| |
Very cold systems of ions with sufficiently low number of particles arrange in an ordered string-like fashion. The determination of the longitudinal momentum spread and of the transverse temperature then is no longer possible by normal Schottky diagnosis. In this paper we simulate such systems in an infinitely long beam pipe with periodic boundary conditions under the influence of all long-range Coulomb interactions by Ewald summation. Then we derive the behaviour of the longitudinal Schottky signals for cold string-like systems as well as for the transition to warmer systems when the strings break, up to hot gas-like systems. Here effects from the finite number of particles, of higher harmonics and of temperature agree with those derived analytically in the limits of very low and very high temperatures.
|
|
