting global transport. This paper will discuss methods adopted to meet the performance criteria imposed by parity experiments, and ongoing research aimed at going beyond current performance.
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| TUPLT164 | CEBAF Injector Achieved World's Best Beam Quality for Three Simultaneous Beams with a Wide Range of Bunch Charges | focusing, bunching, injection, beamloading | 1512 | ||
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The CEBAF accelerator simultaneously provides three 499 MHz interleaved continuous electron beams spanning 5 decades in beam intensity (a few nA to 200 uA) to three experimental halls. The typical three-user physics program became more challenging when a new experiment, G0, was approved for more than six times higher bunch charge than is routine. The G0 experiment requires up to 8 million electrons per bunch (at a reduced repetition rate of 31 MHz) while the lowest current hall operates at 100 electrons per bunch simultaneously. This means a bunch destined to one hall may experience significant space charge forces while the next bunch, for another hall, is well below the space charge limit. This disparity in beam intensity is to be attained while maintaining best ever values in the beam quality, including final relative energy spread (<2.5x 10-5 rms) and transverse emittance (<1 mm-mrad norm. rms). The difficulties related to space charge emerge in the 10m long, 100 keV section of the CEBAF injector during initial beam production and acceleration. A series of changes were introduced in the CEBAF injector to meet the new requirements, including changes in the injector setup, adding new magnets, replacing lasers used for the photocathode and modifying typical laser parameters, stabilizing RF systems, and changes to standard operating procedures. In this paper, we will discuss all these modifications in some detail including the excellent agreement between the experimental results and detailed simulations. We will also present some of our operational results.
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| TUPLT165 | A PARMELA Model of the CEBAF Injector valid over a Wide Range of Parameters | focusing, bunching, injection, beamloading | 1515 | ||
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A pre-existing PARMELA model of the CEBAF injector has been recently verified using machine survey data and also extended to 60 MeV region. The initial distribution and temperature of an electron bunch are determined by the photocathode laser spot size and emittance measurements. The improved injector model has been used for extensive computer simulations of the simultaneous delivery of the Hall A beam required for a hypernuclear experiment, and the Hall C beam, required for a parity experiment. The Hall C beam requires a factor of 6 higher bunch charge than the Hall A beam, with significantly increased space charge effects, while the Hall A beam has an exceedingly stringent energy spread requirement of 2.5x 10-5 rms. Measurements of the beam properties of both beams at several energies (100 keV, 500 keV, 5 MeV, 60 MeV) and several values of the bunch charge were performed using the standard quad-wire scanner technique. Comparisons of simulated particle transmission rate, longitudinal beam size, transverse emittance and twiss parameters, and energy spread against experimental data yield reasonably good agreement. The model is being used for searching for optimal setting of the CEBAF injector.
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| TUPLT166 | Beam Invariants for Diagnostics | focusing, bunching, injection, beamloading | 1518 | ||
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This paper deals with some measurable quantities of beams preserved under symplectic transformations. General beam distributions have no determined area, and rms quantities of the beam do not provide invariants in general nonlinear case. It is shown, though, that in the 1D case there exist some integral and local invariants, directly linked to Liouville's theorem. Beam invariants, related to general properties of symplectic transformations, are also found and presented for 2D and 3D cases. If measured at different locations, they can tell whether the transformation is symplectic or there exist diffusion, friction, or other non-Hamiltonian dynamic processes in the beam.
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| TUPLT167 | Installation of the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) Warm Linac | focusing, linac, bunching, injection | 1521 | ||
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The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is an accelerator-based neutron source being built at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The SNS project design and construction is a partnership involving six DOE national laboratories including Argonne, Brookhaven, Jefferson, Lawrence Berkeley, Oak Ridge, and Los Alamos. When completed in 2006, the SNS will provide the most intense, pulsed neutron beams in the world for scientific research and industrial development. At the present time we are installing and commissioning the warm linac system, designed by Los Alamos, and have to date had good success. The warm linac is comprised of six Drift Tube Linac (DTL) tanks and four Coupled Cavity Linac (CCL) modules. These accept an incoming negative hydrogen ion beam from the Front End injector at 2.5 MeV, and accelerate to a final energy of 185 MeV. At this time we have installed and commissioned DTL tanks 1-3 and installed CCL module 1 . Experience and information gained during installation will be presented. The performance in terms of alignment, vacuum and field tuning will be described.
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| TUPLT168 | SNS Beam Commisioning Status | focusing, linac, bunching, injection | 1524 | ||
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The Spallation Neutron Source accelerator systems will provide a 1 GeV, 1.44 MW proton beam to a liquid mercury target for neutron production. The accelerator complex consists of an H- injector capable of producing 38 mA peak current, a 1 GeV linear accelerator, an accumulator ring and associated transport lines. The linear accelerator consists of a Drift Tube Linac, a Coupled-Cavity Linac and a Superconducting Linac which provide 1.5 mA average current to the accumulator ring. The staged beam commissioning of the accelerator complex is proceeding as component installation progresses. In three separate beam commissioning runs, the H- injector and Drift Tube Linac tanks 1-3 have been commissioned at ORNL. Several important performance goals have been achieved, namely 38 mA peak beam current, 1 msec beam pulse length and 1 mA average beam current. Results and status of the beam commissioning program will be presented.
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| TUPLT170 | The SNS Beam Power Upgrade | focusing, bunching, beamloading, antiproton | 1527 | ||
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The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) accelerator systems, which consist of an H- injector, a 1 GeV linear accelerator, an accumulator ring and associated transport lines, will provide a 1 GeV, 1.44 MW proton beam to a liquid mercury target for neutron production. The SNS is presently under construction at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and will begin operations in 2006. Even in the baseline design, many of the accelerator subsystems are capable of supporting higher beam intensities and higher beam energy. We report on upgrade scenarios for the SNS accelerator systems which increase the 1.44 MW baseline beam power to at least 3 MW, and perhaps as high as 5 MW. The increased SNS beam power can be achieved primarily by increasing the H- ion source current, installing additional superconducting cryomodules to increase the final linac beam energy to 1.3-1.4 GeV, and modifying injection and extraction hardware in the ring to handle the increased beam energy. The upgrade beam parameters will be presented, the required hardware modifications will be described, and the beam dynamics implications will be discussed.
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| TUPLT171 | ORBIT Simulations of the SNS Accumulator Ring | focusing, bunching, beamloading, antiproton | 1530 | ||
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As SNS undergoes construction, many detailed questions arise concerning strategies for commissioning and operating the accumulator ring. The ORBIT Code is proving to be an indispensible tool for addressing these questions and for providing guidance to the physicists and decision makers as operation draws near. This paper shows the application of ORBIT to a number of ring issues including exclusion of the HEBT RF cavities during commissioning, the detailed effect of the injection chicane magnets on the beam, the effects and correction of magnet alignment and multipole errors, debunching of the linac 402.5 MHz beam structure, the injection of self consistent uniform beam configurations, and initial electron cloud simulations.
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| TUPLT172 | Measurement of Halo Mitigation Schemes for the Spallation Neutron Source Linac | focusing, bunching, emittance, beamloading | 1533 | ||
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A series of emittance measurements were performed at the end of Drift Tube Linac tank 1 of the Spallation Neutron Source to verify experimentally the previously proposed halo generation mechanism and its mitigation schemes [1]. The emittance measurements clearly showed a visible reduction in the halo as well as a significant reduction in the rms emittance when the proposed round beam optics is employed. This confirms experimentally the halo generation mechanism we identified.
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| TUPLT173 | Experimental Test of Transverse Matching Routine for the SNS Linac | focusing, bunching, emittance, beamloading | 1536 | ||
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Transverse matching for a high intensity linac was proposed based on minimizing rms emittances. A MATLAB routine was developed and applied during the SNS linac commissioning. The result was also compared with the simulations.
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| TUPLT175 | Operation of the SNS Ion Source at High Duty-Factor | focusing, bunching, ion, beamloading | 1538 | ||
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The ion source for the Spallation Neutron Source* (SNS) is a radio frequency, multi-cusp, source designed to deliver ~ 45 mA of H- with a normalized rms emittance of less than 0.2 pi mm mrad to the SNS accelerator. Once the SNS is fully operational a beam current duty factor of 6% (1 ms pulse length, repetition rate of 60 Hz) will be required from the ion source. To date, the source has been utilized in the early commissioning of the SNS accelerator and has already demonstrated stable, satisfactory operation at beam currents of ~30 mA with duty factors of ~0.1% for operational periods of several weeks. This work summarizes the results of a series of lifetime tests performed at a dedicated ion source test facility where the source was pushed closer to the operational goal of 6% duty factor.
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| TUPLT177 | RHIC Optics Measurements at Different Working Point | focusing, bunching, ion, beamloading | 1541 | ||
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Working point scans at RHIC were performed during 2004 to determine the effect on lifetime and luminosity. Linear optics were measured for different working point tunes by exciting coherent oscillations with the aid of RHIC AC dipoles. Two methods to measure the beta functions and phases are presented and compared: a conventional technique, and a new method based on singular value decomposition (SVD). The performance of a 3-bump beta wave algorithm to identify quadrupole error sources is also presented.
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| TUPLT179 | Mini-bunched and Micro-bunched Slow Extracted Beams from the AGS | focusing, bunching, ion, beamloading | 1544 | ||
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BNL's AGS has a long history of providing slow extracted proton beams to fixed target experiments. This program of providing high quality high intensity beams continues with two new experiments currently being designed for operation at the AGS; both of these new experiments require slow extracted beam, but with an added requirement of those beams experiments require slow extracted beam, but with an added requirement of those beams experiments and initial tests have been performed. In this report we will describe the beam requirements for the two experiments, and present results of detailed simulations and initial beam tests.
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| TUPLT180 | Results of the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory Beam Studies Program at BNL | focusing, bunching, radiation, ion | 1547 | ||
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The NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) was constructed in collaboration with NASA for the purpose of performing radiation effect studies for the NASA space program. The NSRL makes use of heavy ions in the range of 0.05 to 3 GeV/n slow extracted from BNL's AGS Booster. The purpose of the NSRL beam studies program is to develop a clear understanding of the beams delivered to the facility, to fully characterize those beams, and to develop new capabilities in the interest of understanding the radiation environment in space. In this report we will describe the first results from this program.
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| TUPLT181 | Results of the First Run of the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory at BNL | focusing, bunching, beamloading, antiproton | 1550 | ||
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The NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) was constructed in collaboration with NASA for the purpose of performing radiation effect studies for the NASA space program. The results of commissioning of this new facility were reported in [*]. In this report we will describe the results of the first run. The NSRL makes use of heavy ions in the range of 0.05 to 3 GeV/n slow extracted from BNL's AGS Booster. Many modes of operation were explored during the first run, demonstrating all the capabilities designed into the system. Heavy ion intensities from 100 particles per pulse up to 2×109 particles per pulse were delivered to a large variety of experiments, providing a dose range up to 70 G/min over a 5x5 cm2 area. Results presented will include those related to the production of beams that are highly uniform in both the transverse and longitudinal planes of motion [**].
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* K.A.Brown, et al, ‘‘Commissioning Results of Slow Extraction of Heavy Ions from the AGS Booster‘‘, Proceedings of the 2003 Particle Accelerator Conference, Portland, OR, 2003** N.Tsoupas, et al, ‘‘Commissioning of the Beam Transfer Line of the Booster Application Facility (BAF) at BNL'', These Proceedings |
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| TUPLT182 | Measuring Local Gradient and Skew Quadrupole Errors in RHIC IRs | focusing, bunching, beamloading, antiproton | 1553 | ||
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The measurement of local linear errors at RHIC interaction regions using an "action and phase" analysis of difference orbits has already been presented [*]. This paper evaluates the accuracy of this technique using difference orbits that were taken when known gradient errors and skew quadrupole errors were intentionally introduced. It also presents action and phase analysis of simulated orbits when controlled errors are intentionally placed in a RHIC simulation model.
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* J. Cardona, S. Peggs, T. Satogata, F. Pilat and V. Ptitsyn,"Determination of Linear and Non Linear Components in RHIC Interaction Regions from difference Orbit Measurements", EPAC 2002, Paris, 2002, p.311-313. |
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