IPAC2016 - Classification: 01 Circular and Linear Colliders / T19 Collimation

Paper	Title	Page
WEPMW007	Validation of Off-momentum Cleaning Performance of the LHC Collimation System	2427
	B. Salvachua, P. Baudrenghien, R. Bruce, H. Garcia, P.D. Hermes, S. Jackson, M. Jaussi, A. Mereghetti, D. Mirarchi, S. Redaelli, H. Timko, G. Valentino, A. Valloni CERN, Geneva, Switzerland R. Kwee-Hinzmann Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, United Kingdom
	The LHC collimation system is designed to provide effective cleaning against losses coming from off-momentum particles, either due to un-captured beam or to an unexpected RF frequency change. For this reason the LHC is equipped with a hierarchy of collimators in IR3: primary, secondary and absorber collimators. After every collimator alignment or change of machine configuration the off-momentum cleaning efficiency is validated with loss maps at low intensity. We describe here the improved technique used in 2015 to generate such loss maps without completely dumping the beam into the collimators. The achieved performance of the collimation system for momentum cleaning is reviewed.
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WEPMW028	First Attempts at using Active Halo Control at the LHC	2486
	J.F. Wagner Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany R. Bruce, H. Garcia Morales, W. Höfle, G. Kotzian, R. Kwee-Hinzmann, A. Langner, A. Mereghetti, E. Quaranta, S. Redaelli, A. Rossi, B. Salvachua, R. Tomás, G. Valentino, D. Valuch, J.F. Wagner CERN, Geneva, Switzerland G. Stancari Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	Funding: Research supported by the High Luminosity LHC project. The beam halo population is a non-negligible factor for the performance of the LHC collimation system and the machine protection. In particular this could become crucial for aiming at stored beam energies of 700 MJ in the High Luminosity (HL-LHC) project, in order to avoid beam dumps caused by orbit jitter and to ensure safety during a crab cavity failure. Therefore several techniques to safely deplete the halo, i.e. active halo control, are under development. In a first attempt a novel way for safe halo depletion was tested with particle narrow-band excitation employing the LHC Transverse Damper (ADT). At an energy of 450 GeV a bunch selective beam tail scraping without affecting the core distribution was attempted. This paper presents the first measurement results, as well as a simple simulation to model the underlying dynamics.
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WEPMW029	Simulation of Heavy-Ion Beam Losses with the SixTrack-FLUKA Active Coupling	2490
SUPSS008	use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code
	P.D. Hermes, R. Bruce, F. Cerutti, A. Ferrari, J.M. Jowett, A. Lechner, A. Mereghetti, D. Mirarchi, P.G. Ortega, S. Redaelli, B. Salvachua, E. Skordis, G. Valentino, V. Vlachoudis CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Funding: Work suppported by the Wolfgang Gentner Programme of the German BMBF The LHC heavy-ion program aims to further increase the stored ion beam energy, putting high demands on the LHC collimation system. Accurate simulations of the ion collimation efficiency are crucial to validate the feasibility of new proposed configurations and beam parameters. In this paper we present a generalized framework of the SixTrack-FLUKA coupling to simulate the fragmentation of heavy-ions in the collimators and their motion in the LHC lattice. We compare heavy-ion loss maps simulated on the basis of this framework with the loss distributions measured during heavy-ion operation in 2011 and 2015.
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WEPMW030	Cleaning Performance of the Collimation System of the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider	2494
	D. Mirarchi, A. Bertarelli, R. Bruce, F. Cerutti, P.D. Hermes, A. Lechner, A. Mereghetti, E. Quaranta, S. Redaelli CERN, Geneva, Switzerland R.B. Appleby UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom H. Garcia Morales, R. Kwee-Hinzmann Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, United Kingdom
	Different upgrades of the LHC will be carried out in the framework of the High Luminosity project (HL-LHC), where the total stored energy in the machine will increase up to about 700 MJ. This unprecedented stored energy poses serious challenges for the collimation system, which was designed to handle safely up to about 360 MJ. In this paper the baseline collimation layout for HL-LHC is described, with main focus on upgrades related to the cleaning of halo and physics debris, and its expected performance is discussed. The main upgrade items include the presence of new collimators in the dispersion suppressor of the betatron cleaning insertion installed between two 11 T dipoles, and two additional collimators for an improved local protection of triplet magnets. Thus, optimized settings for the entire and upgraded collimation chain were conceived and are shown here together with the resulting cleaning performance. Moreover, the cleaning performance taking into account crab cavities it is also discussed.
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WEPMW031	Towards Optimum Material Choices for the HL-LHC Collimator Upgrade	2498
	E. Quaranta, A. Bertarelli, N. Biancacci, R. Bruce, F. Carra, E. Métral, S. Redaelli, A. Rossi, B. Salvant CERN, Geneva, Switzerland F. Carra Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
	The first years of operation at the LHC showed that collimator material-related concerns might limit the performance. In addition, the HL-LHC upgrade will bring the accelerator beyond the nominal performance through more intense and brighter proton beams. A new generation of collimators based on advanced materials is needed to match present and new requirements. After several years of R&D on collimator materials, studying the behaviour of novel composites with properties that address different limitations of the present collimation system, solutions have been found to fulfil various upgrade challenges. This paper describes the proposed staged approach to deploy new materials in the upgraded HL-LHC collimation system. Beam tests at the CERN HiRadMat facility were also performed to benchmark simulation methods and constitutive material models.
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WEPMW032	Radiation-induced Effects on LHC Collimator Materials under Extreme Beam Conditions	2502
	E. Quaranta, A. Bertarelli, F. Carra, P.D. Hermes, S. Redaelli, A. Rossi CERN, Geneva, Switzerland K. Bunk Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany F. Carra Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy J. Guardia Valenzuela Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain P.D. Hermes Westfaelische Wilhelms-Universität Muenster, Muenster, Germany C.L. Hubert, M. Tomut GSI, Darmstadt, Germany P. Nocera Università di Roma I La Sapienza, Roma, Italy C. Porth TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany N. Simos BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
	Over the last years, several samples of present and novel LHC collimator materials were irradiated under various beam conditions (using protons, fast neutrons, light and heavy ions at different energies and fluences) in different facilities around the world. This was achieved through an international collaboration including many companies and laboratories over the world. The main goal of the beam tests and the post-irradiation campaign is the definition of a threshold for radiation damage above which LHC collimators need to be replaced. In this paper, highlights of the measurements performed will be presented. First conclusions from the available data are also discussed.
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WEPMW033	Validation of Simulation Tools for Fast Beam Failure Studies in the LHC	2506
	E. Quaranta, C. Bracco, R. Bruce, S. Redaelli CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The LHC collimation system protects passively the most sensitive machine equipment against beam losses. In particular, collimators are the last line of defense in case of single-turn failures that cannot be caught by the standard interlock system. The collimator settings are conceived to protect the machine even for very rare events, like beam abort failures with a full machine. Collimator settings are established in simulations through a dedicated tracking setup but also empirically validated by beam measurements at low intensities. A benchmark of simulations is essential for reliably estimating the response of the system for future machine configurations and beam parameters. In the paper, results are presented of tracking simulations for different optics deployed in the LHC Run II at 6.5 TeV and compared with data.
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WEPMW034	First Operational Experience with Embedded Collimator BPMs in the LHC	2510
	G. Valentino, G. Baud, R. Bruce, M. Gąsior, J. Olexa, S. Redaelli, A. Valloni, J. Wenninger CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	During Long Shutdown 1, 18 Large Hadron Collider (LHC) collimators were replaced with a new design, in which beam position monitor (BPM) pick-up buttons are embedded in the collimator jaws. The BPMs provide a direct measurement of the beam orbit at the collimators, and therefore can be used to align the collimators more quickly than using the standard technique which relies on feedback from beam losses. Online orbit measurements also mean that margins in the collimation hierarchy placed specifically to cater for unknown orbit drifts can be reduced, therefore increasing the beta-star and luminosity reach of the LHC. In this paper, the first operational results are presented, including a comparison with the standard alignment technique and a fill-to-fill analysis of the measured orbit in different machine modes in the first year of running after the shutdown.
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WEPMW036	MERLIN Cleaning Studies with Advanced Collimator Materials for HL-LHC	2514
	A. Valloni, R. Bruce, A. Mereghetti, E. Quaranta, S. Redaelli CERN, Geneva, Switzerland R.B. Appleby UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom J. Molson LAL, Orsay, France H. Rafique University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
	The challenges of the High-Luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider require improving the beam collimation system. An intense R&D program has started at CERN to explore novel materials for new collimator jaws to improve robustness and reduce impedance. Particle tracking simulations of collimation efficiency are performed using the code MERLIN which has been extended to include new materials based on composites. After presenting two different implementations of composite materials tested in MERLIN, we present simulation studies with the aim of studying the effect of the advanced collimators on the LHC beam cleaning.
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WEPMW037	MERLIN Simulations of the LHC Collimation System with 6.5 TeV Beams	2518
	A. Valloni Rome University La Sapienza, Roma, Italy R.B. Appleby, S.C. Tygier UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom R. Bruce, A. Mereghetti, S. Redaelli CERN, Geneva, Switzerland J. Molson LAL, Orsay, France H. Rafique University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
	The accelerator physics code MERLIN has been extended in many areas to make detailed studies of the LHC collima- tion system and calculate loss maps from beam halo losses. Large scale tracking simulations have been produced for the 2015 run configuration at 6.5 TeV. We present results of cleaning inefficiency simulations of the LHC's multi-stage collimation system along with a detailed comparison be- tween MERLIN, SixTrack, and measured beam losses.
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WEPOY047	LHC Collimation and Energy Deposition Studies Using Beam Delivery Simulation (BDSIM)	3101
	L.J. Nevay, S.T. Boogert, S.M. Gibson, R. Kwee-Hinzmann JAI, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom R. Bruce, H. Garcia, S. Redaelli CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Beam Delivery Simulation (BDSIM) is a program that uses a suite of high energy physics software including Geant4, CLHEP & ROOT, that seamlessly tracks particles through accelerators and detectors utilising the full range of particles and physics processes from Geant4. A comparison of the collimator cleaning efficiency and energy deposition throughout the full length of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) with the established SixTrack simulations of the CERN collimation group is presented. The propagation of the full hadronic showers from collimators provides unparalleled detail in energy deposition maps and these are compared with the data from beam loss monitors that measure radiation outside the magnet body.
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Paper

Title

Page

Validation of Off-momentum Cleaning Performance of the LHC Collimation System

2427

B. Salvachua, P. Baudrenghien, R. Bruce, H. Garcia, P.D. Hermes, S. Jackson, M. Jaussi, A. Mereghetti, D. Mirarchi, S. Redaelli, H. Timko, G. Valentino, A. Valloni
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
R. Kwee-Hinzmann
Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, United Kingdom

The LHC collimation system is designed to provide effective cleaning against losses coming from off-momentum particles, either due to un-captured beam or to an unexpected RF frequency change. For this reason the LHC is equipped with a hierarchy of collimators in IR3: primary, secondary and absorber collimators. After every collimator alignment or change of machine configuration the off-momentum cleaning efficiency is validated with loss maps at low intensity. We describe here the improved technique used in 2015 to generate such loss maps without completely dumping the beam into the collimators. The achieved performance of the collimation system for momentum cleaning is reviewed.

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WEPMW028

First Attempts at using Active Halo Control at the LHC

2486

J.F. Wagner
Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
R. Bruce, H. Garcia Morales, W. Höfle, G. Kotzian, R. Kwee-Hinzmann, A. Langner, A. Mereghetti, E. Quaranta, S. Redaelli, A. Rossi, B. Salvachua, R. Tomás, G. Valentino, D. Valuch, J.F. Wagner
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
G. Stancari
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Funding: Research supported by the High Luminosity LHC project.
The beam halo population is a non-negligible factor for the performance of the LHC collimation system and the machine protection. In particular this could become crucial for aiming at stored beam energies of 700 MJ in the High Luminosity (HL-LHC) project, in order to avoid beam dumps caused by orbit jitter and to ensure safety during a crab cavity failure. Therefore several techniques to safely deplete the halo, i.e. active halo control, are under development. In a first attempt a novel way for safe halo depletion was tested with particle narrow-band excitation employing the LHC Transverse Damper (ADT). At an energy of 450 GeV a bunch selective beam tail scraping without affecting the core distribution was attempted. This paper presents the first measurement results, as well as a simple simulation to model the underlying dynamics.

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WEPMW029

Simulation of Heavy-Ion Beam Losses with the SixTrack-FLUKA Active Coupling

2490

SUPSS008

use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code

P.D. Hermes, R. Bruce, F. Cerutti, A. Ferrari, J.M. Jowett, A. Lechner, A. Mereghetti, D. Mirarchi, P.G. Ortega, S. Redaelli, B. Salvachua, E. Skordis, G. Valentino, V. Vlachoudis
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Funding: Work suppported by the Wolfgang Gentner Programme of the German BMBF
The LHC heavy-ion program aims to further increase the stored ion beam energy, putting high demands on the LHC collimation system. Accurate simulations of the ion collimation efficiency are crucial to validate the feasibility of new proposed configurations and beam parameters. In this paper we present a generalized framework of the SixTrack-FLUKA coupling to simulate the fragmentation of heavy-ions in the collimators and their motion in the LHC lattice. We compare heavy-ion loss maps simulated on the basis of this framework with the loss distributions measured during heavy-ion operation in 2011 and 2015.

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WEPMW030

Cleaning Performance of the Collimation System of the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider

2494

D. Mirarchi, A. Bertarelli, R. Bruce, F. Cerutti, P.D. Hermes, A. Lechner, A. Mereghetti, E. Quaranta, S. Redaelli
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
R.B. Appleby
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
H. Garcia Morales, R. Kwee-Hinzmann
Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, United Kingdom

Different upgrades of the LHC will be carried out in the framework of the High Luminosity project (HL-LHC), where the total stored energy in the machine will increase up to about 700 MJ. This unprecedented stored energy poses serious challenges for the collimation system, which was designed to handle safely up to about 360 MJ. In this paper the baseline collimation layout for HL-LHC is described, with main focus on upgrades related to the cleaning of halo and physics debris, and its expected performance is discussed. The main upgrade items include the presence of new collimators in the dispersion suppressor of the betatron cleaning insertion installed between two 11 T dipoles, and two additional collimators for an improved local protection of triplet magnets. Thus, optimized settings for the entire and upgraded collimation chain were conceived and are shown here together with the resulting cleaning performance. Moreover, the cleaning performance taking into account crab cavities it is also discussed.

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WEPMW031

Towards Optimum Material Choices for the HL-LHC Collimator Upgrade

2498

E. Quaranta, A. Bertarelli, N. Biancacci, R. Bruce, F. Carra, E. Métral, S. Redaelli, A. Rossi, B. Salvant
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
F. Carra
Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy

The first years of operation at the LHC showed that collimator material-related concerns might limit the performance. In addition, the HL-LHC upgrade will bring the accelerator beyond the nominal performance through more intense and brighter proton beams. A new generation of collimators based on advanced materials is needed to match present and new requirements. After several years of R&D on collimator materials, studying the behaviour of novel composites with properties that address different limitations of the present collimation system, solutions have been found to fulfil various upgrade challenges. This paper describes the proposed staged approach to deploy new materials in the upgraded HL-LHC collimation system. Beam tests at the CERN HiRadMat facility were also performed to benchmark simulation methods and constitutive material models.

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WEPMW032

Radiation-induced Effects on LHC Collimator Materials under Extreme Beam Conditions

2502

E. Quaranta, A. Bertarelli, F. Carra, P.D. Hermes, S. Redaelli, A. Rossi
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
K. Bunk
Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
F. Carra
Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
J. Guardia Valenzuela
Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
P.D. Hermes
Westfaelische Wilhelms-Universität Muenster, Muenster, Germany
C.L. Hubert, M. Tomut
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
P. Nocera
Università di Roma I La Sapienza, Roma, Italy
C. Porth
TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
N. Simos
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

Over the last years, several samples of present and novel LHC collimator materials were irradiated under various beam conditions (using protons, fast neutrons, light and heavy ions at different energies and fluences) in different facilities around the world. This was achieved through an international collaboration including many companies and laboratories over the world. The main goal of the beam tests and the post-irradiation campaign is the definition of a threshold for radiation damage above which LHC collimators need to be replaced. In this paper, highlights of the measurements performed will be presented. First conclusions from the available data are also discussed.

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WEPMW033

Validation of Simulation Tools for Fast Beam Failure Studies in the LHC

2506

E. Quaranta, C. Bracco, R. Bruce, S. Redaelli
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The LHC collimation system protects passively the most sensitive machine equipment against beam losses. In particular, collimators are the last line of defense in case of single-turn failures that cannot be caught by the standard interlock system. The collimator settings are conceived to protect the machine even for very rare events, like beam abort failures with a full machine. Collimator settings are established in simulations through a dedicated tracking setup but also empirically validated by beam measurements at low intensities. A benchmark of simulations is essential for reliably estimating the response of the system for future machine configurations and beam parameters. In the paper, results are presented of tracking simulations for different optics deployed in the LHC Run II at 6.5 TeV and compared with data.

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WEPMW034

First Operational Experience with Embedded Collimator BPMs in the LHC

2510

G. Valentino, G. Baud, R. Bruce, M. Gąsior, J. Olexa, S. Redaelli, A. Valloni, J. Wenninger
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

During Long Shutdown 1, 18 Large Hadron Collider (LHC) collimators were replaced with a new design, in which beam position monitor (BPM) pick-up buttons are embedded in the collimator jaws. The BPMs provide a direct measurement of the beam orbit at the collimators, and therefore can be used to align the collimators more quickly than using the standard technique which relies on feedback from beam losses. Online orbit measurements also mean that margins in the collimation hierarchy placed specifically to cater for unknown orbit drifts can be reduced, therefore increasing the beta-star and luminosity reach of the LHC. In this paper, the first operational results are presented, including a comparison with the standard alignment technique and a fill-to-fill analysis of the measured orbit in different machine modes in the first year of running after the shutdown.

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WEPMW036

MERLIN Cleaning Studies with Advanced Collimator Materials for HL-LHC

2514

A. Valloni, R. Bruce, A. Mereghetti, E. Quaranta, S. Redaelli
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
R.B. Appleby
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
J. Molson
LAL, Orsay, France
H. Rafique
University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom

The challenges of the High-Luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider require improving the beam collimation system. An intense R&D program has started at CERN to explore novel materials for new collimator jaws to improve robustness and reduce impedance. Particle tracking simulations of collimation efficiency are performed using the code MERLIN which has been extended to include new materials based on composites. After presenting two different implementations of composite materials tested in MERLIN, we present simulation studies with the aim of studying the effect of the advanced collimators on the LHC beam cleaning.

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WEPMW037

MERLIN Simulations of the LHC Collimation System with 6.5 TeV Beams

2518

A. Valloni
Rome University La Sapienza, Roma, Italy
R.B. Appleby, S.C. Tygier
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
R. Bruce, A. Mereghetti, S. Redaelli
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
J. Molson
LAL, Orsay, France
H. Rafique
University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom

The accelerator physics code MERLIN has been extended in many areas to make detailed studies of the LHC collima- tion system and calculate loss maps from beam halo losses. Large scale tracking simulations have been produced for the 2015 run configuration at 6.5 TeV. We present results of cleaning inefficiency simulations of the LHC's multi-stage collimation system along with a detailed comparison be- tween MERLIN, SixTrack, and measured beam losses.

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WEPOY047

LHC Collimation and Energy Deposition Studies Using Beam Delivery Simulation (BDSIM)

3101

L.J. Nevay, S.T. Boogert, S.M. Gibson, R. Kwee-Hinzmann
JAI, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
R. Bruce, H. Garcia, S. Redaelli
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Beam Delivery Simulation (BDSIM) is a program that uses a suite of high energy physics software including Geant4, CLHEP & ROOT, that seamlessly tracks particles through accelerators and detectors utilising the full range of particles and physics processes from Geant4. A comparison of the collimator cleaning efficiency and energy deposition throughout the full length of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) with the established SixTrack simulations of the CERN collimation group is presented. The propagation of the full hadronic showers from collimators provides unparalleled detail in energy deposition maps and these are compared with the data from beam loss monitors that measure radiation outside the magnet body.

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