IPAC2016 - Classification: 08 Applications of Accelerators / U01 Medical Applications

Paper	Title	Page
TUPMR038	The Experimental Beam Line at CNAO	1334
	M. G. Pullia, S. Alpegiani, J. Bosser, E. Bressi, L. Casalegno, G. Ciavola, M. Ciocca, M. Donetti, A. Facoetti, L. Falbo, M. Ferrarini, S. Foglio, S.G. Gioia, V. Lante, L. Lanzavecchia, R. Monferrato, A. Parravicini, M. Pezzetta, C. Priano, E. Rojatti, S. Rossi, S. Savazzi, S. Sironi, S. Toncelli, G. Venchi, B. Vischioni, S. Vitulli, C. Viviani CNAO Foundation, Milan, Italy G. Battistoni Universita' degli Studi di Milano & INFN, Milano, Italy L. Celona, S. Gammino, S. Passarello INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy A. Clozza, E. Di Pasquale, A. Ghigo, L. Pellegrino, R. Ricci, U. Rotundo, C. Sanelli, G. Sensolini, M. Serio INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma), Italy M. Del Franco Consorzio Laboratorio Nicola Cabibbo, Frascati, Italy S. Giordanengo INFN-Torino, Torino, Italy A.G. Lanza INFN - Pavia, Pavia, Italy R. Sacchi Torino University, Torino, Italy
	The CNAO center has been conceived since the beginning with three treatment rooms and an 'experimental room' where research can be carried out without hindering the clinical activity. The room itself was built since the beginning, but the beam line was planned at a second moment in time to give priority to the treatments. The experimental room beam line has now been designed to be 'general purpose', to be used for research in different fields. Possible activities could be, as an example, irradiation of cells, test of beam monitors, development of in-beam monitoring devices or radiation hardness studies. In a second stage a third source will be added to the present two in order to carry on experiments with additional ion species besides the two used presently for treatments, protons and carbon ions. In this paper a description of the design and of the construction status is given.
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TUPMY033	Radiation of Charged Particle Flying into Chiral Isotropic Medium	1620
	S.N. Galyamin, A.V. Tyukhtin Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia A.A. Peshkov HIJ, Jena, Germany
	Funding: Work is supported by the Grant of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (No. 15-32-20985). In recent years, the interest to radiation of moving charged particles in media with chiral properties is connected with relatively new and prospective method for diagnostics of biological objects which uses the Cherenkov radiation ' Cherenkov luminescence imaging. Optical activity (chirality, gyrotropy) is typical or biological matter and is caused by mirrorless structure of molecules. Contrary to such gyrotropic medium as magnetized ionospheric plasma, aforementioned media are isotropic. One distributed model describing the frequency dispersion of isotropic chiral media is Condon model. In this report, we continue the investigation performed in our previous paper* where we dealt with the field produced by uniformly moving charge in infinite chiral isotropic medium. Moreover, we perform generalization of early paper**, where the problem with half-space was considered in the specific case of slow charge motion. We present typical radiation patterns in vacuum area and corresponding ellipses of polarization which allows determination of the chiral parameter of the medium. Spinelli A.E. et al. // NIM A. 2011. V. 648. P. S310. Galyamin S.N. et al. // Phys. Rev. E. 2013. V. 88. P. 013206. * Engheta N., Mickelson A.R. // IEEE Trans. AP. 1982. V. 30. P. 1213.
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TUPOY001	Beam Quality Assurance for Proton Clinical Beams at MedAustron	1899
	L.C. Penescu, F. Farinon, A. Garonna, M. Kronberger, T.K.D. Kulenkampff, C. Kurfürst, S. Myalski, S. Nowak, F. Osmić, M.T.F. Pivi, C. Schmitzer, P. Urschütz, A. Wastl EBG MedAustron, Wr. Neustadt, Austria
	The commissioning process of the MedAustron accelerator has delivered the configurations providing the requested beam parameters in the irradiation room, and at the same time it identified the critical points where a performance drift can appear. The strategy for beam quality assurance has therefore two components: testing the specific parameters of the beam delivered to the irradiation room, and testing for any drifts that might appear at the critical points. We present here the monitoring strategy, the observed limitations, the tools employed and the long-term statistics of the beam quality assurance for proton clinical beams.
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TUPOY002	AOC, A Beam Dynamics Design Code for Medical and Industrial Accelerators at IBA	1902
	W.J.G.M. Kleeven, M. Abs, E. Forton, V. Nuttens, E.E. Pearson, J. Walle, S. Zaremba IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
	The Advanced Orbit Code (AOC) facilitates design studies of critical systems and processes in medical and industrial accelerators. Examples include: i) injection into and extraction from cyclotrons, ii) central region, beam-capture and longitudinal beam dynamics studies in synchro-cyclotrons, iii) studies of resonance crossings, iv) stripping extraction, v) beam simulation from the ion source to the extraction, vi) space charge effects, vii) beam transmission studies in gantries or viii) calculation of Twiss-functions. The main features of the code and some applications are discussed.
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TUPOY003	Novel Approach to Utilize Proton Beams from High Power Laser Accelerators for Therapy	1905
SUPSS111	use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code
	U. Masood, M. Baumann, W. Enghardt, L. Karsch, J. Pawelke, S. Schürer OncoRay, Dresden, Germany M. Baumann German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany M. Baumann German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany T.E. Cowan, U. Schramm Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany T.E. Cowan, W. Enghardt, T. Herrmannsdoerfer, J. Pawelke, U. Schramm HZDR, Dresden, Germany K.M. Hofmann, J.J. Wilkens Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar & Physics Department, Munich, Germany F. Kroll Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiation Physics, Dresden, Germany
	Funding: Supported by German BMBF, nos. 03Z1N511 and 03Z1O511 & DFG cluster of excellence MAP. Protons provide superior radiotherapy benefits to patients, but immense size and cost of the system limits it to only few centers worldwide. Proton acceleration on μm scale via high intensity laser is promising to reduce size and costs of proton therapy, but associated beamlines are still big and massive. Also, in contrast to conventionally accelerated quasi-continuous mono-energetic pencil beams, laser-driven beams have distinct beam properties, i.e. ultra-intense pico-sec bunches with large energy spread and large divergences, and with low repetition rate. With new lasers with petawatt power, protons with therapy related energies could be achieved, however, the beam properties make it challenging to adapt them directly for medical applications. We will present our compact beamline solution including energy selection and divergence control, and a new beam scanning and dose delivery system with specialized 3D treatment planning system for laser-driven proton beams. The beamline is based on high field iron-less pulsed magnets and about three times smaller than the conventional systems, and can provide high quality clinical treatment plans. U. Masood et al, Applied Phys B, 117(1):41-52, 2014 ** K.M. Hofmann et al, Medical Physics, 42(9):5120-5129, 2015
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TUPOY004	Recommissioning of the Marburg Ion-beam Therapy Centre (MIT) Accelerator Facility	1908
	U. Scheeler, Th. Haberer, C. Krantz, S.T. Sievers, M.M. Strohmeier MIT, Marburg, Germany R. Cee, E. Feldmeier, M. Galonska, K. Höppner, J.M. Mosthaf, A. Peters, S. Scheloske, C. Schömers, T.W. Winkelmann HIT, Heidelberg, Germany
	The Marburg Ion-Beam Therapy Centre (MIT), located in Marburg, Germany, is in clinical operation since 2015. MIT is designed for precision cancer treatment using beams of protons or carbon nuclei, employing the raster scanning technique. The accelerator facility consists of a linac-synchrotron combination, developed by Siemens Healthcare/Danfysik, that was in a state of permanent stand-by upon purchase. With support from its Heidelberg-based sister facility HIT, the MIT operation company (MIT Betriebs GmbH) recommissioned the machine in only 13 months, reaching clinical standards of beam quality delivered to all four beam outlets. With the first medical treatment in October 2015, MIT became the third operational hadron beam therapy centre in Europe offering both proton and carbon beams.
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TUPOY005	The Use of Cyclotron for PET/CT Scan in Indonesian Hospitals and Future Collaboration	1911
SUPSS112	use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code
	N.S. Risdianto, J. Purwanto, F.A. Rahmadi Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga, Yogyakarta, Indonesia N. Risdiana UMY, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
	In Indonesia there are only three hospitals, which using cyclotrons for cancer detection (PET scans). These three hospitals are located in one place: Jakarta. With 1.4 percent of the Indonesian population are developing tumor/cancer, compared to the number of hospitals, which have advanced PET technology from cyclotrons, it will be a major task for the government to empower the production and overseas collaboration in the cyclotron industry.
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TUPOY006	Improvement of Scanning Irradiation in Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center	1914
	H. Souda, T. Kanai, K. Kikuchi, Y. Kubota, A. Matsumura, H. Shimada, M. Tashiro, K. Torikai, M. Torikoshi, S. Yamada, K. Yusa Gunma University, Heavy-Ion Medical Research Center, Maebashi-Gunma, Japan T. Fujimoto AEC, Chiba, Japan E. Takeshita Kanagawa Cancer Center, Ion-beam Radiation Oncology Center in Kanagawa, Kanagawa, Japan
	Funding: Work collaborated with Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Ltd. Work supported by JSPS Kakenhi 26860395, Program for Cultivating Global Leaders in Heavy Ion Therapeutics and Engineering by MEXT of Japan. Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center (GHMC) is a compact heavy ion treatment facility* and have experienced 5 years of successful treatment operation. GHMC has 3 treatment room using broad beam (wobbling) irradiation system and 1 experimental irradiation room for the research and development of a spot-scanning irradiation. During the study toward the treatment, several improvements were done in both accelerator and irradiation system. For accelerators, slow extraction from a synchrotron using a transverse rf field is tested*. Compared with conventional extraction system of rf acceleration, ripples of the beam spill (peak to bottom ratio) is reduced from almost 100% to 60%; the deviation of the beam center position and the deviation of the beam size (1σ) are reduced to the order of 0.1 mm. For irradiation system, regularly operation for biological experiments has started form June 2014. In order to shorten the experiment time, 2-dimensional optimization of the irradiation planning was carried out. After the optimization, the irradiation time was reduced by 30% with keeping the dose uniformity within ±2.5%. T. Ohno et al., Cancers, 3, 4046 (2011) ** K. Noda et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A492, 253 (2002)
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TUPOY007	Development of a Compact X-Band Electron Linac for Production of Mo-99/Tc-99m	1917
SUPSS110	use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code
	J. Jang The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan M. Uesaka The University of Tokyo, Nuclear Professional School, Ibaraki-ken, Japan M. Yamamoto Accuthera Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
	In response to the need of alternatives to the exhausted research reactors supplying Mo-99/Tc-99m, we are developing a compact X-band electron linear accelerator (linac). As an initial step, beam dynamics simulations were performed and electron beams of 35 MeV and 9.1 kW were obtained. We expect that sixteen linacs having these beam parameters can cover the demand of Tc-99m radiopharmaceuticals in Japan. On the other hand, we found that the combination of X-band RF and high beam power can give rise to instability of beam loading. We will therefore adjust and optimize the beam power while keeping Mo-99 production efficiency as high as possible.
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TUPOY008	Design of a Radiotherapy Machine using the 6 MeV C-Band Standing-Wave Accelerator	1921
	H. Lim, D.H. Jeong, M.W. Lee, M.J. Lee, S.W. Shin, J. Yi Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan, Republic of Korea
	The majority of the radiotherapy are performed with linacs producing a uniformly intense electron-beam or X-ray beam of different energies. The linacs have the strong attraction of compactness, efficiency, reliability, moderate cost, and well-known technology. We developed and constructed the 6 MeV C-band linac which consists of a thermionic electron gun, a standing-wave accelerating column with the length of 450 mm, a 2.5 MW magnetron, a beam transport system, a beam collimation and monitoring system, and auxiliary systems of vacuum system, water cooling system etc. For the medical application, the gantry system is required to be rotated around the patient and to deliver the beam to the tumor from the linac. We design the gantry mounting our developed C-band linac isocentrically. In addition, the beam bending system and beam collimation are discussed to optimize the gantry space and to improve the beam performance. In this paper, we describe the designed radiotherapy machine including the gantry, a treatment couch and a control console, and present the study results.
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TUPOY014	PSI Gantry 3: Integration of a New Gantry into an Existing Proton Therapy Facility	1927
	A. Koschik, C. Baumgarten, C. Bula, J.P. Duppich, A. Gerbershagen, M. Grossmann, V. Rizzoglio, J. Welte PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	Paul Scherrer Institute extends its proton therapy facility PROSCAN by a third gantry. It is delivered by Varian Medical Systems (VMS) as part of a joint research project. Gantry 3 is equipped with a cone beam CT and allows 360 degrees of rotation while occupying a 10.5 m diameter. The integration of a gantry into the existing PSI-system typically being designed for a complete Varian system is a challenging project, since also the certification is to be maintained. Especially the interfaces between the PROSCAN-control system and the one of Gantry 3 have been a major development. Gantry 3 is designed to deliver proton beam of up to 8 nA with an accuracy better than a mm, while having a high level of over-current protection. This comprises a new current monitoring unit, several levels of interlock controllers and a beam energy dependent intensity compensation concept. One challenge concerns the specified layer switching time of 200 ms, required to reduce the treatment time to enable for repainting. After technical commissioning, acceptance tests and hand over, the clinical commissioning is foreseen in the second half of 2016 with the first patient treatment in December 2016.
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TUPOY015	Design of Electron Gun and S-Band Structure for Medical Electron Linear Accelerator	1930
	N. Juntong, R. Chimchang SLRI, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand S. Rimjaem, C. Saisa-ard Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
	Linear accelerator technology has been widely utilized for cancer treatment in hospital. This radiotherapy utilizes an accelerated electron beam to create the x-ray beam. The idea to fabricate the prototype of medical electron linac with low cost for domestic use in Thailand was proposed and the budget has been granted. In the first phase, the electron beam energy of the machine will be 6 MeV or equivalent to x-ray energy of 6 MV. The electron gun is a diode type for the simple and low cost fabrication. The design and simulation study of diode gun will be presented together with an analysis of an electron beam in this gun. The S-Band 6 MeV side-coupled RF cavity has been designed to be the accelerating structure of the machine. The electromagnetic fields of the structure have been studied. The electron behaviour when they traverse this cavity will be studied using a particle tracking code. Progression of the project is also presented.
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TUPOY016	The Optimized X-ray Target of Electron Linear Accelerator for Radiotherapy	1933
	N. Juntong, K. Pharaphan SLRI, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
	The x-ray target in medical electron linear accelerator is an important part in the production of x-ray photon beam. X-ray dose rate is depended on materials and thickness of the target. For the low cost 6 MeV prototype of medical linac in Thailand, this study gives the optimized x-ray target in which the dose rate can be maximized. MCNP simulations were performed during an optimization for a high x-ray dose rate at 1 meter away from the target. Progression of the project is also presented.
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TUPOY017	Beam Energy Deposition from PS Booster and Production Rates of Selected Medical Radioisotopes in the CERN-MEDICIS Target	1936
	B.C. Gonsalves, R.J. Barlow, S.C. Lee IIAA, Huddersfield, United Kingdom R.M. Dos Santos Augusto LMU, München, Germany T. Stora CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	CERN-MEDICIS uses the scattered (ca. 90%) 1.4 GeV, 2 uA protons delivered by the PS Booster to the ISOLDE target, which would normally end up in the beam dump. After irradiation, the MEDICIS target is transported back to an offline isotope mass separator, where the produced isotopes are mass separated, and are then collected. The required medical radioisotopes are later chemically separated in the class A laboratory. The radioisotopes are transported to partner hospitals for processing and preparation for medical use, imaging or therapy. Production of the isotopes is affected by the designs of the ISOLDE and MEDICIS targets. The MEDICIS target unit is a configurable unit, allowing for variations in target material as well as ion source for the production of selected medical radioisotopes. The energy deposition on both targets is simulated using the Monte Carlo code FLUKA, along with the in-beam production of some medical isotopes of interest. Diffusion and effusion efficiencies are then applied to estimate their production.
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TUPOY018	FLUKA Simulations for Radiation Protection at 3 Different Facilities	1940
	R. Rata, S.C. Lee IIAA, Huddersfield, United Kingdom R.J. Barlow University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
	FLUKA Monte Carlo Code is a transport code widely used in radiation protection studies. The code was developed in 1962 by Johannes Ranft and the name stands for FLUktuierende Kaskade (Fluctuating Cascade). The code was developede for high-energy physics and it can track 60 different particles from 1keV to thousands of TeV. It can be applied to accelerator design, shielding design, dosimetry, space radiation and hadron therapy. For particle therapy, FLUKA uses various physical models, all implemented in the PEANUT (Pre-Equilibrium Approach to Nuclear Thermalization) framework. The investigation was made for three different facilities : the Clatterbridge Cancer Centre, the Christie Hospital and the OpenMeD facility at CERN. We calculated the secondary dose distributed to the patient, in case of Clatterbridge Cancer Centre, and to the workers in case of the Christie Hospital and OpenMeD, and to investigate whether the shielding methods meet the existing radiation protection requirements and that the doses to the staff are kept As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA).
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TUPOY020	Compact Accelerator Based Neutron Source for 99mTc Production	1946
	R. Seviour University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom I.R. Bailey Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom H.L. Owen UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
	Funding: The authors would like to thank STFC UK for their support of this work The radioisotope Technetium-99m (^99mTc) is used in 85\% of all nuclear medicine procedures. ^99mTc is produced from its precursor Molybdenum-99 (⁹⁹Mo), which until recently was produced in only five research reactors worldwide. Recently a number of accelerator-based methods have been proposed to fill this gap and to diversify this supply chain. In the paper we present our base compact (4 m) 10 mA 3.5 MeV accelerator design, to generate low-energy neutrons via fusion. In this design we increase neutron capture with a novel moderator assembly to shift the neutron spectrum into the epithermal resonance region of the ⁹⁸Mo capture cross-section to create ⁹⁹Mo. In this paper we examine Li(p, n) reactions for neutron production. Specifically focused on a numerical studies for an optimised target design capable of handling the heat load.
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TUPOY025	ProBE - Proton Boosting Extension for Imaging and Therapy	1963
	R. Apsimon, G. Burt, S. Pitman Cockcroft Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom H.L. Owen UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
	Conventional proton cyclotrons are practically limited by relativistic effects to energies around 250 MeV, sufficient to conduct proton therapy of adults but not for full-body proton tomography. We present an adaptation of the cyclinac scheme for proton imaging, in which a c.250 MeV cyclotron used for treatment feeds a linac that delivers a lower imaging current at up to 350 MeV. Our ProBE cavity design envisages a gradient sufficient to obtain 100 MeV acceleration in 3 metres after focusing is included, suitable for inclusion in the layouts of existing proton therapy centres such as the UK centre under construction at Christie Hospital. In this paper, we present the results of design studies on the linac optics and RF cavity parameters. We detail particle transmission studies and tracking simulation studies.
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TUPOY026	Optimization of Medical Accelerators	1966
	C.P. Welsch Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom C.P. Welsch The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
	Funding: This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 675265. The Optimization of Medical Accelerators (OMA) is the aim of a new European Training Network. OMA joins universities, research centers and clinical facilities with industry partners to address the challenges in: treatment facility design and optimization; numerical simulations for the development of advanced treatment schemes; and beam imaging and treatment monitoring. Projects include: compact accelerators for proton beam energy boosting and gantry design; strategies for improving Monte Carlo codes for medical applications and treatment planning; and advanced diagnostics for online beam monitoring. The latter involves RF-based measurements of ultra-low charges and new encoding methodologies for ultra-fast 3D surface scanning. This contribution presents an overview of the network's research program and highlights the various challenges across the three scientific work packages. It also summarizes the network-wide training program consisting of schools, topical workshops and conferences that will be open to the wider medical and accelerator communities.
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THOAB01	Status of Proton Beam Commissioning of the MedAustron Particle Therapy Accelerator	3176
	A. Garonna, F. Farinon, M. Kronberger, T.K.D. Kulenkampff, C. Kurfürst, S. Myalski, S. Nowak, F. Osmić, L.C. Penescu, M.T.F. Pivi, C. Schmitzer, P. Urschütz, A. Wastl EBG MedAustron, Wr. Neustadt, Austria
	MedAustron is a synchrotron-based ion beam therapy centre, designed to deliver clinical beams of protons (60-250 MeV) and carbon ions (120-400 MeV/u) to three clinical irradiation rooms (IR) and one research room, which can also host 800 MeV protons. The commission-ing activities for the first treatments with proton beams in IR3 have been completed and commissioning of IR1-2 is ongoing. The present paper describes the activities which took place during the last year, which involved all accel-erator components from the ion source to the IR.
	Slides THOAB01 [4.483 MB]
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FRXAA01	Korea Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator Project	4243
	G.B. Kim, G. Hahn, W.T. Hwang, H. Yim KIRAMS, Seoul, Republic of Korea J.G. Hwang, C.H. Kim, C.W. Park KIRAMS/KHIMA, Seoul, Republic of Korea
	The Korea Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator (KHIMA) project is to develop 430-MeV/u heavy ion accelerator and therapy systems for medical applications. The accelerator system includes ECRIS, injector linac, synchrotron, beam transport lines, and treatment systems. The accelerator system is expected to provide stable beams very reliably, and there should be special cares and strategies in the machine construction and operations. This presentation covers all issues mentioned above.
	Slides FRXAA01 [10.869 MB]
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Paper

Title

Page

The Experimental Beam Line at CNAO

1334

M. G. Pullia, S. Alpegiani, J. Bosser, E. Bressi, L. Casalegno, G. Ciavola, M. Ciocca, M. Donetti, A. Facoetti, L. Falbo, M. Ferrarini, S. Foglio, S.G. Gioia, V. Lante, L. Lanzavecchia, R. Monferrato, A. Parravicini, M. Pezzetta, C. Priano, E. Rojatti, S. Rossi, S. Savazzi, S. Sironi, S. Toncelli, G. Venchi, B. Vischioni, S. Vitulli, C. Viviani
CNAO Foundation, Milan, Italy
G. Battistoni
Universita' degli Studi di Milano & INFN, Milano, Italy
L. Celona, S. Gammino, S. Passarello
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
A. Clozza, E. Di Pasquale, A. Ghigo, L. Pellegrino, R. Ricci, U. Rotundo, C. Sanelli, G. Sensolini, M. Serio
INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma), Italy
M. Del Franco
Consorzio Laboratorio Nicola Cabibbo, Frascati, Italy
S. Giordanengo
INFN-Torino, Torino, Italy
A.G. Lanza
INFN - Pavia, Pavia, Italy
R. Sacchi
Torino University, Torino, Italy

The CNAO center has been conceived since the beginning with three treatment rooms and an 'experimental room' where research can be carried out without hindering the clinical activity. The room itself was built since the beginning, but the beam line was planned at a second moment in time to give priority to the treatments. The experimental room beam line has now been designed to be 'general purpose', to be used for research in different fields. Possible activities could be, as an example, irradiation of cells, test of beam monitors, development of in-beam monitoring devices or radiation hardness studies. In a second stage a third source will be added to the present two in order to carry on experiments with additional ion species besides the two used presently for treatments, protons and carbon ions. In this paper a description of the design and of the construction status is given.

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TUPMY033

Radiation of Charged Particle Flying into Chiral Isotropic Medium

1620

S.N. Galyamin, A.V. Tyukhtin
Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
A.A. Peshkov
HIJ, Jena, Germany

Funding: Work is supported by the Grant of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (No. 15-32-20985).
In recent years, the interest to radiation of moving charged particles in media with chiral properties is connected with relatively new and prospective method for diagnostics of biological objects which uses the Cherenkov radiation ' Cherenkov luminescence imaging*. Optical activity (chirality, gyrotropy) is typical or biological matter and is caused by mirrorless structure of molecules. Contrary to such gyrotropic medium as magnetized ionospheric plasma, aforementioned media are isotropic. One distributed model describing the frequency dispersion of isotropic chiral media is Condon model. In this report, we continue the investigation performed in our previous paper** where we dealt with the field produced by uniformly moving charge in infinite chiral isotropic medium. Moreover, we perform generalization of early paper***, where the problem with half-space was considered in the specific case of slow charge motion. We present typical radiation patterns in vacuum area and corresponding ellipses of polarization which allows determination of the chiral parameter of the medium.
* Spinelli A.E. et al. // NIM A. 2011. V. 648. P. S310.
** Galyamin S.N. et al. // Phys. Rev. E. 2013. V. 88. P. 013206.
*** Engheta N., Mickelson A.R. // IEEE Trans. AP. 1982. V. 30. P. 1213.

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TUPOY001

Beam Quality Assurance for Proton Clinical Beams at MedAustron

1899

L.C. Penescu, F. Farinon, A. Garonna, M. Kronberger, T.K.D. Kulenkampff, C. Kurfürst, S. Myalski, S. Nowak, F. Osmić, M.T.F. Pivi, C. Schmitzer, P. Urschütz, A. Wastl
EBG MedAustron, Wr. Neustadt, Austria

The commissioning process of the MedAustron accelerator has delivered the configurations providing the requested beam parameters in the irradiation room, and at the same time it identified the critical points where a performance drift can appear. The strategy for beam quality assurance has therefore two components: testing the specific parameters of the beam delivered to the irradiation room, and testing for any drifts that might appear at the critical points. We present here the monitoring strategy, the observed limitations, the tools employed and the long-term statistics of the beam quality assurance for proton clinical beams.

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TUPOY002

AOC, A Beam Dynamics Design Code for Medical and Industrial Accelerators at IBA

1902

W.J.G.M. Kleeven, M. Abs, E. Forton, V. Nuttens, E.E. Pearson, J. Walle, S. Zaremba
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

The Advanced Orbit Code (AOC) facilitates design studies of critical systems and processes in medical and industrial accelerators. Examples include: i) injection into and extraction from cyclotrons, ii) central region, beam-capture and longitudinal beam dynamics studies in synchro-cyclotrons, iii) studies of resonance crossings, iv) stripping extraction, v) beam simulation from the ion source to the extraction, vi) space charge effects, vii) beam transmission studies in gantries or viii) calculation of Twiss-functions. The main features of the code and some applications are discussed.

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TUPOY003

Novel Approach to Utilize Proton Beams from High Power Laser Accelerators for Therapy

1905

SUPSS111

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U. Masood, M. Baumann, W. Enghardt, L. Karsch, J. Pawelke, S. Schürer
OncoRay, Dresden, Germany
M. Baumann
German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
M. Baumann
German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany
T.E. Cowan, U. Schramm
Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
T.E. Cowan, W. Enghardt, T. Herrmannsdoerfer, J. Pawelke, U. Schramm
HZDR, Dresden, Germany
K.M. Hofmann, J.J. Wilkens
Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar & Physics Department, Munich, Germany
F. Kroll
Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiation Physics, Dresden, Germany

Funding: Supported by German BMBF, nos. 03Z1N511 and 03Z1O511 & DFG cluster of excellence MAP.
Protons provide superior radiotherapy benefits to patients, but immense size and cost of the system limits it to only few centers worldwide. Proton acceleration on μm scale via high intensity laser is promising to reduce size and costs of proton therapy, but associated beamlines are still big and massive. Also, in contrast to conventionally accelerated quasi-continuous mono-energetic pencil beams, laser-driven beams have distinct beam properties, i.e. ultra-intense pico-sec bunches with large energy spread and large divergences, and with low repetition rate. With new lasers with petawatt power, protons with therapy related energies could be achieved, however, the beam properties make it challenging to adapt them directly for medical applications. We will present our compact beamline solution including energy selection and divergence control, and a new beam scanning and dose delivery system with specialized 3D treatment planning system for laser-driven proton beams. The beamline is based on high field iron-less pulsed magnets and about three times smaller than the conventional systems*, and can provide high quality clinical treatment plans**.
* U. Masood et al, Applied Phys B, 117(1):41-52, 2014
** K.M. Hofmann et al, Medical Physics, 42(9):5120-5129, 2015

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TUPOY004

Recommissioning of the Marburg Ion-beam Therapy Centre (MIT) Accelerator Facility

1908

U. Scheeler, Th. Haberer, C. Krantz, S.T. Sievers, M.M. Strohmeier
MIT, Marburg, Germany
R. Cee, E. Feldmeier, M. Galonska, K. Höppner, J.M. Mosthaf, A. Peters, S. Scheloske, C. Schömers, T.W. Winkelmann
HIT, Heidelberg, Germany

The Marburg Ion-Beam Therapy Centre (MIT), located in Marburg, Germany, is in clinical operation since 2015. MIT is designed for precision cancer treatment using beams of protons or carbon nuclei, employing the raster scanning technique. The accelerator facility consists of a linac-synchrotron combination, developed by Siemens Healthcare/Danfysik, that was in a state of permanent stand-by upon purchase. With support from its Heidelberg-based sister facility HIT, the MIT operation company (MIT Betriebs GmbH) recommissioned the machine in only 13 months, reaching clinical standards of beam quality delivered to all four beam outlets. With the first medical treatment in October 2015, MIT became the third operational hadron beam therapy centre in Europe offering both proton and carbon beams.

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TUPOY005

The Use of Cyclotron for PET/CT Scan in Indonesian Hospitals and Future Collaboration

1911

SUPSS112

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N.S. Risdianto, J. Purwanto, F.A. Rahmadi
Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
N. Risdiana
UMY, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

In Indonesia there are only three hospitals, which using cyclotrons for cancer detection (PET scans). These three hospitals are located in one place: Jakarta. With 1.4 percent of the Indonesian population are developing tumor/cancer, compared to the number of hospitals, which have advanced PET technology from cyclotrons, it will be a major task for the government to empower the production and overseas collaboration in the cyclotron industry.

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TUPOY006

Improvement of Scanning Irradiation in Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center

1914

H. Souda, T. Kanai, K. Kikuchi, Y. Kubota, A. Matsumura, H. Shimada, M. Tashiro, K. Torikai, M. Torikoshi, S. Yamada, K. Yusa
Gunma University, Heavy-Ion Medical Research Center, Maebashi-Gunma, Japan
T. Fujimoto
AEC, Chiba, Japan
E. Takeshita
Kanagawa Cancer Center, Ion-beam Radiation Oncology Center in Kanagawa, Kanagawa, Japan

Funding: Work collaborated with Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Ltd. Work supported by JSPS Kakenhi 26860395, Program for Cultivating Global Leaders in Heavy Ion Therapeutics and Engineering by MEXT of Japan.
Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center (GHMC) is a compact heavy ion treatment facility* and have experienced 5 years of successful treatment operation. GHMC has 3 treatment room using broad beam (wobbling) irradiation system and 1 experimental irradiation room for the research and development of a spot-scanning irradiation. During the study toward the treatment, several improvements were done in both accelerator and irradiation system. For accelerators, slow extraction from a synchrotron using a transverse rf field is tested**. Compared with conventional extraction system of rf acceleration, ripples of the beam spill (peak to bottom ratio) is reduced from almost 100% to 60%; the deviation of the beam center position and the deviation of the beam size (1σ) are reduced to the order of 0.1 mm. For irradiation system, regularly operation for biological experiments has started form June 2014. In order to shorten the experiment time, 2-dimensional optimization of the irradiation planning was carried out. After the optimization, the irradiation time was reduced by 30% with keeping the dose uniformity within ±2.5%.
* T. Ohno et al., Cancers, 3, 4046 (2011)
** K. Noda et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A492, 253 (2002)

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TUPOY007

Development of a Compact X-Band Electron Linac for Production of Mo-99/Tc-99m

1917

SUPSS110

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J. Jang
The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
M. Uesaka
The University of Tokyo, Nuclear Professional School, Ibaraki-ken, Japan
M. Yamamoto
Accuthera Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan

In response to the need of alternatives to the exhausted research reactors supplying Mo-99/Tc-99m, we are developing a compact X-band electron linear accelerator (linac). As an initial step, beam dynamics simulations were performed and electron beams of 35 MeV and 9.1 kW were obtained. We expect that sixteen linacs having these beam parameters can cover the demand of Tc-99m radiopharmaceuticals in Japan. On the other hand, we found that the combination of X-band RF and high beam power can give rise to instability of beam loading. We will therefore adjust and optimize the beam power while keeping Mo-99 production efficiency as high as possible.

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TUPOY008

Design of a Radiotherapy Machine using the 6 MeV C-Band Standing-Wave Accelerator

1921

H. Lim, D.H. Jeong, M.W. Lee, M.J. Lee, S.W. Shin, J. Yi
Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan, Republic of Korea

The majority of the radiotherapy are performed with linacs producing a uniformly intense electron-beam or X-ray beam of different energies. The linacs have the strong attraction of compactness, efficiency, reliability, moderate cost, and well-known technology. We developed and constructed the 6 MeV C-band linac which consists of a thermionic electron gun, a standing-wave accelerating column with the length of 450 mm, a 2.5 MW magnetron, a beam transport system, a beam collimation and monitoring system, and auxiliary systems of vacuum system, water cooling system etc. For the medical application, the gantry system is required to be rotated around the patient and to deliver the beam to the tumor from the linac. We design the gantry mounting our developed C-band linac isocentrically. In addition, the beam bending system and beam collimation are discussed to optimize the gantry space and to improve the beam performance. In this paper, we describe the designed radiotherapy machine including the gantry, a treatment couch and a control console, and present the study results.

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TUPOY014

PSI Gantry 3: Integration of a New Gantry into an Existing Proton Therapy Facility

1927

A. Koschik, C. Baumgarten, C. Bula, J.P. Duppich, A. Gerbershagen, M. Grossmann, V. Rizzoglio, J. Welte
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

Paul Scherrer Institute extends its proton therapy facility PROSCAN by a third gantry. It is delivered by Varian Medical Systems (VMS) as part of a joint research project. Gantry 3 is equipped with a cone beam CT and allows 360 degrees of rotation while occupying a 10.5 m diameter. The integration of a gantry into the existing PSI-system typically being designed for a complete Varian system is a challenging project, since also the certification is to be maintained. Especially the interfaces between the PROSCAN-control system and the one of Gantry 3 have been a major development. Gantry 3 is designed to deliver proton beam of up to 8 nA with an accuracy better than a mm, while having a high level of over-current protection. This comprises a new current monitoring unit, several levels of interlock controllers and a beam energy dependent intensity compensation concept. One challenge concerns the specified layer switching time of 200 ms, required to reduce the treatment time to enable for repainting. After technical commissioning, acceptance tests and hand over, the clinical commissioning is foreseen in the second half of 2016 with the first patient treatment in December 2016.

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TUPOY015

Design of Electron Gun and S-Band Structure for Medical Electron Linear Accelerator

1930

N. Juntong, R. Chimchang
SLRI, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
S. Rimjaem, C. Saisa-ard
Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

Linear accelerator technology has been widely utilized for cancer treatment in hospital. This radiotherapy utilizes an accelerated electron beam to create the x-ray beam. The idea to fabricate the prototype of medical electron linac with low cost for domestic use in Thailand was proposed and the budget has been granted. In the first phase, the electron beam energy of the machine will be 6 MeV or equivalent to x-ray energy of 6 MV. The electron gun is a diode type for the simple and low cost fabrication. The design and simulation study of diode gun will be presented together with an analysis of an electron beam in this gun. The S-Band 6 MeV side-coupled RF cavity has been designed to be the accelerating structure of the machine. The electromagnetic fields of the structure have been studied. The electron behaviour when they traverse this cavity will be studied using a particle tracking code. Progression of the project is also presented.

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TUPOY016

The Optimized X-ray Target of Electron Linear Accelerator for Radiotherapy

1933

N. Juntong, K. Pharaphan
SLRI, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand

The x-ray target in medical electron linear accelerator is an important part in the production of x-ray photon beam. X-ray dose rate is depended on materials and thickness of the target. For the low cost 6 MeV prototype of medical linac in Thailand, this study gives the optimized x-ray target in which the dose rate can be maximized. MCNP simulations were performed during an optimization for a high x-ray dose rate at 1 meter away from the target. Progression of the project is also presented.

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TUPOY017

Beam Energy Deposition from PS Booster and Production Rates of Selected Medical Radioisotopes in the CERN-MEDICIS Target

1936

B.C. Gonsalves, R.J. Barlow, S.C. Lee
IIAA, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
R.M. Dos Santos Augusto
LMU, München, Germany
T. Stora
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

CERN-MEDICIS uses the scattered (ca. 90%) 1.4 GeV, 2 uA protons delivered by the PS Booster to the ISOLDE target, which would normally end up in the beam dump. After irradiation, the MEDICIS target is transported back to an offline isotope mass separator, where the produced isotopes are mass separated, and are then collected. The required medical radioisotopes are later chemically separated in the class A laboratory. The radioisotopes are transported to partner hospitals for processing and preparation for medical use, imaging or therapy. Production of the isotopes is affected by the designs of the ISOLDE and MEDICIS targets. The MEDICIS target unit is a configurable unit, allowing for variations in target material as well as ion source for the production of selected medical radioisotopes. The energy deposition on both targets is simulated using the Monte Carlo code FLUKA, along with the in-beam production of some medical isotopes of interest. Diffusion and effusion efficiencies are then applied to estimate their production.

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TUPOY018

FLUKA Simulations for Radiation Protection at 3 Different Facilities

1940

R. Rata, S.C. Lee
IIAA, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
R.J. Barlow
University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom

FLUKA Monte Carlo Code is a transport code widely used in radiation protection studies. The code was developed in 1962 by Johannes Ranft and the name stands for FLUktuierende Kaskade (Fluctuating Cascade). The code was developede for high-energy physics and it can track 60 different particles from 1keV to thousands of TeV. It can be applied to accelerator design, shielding design, dosimetry, space radiation and hadron therapy. For particle therapy, FLUKA uses various physical models, all implemented in the PEANUT (Pre-Equilibrium Approach to Nuclear Thermalization) framework. The investigation was made for three different facilities : the Clatterbridge Cancer Centre, the Christie Hospital and the OpenMeD facility at CERN. We calculated the secondary dose distributed to the patient, in case of Clatterbridge Cancer Centre, and to the workers in case of the Christie Hospital and OpenMeD, and to investigate whether the shielding methods meet the existing radiation protection requirements and that the doses to the staff are kept As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA).

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TUPOY020

Compact Accelerator Based Neutron Source for 99mTc Production

1946

R. Seviour
University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
I.R. Bailey
Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
H.L. Owen
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom

Funding: The authors would like to thank STFC UK for their support of this work
The radioisotope Technetium-99m (^99mTc) is used in 85\% of all nuclear medicine procedures. ^99mTc is produced from its precursor Molybdenum-99 (⁹⁹Mo), which until recently was produced in only five research reactors worldwide. Recently a number of accelerator-based methods have been proposed to fill this gap and to diversify this supply chain. In the paper we present our base compact (4 m) 10 mA 3.5 MeV accelerator design, to generate low-energy neutrons via fusion. In this design we increase neutron capture with a novel moderator assembly to shift the neutron spectrum into the epithermal resonance region of the ⁹⁸Mo capture cross-section to create ⁹⁹Mo. In this paper we examine Li(p, n) reactions for neutron production. Specifically focused on a numerical studies for an optimised target design capable of handling the heat load.

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TUPOY025

ProBE - Proton Boosting Extension for Imaging and Therapy

1963

R. Apsimon, G. Burt, S. Pitman
Cockcroft Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
H.L. Owen
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom

Conventional proton cyclotrons are practically limited by relativistic effects to energies around 250 MeV, sufficient to conduct proton therapy of adults but not for full-body proton tomography. We present an adaptation of the cyclinac scheme for proton imaging, in which a c.250 MeV cyclotron used for treatment feeds a linac that delivers a lower imaging current at up to 350 MeV. Our ProBE cavity design envisages a gradient sufficient to obtain 100 MeV acceleration in 3 metres after focusing is included, suitable for inclusion in the layouts of existing proton therapy centres such as the UK centre under construction at Christie Hospital. In this paper, we present the results of design studies on the linac optics and RF cavity parameters. We detail particle transmission studies and tracking simulation studies.

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TUPOY026

Optimization of Medical Accelerators

1966

C.P. Welsch
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
C.P. Welsch
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Funding: This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 675265.
The Optimization of Medical Accelerators (OMA) is the aim of a new European Training Network. OMA joins universities, research centers and clinical facilities with industry partners to address the challenges in: treatment facility design and optimization; numerical simulations for the development of advanced treatment schemes; and beam imaging and treatment monitoring. Projects include: compact accelerators for proton beam energy boosting and gantry design; strategies for improving Monte Carlo codes for medical applications and treatment planning; and advanced diagnostics for online beam monitoring. The latter involves RF-based measurements of ultra-low charges and new encoding methodologies for ultra-fast 3D surface scanning. This contribution presents an overview of the network's research program and highlights the various challenges across the three scientific work packages. It also summarizes the network-wide training program consisting of schools, topical workshops and conferences that will be open to the wider medical and accelerator communities.

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THOAB01

Status of Proton Beam Commissioning of the MedAustron Particle Therapy Accelerator

3176

A. Garonna, F. Farinon, M. Kronberger, T.K.D. Kulenkampff, C. Kurfürst, S. Myalski, S. Nowak, F. Osmić, L.C. Penescu, M.T.F. Pivi, C. Schmitzer, P. Urschütz, A. Wastl
EBG MedAustron, Wr. Neustadt, Austria

MedAustron is a synchrotron-based ion beam therapy centre, designed to deliver clinical beams of protons (60-250 MeV) and carbon ions (120-400 MeV/u) to three clinical irradiation rooms (IR) and one research room, which can also host 800 MeV protons. The commission-ing activities for the first treatments with proton beams in IR3 have been completed and commissioning of IR1-2 is ongoing. The present paper describes the activities which took place during the last year, which involved all accel-erator components from the ion source to the IR.

Slides THOAB01 [4.483 MB]

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FRXAA01

Korea Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator Project

4243

G.B. Kim, G. Hahn, W.T. Hwang, H. Yim
KIRAMS, Seoul, Republic of Korea
J.G. Hwang, C.H. Kim, C.W. Park
KIRAMS/KHIMA, Seoul, Republic of Korea

The Korea Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator (KHIMA) project is to develop 430-MeV/u heavy ion accelerator and therapy systems for medical applications. The accelerator system includes ECRIS, injector linac, synchrotron, beam transport lines, and treatment systems. The accelerator system is expected to provide stable beams very reliably, and there should be special cares and strategies in the machine construction and operations. This presentation covers all issues mentioned above.

Slides FRXAA01 [10.869 MB]

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