Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
Cornell University has developed a SCRF injector cryomodule for the acceleration of high current, low emittance beams in continuous wave operation. This cryomodule is based on 1.3 GHz superconducting RF technology, and has been tested extensively in the Cornell ERL injector prototype with world record CW beam currents exceeding 70 mA. High CW RF power input couplers and strong Higher-Order-Mode damping in the cavities are essential for high beam current operation. This paper summarizes the performance of the cryomodule during the high beam current operation.
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
Future SRF linac driven accelerators operated in CW mode will require very efficient SRF cavities with high intrinsic quality factors Q at medium accelerating fields. Cornell has recently finished testing the fully equipped 1.3 GHz, 7-cell main linac cavity for the Cornell Energy Recovery Linac in a horizontal test cryomodule (HTC). Measurements characterizing the fundamental mode’s quality factor have been completed, showing record Q performance. In this paper, we present detailed quality factor vs gradient results for three HTC assembly stages. We show that the performance of an SRF cavity can be maintained when installed into a cryomodule, and that thermal cycling reduces residual surface resistance. We present world record results for a fully equipped multicell cavity in a cryomodule, reaching intrinsic quality factors at operating accelerating field of Q(E =16.2 MV/m, 1.8K) > 6·1010 and Q(E =16.2 MV/m, 1.6K) > 1.0·1011, corresponding to a very low residual surface resistance of 1.1 nOhm.
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
HZDR, Dresden, Germany
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
STFC/DL, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
Surface defects such as pits have been identified as some of the main sources of limitations of srf cavity performance. A single cell cavity with 30 artificial pits in the high magnetic field region was made to gain new insight in how pits limit the cavity performance*. The test of the pit cavity showed clear evidence that the edges of two of the largest radius pits transitioned into the normal conducting state at field just below the quench field of the cavity, and that the quench was indeed induced by these two pits. The pit geometrical information measured by laser confocal microscopy combined with a numerical finite element ring-type defect model will be compared with temperature mapping results. Insights about quench and non-linear rf resistances will be presented.
*Y. Xie, PhD thesis, Cornell University, 2013
TUIOC01
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
Fermilab, Batavia, USA
In many tests of superconducting cavities, the performance of the cavity in the medium field region will be limited by medium field Q slope. For projects such as the proposed Cornell Energy Recovery Linac, high Q operation at medium fields is necessary to meet specifications for efficient CW cavity operation. A single cell cavity was prepared by Fermilab by electropolishing it and baking it at 1000°C with 1x10-2 Torr of Nitrogen, and subsequently tested at Cornell. The cavity displayed an increase in Q at medium fields between 5 and 20 MV/m at 2.0 K, opposite of the usual medium field Q slope. The material properties of this cavity were studied and correlated with performance. This analysis helps to better understand how to overcome medium field Q slope and improve cavity performance in future CW SRF machines such as the Cornell ERL.
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
The construction and preparation of superconducting RF cavities with very high quality factors is very advantageous for future particle accelerators operating in CW mode. Until recently, the highest quality factors measured in SRF cavities were on the order of 1011. A Cornell ERL single-center-cell cavity was prepared with BCP and a five day heat treatment at 1000°C. Following this treatment, the cavity was tested and achieved a record high intrinsic quality factor of 2.9·1011 at 1.4 K, corresponding to a very small residual resistance of (0.35±0.10) nOhm. This cavity was then given a series of BCP’s of 5, 75, and 200 μm and retested. Material properties were extracted from the data hinting at a very low mean free path of the niobium. In this paper we discuss the unusual material properties of the surface layer of the cavity and their implication for the RF performance of the cavity.
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
Corning Community College, Corning, USA
Cornell has recently completed a single cell temperature mapping system with a resolution of a few tenths of a millikelvin, corresponding to a surface resistance resolution of 1 nOhm. A superconducting RF cavity was tested using temperature mapping and the surface resistance was extracted from the temperature mapping data as function of position on the cavity surface. The surface resistance was profiled across the surface of the cavity between 5 and 35 MV/m and at different temperatures between 1.6 and 2.1 K. From BCS fitting of the local surface resistance, the spatial variation and the field dependence of the mean free path, energy gap, and residual resistance was found. These studies give interesting new insight into the degree of variation of the properties of the superconductor over the surface of the cavity.
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
Recent results from FNAL on baking superconducting RF cavities at high temperatures in a low-pressure atmosphere of a few mTorr indicate that such treatments can increase the medium field quality factor. In this paper we report on studies from Cornell, giving new insight into the mechanism behind this effect.
TUP031
Fermilab, Batavia, USA
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
IIT, Chicago, USA
In the previous studies [*] magnetic flux penetration into fine and large grain BCP cavity cutouts was investigated using the muon spin rotation (muSR) technique. The technique is based on implanting muons, which serve as sensitive magnetic probes inside the material. Here we report muSR studies on fine grain EP cavity cutouts, both before and after 120C baking, and on the films of new materials.
[*] A. Grassellino et al, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 16, 062002 (2013)
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
Ultramet, California, USA
A seamless 3 GHz bulk niobium cavity constructed by Ultramet using rapid chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques has been tested on the vertical SRF test stand at Cornell. The cavity received a 25 um buffered chemical polish (BCP) and 700 C heat treatment for 4 days. First test results gave an intrinsic quality factor of Q0 = (1.55 ± 0.12) x 107 and (2.00 ± 0.15) x 107 at 4.2 K and 1.5 K, respectively. A second BCP removed 100 um of material, after which test results improved to Q0 = (7.59 ± 1.52) x 107 and (4.16 ± 0.31) x 108 at 4.2 K and 1.5 K. During the first test poor coupling to the input amplifier impeded tests at accelerating fields >0.2 MV/m, while during the second test the cavity quenched at 1.3 MV/m when operating at 1.5 K. An optical inspection of the cavity after the second test revealed the presence of at least 4 pits on the upper hemisphere suggesting an area of higher than average surface resistance that may have contributed to the low field quench via thermal runaway. The potential of CVD as a construction method for SRF cavities is discussed.
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
Forschungszentrum Jülich, Peter Gruenberg Institut (PGI-2), Jülich, Germany
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
M.D.A.C.C., Houston, Texas, USA
[1] A. Gurevich, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 012511 (2006)
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
THP008
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
A TE-mode 4 GHz sample host cavity has been designed and constructed at Cornell for the purpose of testing wafers of niobium and other candidates for the construction of SRF cavities. Simulations made using CLANS and ACE3P indicate that the peak magnetic field on the sample plate will reach approximately 120 mT before a quench occurs on the surface of the cavity due to thermal runaway. This quench field can be further increased using a 1400 C treatment to improve the thermal conductivity of the niobium bulk and a 120 C treatment to minimise the BCS surface resistance of the cavity walls. Such an improvement would put peak fields of 170 mT within reach of this cavity. Results of the cavity design, fabrication and first vertical test are presented and discussed.
*Development of Superconducting RF Sample Host Cavities and study of Pit-Induced Cavity Quench, Yie Xie, PhD Thesis, Cornell University, Jan 2013
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
The Cornell energy recovery linac will accelerate a 100 mA beam to 5 GeV, while maintaining very low emittance (30 pm at 77 pC bunch charge). A major challenge to running such a large current continuously through the machine is the effect of strong higher-order modes (HOMs) in the SRF cavities that can lead to beam breakup. This paper presents the results of HOM studies for the prototype 7-cell cavity installed in a horizontal test cryomodule (HTC). HOM measurements were done for three HTC assembly stages, from initial measurements on the bare cavity to being fully outfitted with side-mounted RF input coupler and beam line HOM absorbers. We compare the simulated results of the optimized cavity geometry with measurements from all three HTC experiments, demonstrating excellent damping of all dipole higher order modes.