• S. Di Mitri, M. Cornacchia, P. Craievich, G. Penco
  ELETTRA, Basovizza
• S. Spampinati
  University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica
• M. Venturini, A. Zholents
  LBNL, Berkeley, California

Two machine configurations of the electron beam dynamics in the FERMI@elettra linac have been investigated, namely the one-stage and the two-stage electron bunch compression. One of the merits of the one-stage compression is that of minimizing the impact of the microbunching instability on the slice energy spread and peak current fluctuations at the end of the linac. Special attention is given to the manipulation of the longitudinal phase space, which is strongly influenced by the linac structural wake fields. The electron bunch with a ramping peak current is used in order to obtain, at the end of the linac, an electron bunch characterized by a flat peak current profile and a flat energy distribution. Effects of various jitters on electron bunch energy, arrival time and peak current are compared and relevant tolerances are obtained.

• S. Di Mitri, M. Cornacchia
  ELETTRA, Basovizza
• W.A. Barletta
  LBNL, Berkeley, California

Simulations of the microbunching instability through the FERMI@elettra lattice have been carried out with elegant particle tracking code. This paper focuses on the emittance growth induced by the microbunching instability in the high energy transfer line that guides the electron beam from the linac to the undulator chain. The perturbation to the transverse emittance induced by coherent synchrotron radiation and longitudinal space charge as function of the R56 transport matrix element in the transfer line have been investigated separately and in the presence of their mutual interaction. Simulation results show that the betatron phase mismatch may have a detrimental impact on the final beam emittance.

• F.V. Hartemann, F. Albert, S.G. Anderson, C.P.J. Barty, A.J. Bayramian, R.E. Bonnanno, T.S. Chu, R.R. Cross, C.A. Ebbers, D.J. Gibson, T.L. Houck, R.A. Marsh, D.P. McNabb, M. J. Messerly, R.D. Scarpetti, M. Shverdin, C. Siders, S.S.Q. Wu
  LLNL, Livermore, California
• C. Adolphsen, A.E. Candel, E.N. Jongewaard, Z. Li, T.O. Raubenheimer, S.G. Tantawi, A.E. Vlieks, F. Wang, J.W. Wang, F. Zhou
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California
• V.A. Semenov
  UCB, Berkeley, California

Recent progress in accelerator physics and laser technology have enabled the development of a new class of tunable x-ray and gamma-ray light sources based on Compton scattering between a high-brightness, relativistic electron beam and a high intensity laser pulse produced via CPA. A precision, tunable, monochromatic (< 0.4%) source driven by a compact, high-gradient X-band linac designed in collaboration with SLAC is under construction at LLNL. High-brightness (250 pC, 3.5 ps, 0.4 mm.mrad), relativistic electron bunches will interact with a Joule-class, 10 ps, diode-pumped CPA laser pulse to generate tunable γ-rays in the 0.5-2.5 MeV photon energy range. This gamma-ray source will be used to excite nuclear resonance fluorescence in various isotopes. A very compact version of the accelerator (2.5 m) will also be used to generate medical x-rays in the 15-25 keV range. Fields of endeavor include homeland security, stockpile science and surveillance, nuclear fuel assay, and waste imaging and assay. The source design, key parameters, and current status will be discussed, along with important applications, including nuclear resonance fluorescence and high precision medical imaging.

• E. Sabia, G. Dattoli, M. Del Franco, L. Giannessi, M. Quattromini, V. Surrenti
  ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma)

In this contribution we combine concepts from different fields to show that the stimulated annihilation of positronium could be technologically achievable in the next future, providing a source of gamma rays to to be exploited for a wealth of applications. We analyze the feasibility of such a device by developing a preliminary design of an electron-positron recombination device for the generation of a “gamma ray laser”.

• H.H. Lee, K. Min
  KAIST, Daejeon
• Y.U. Jeong, K. Lee, S. H. Park
  KAERI, Daejon
• H. Seo
  Hanyang University, Seoul
• H. Shim
  Korea University, Seoul

Laser accelerated electron beam can be a compact source for high energetic photon generation for nuclear application. A simulation code using GEANT4 has been developed for the estimation of Bremsstrahlung radiation from laser accelerated electron beams impinging on a metalic target and the photonuclear reaction of a sample target. It includes ElectroMagnetic physics , Photonuclear reaction and Radio Active Decay physics, so that the calculation from Bremsstrahlung radiation to decay process can be conveyed in series. The energy and angular distribution of Bremsstrahlung radiation depending on different target thickness and electron parameters as well as the emission spectrum by radioactive decay due to photonuclear reaction can give us an idea of optimal condition for the desired nuclear applications. We discussed the critical issues of high energy photon generation for photonuclear reaction experiments.

• L.T. Campbell, B.W.J. McNeil
  USTRAT/SUPA, Glasgow
• B. Faatz
  DESY, Hamburg

So far, short wavelength Free Electron Laser amplifiers have produced linearly polarised radiation. For several important classes of experiment, variable polarisation is required. For example, in the wavelength range from 1.5 to 2.5 nm, light polarisation is important in characterising magnetic materials where measurements depend critically upon the handedness of the polarisation. It is therefore important that the polarisation does not fluctuate between measurements. In this paper, we study possible methods to generate variably polarised light and consider its shot-to-shot stability.

• C. Feng, J.H. Chen, W. Fang, Q. Gu, D. Wang, Z.T. Zhao
  SINAP, Shanghai

A compact hard X-ray FEL facility is proposed based on self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) scheme, which is aiming at generating 0.1nm coherent intense hard X-ray laser with the total facility length less than 600m. To reach this goal, low emittance S-band photo cathode injector, high gradient C-band linear accelerator and short period cryogenic undulator are used. Simulation results show that 0.1nm coherent hard X-ray FEL with peak power up to 10GW can be generated from a 50-m-long undulator when the slice emittance of the electron beam is about 0.4mm-mrad. The energy of the electron beam is only 6.4GeV which is available in accelerator length of 230m with the help of 40MV/m C-band rf system. This paper describes the physic design of this ultra-compact hard X-ray FEL facility.

• C. Feng, D. Wang, Z.T. Zhao
  SINAP, Shanghai

The high-gain seeded free-electron laser (FEL) schemes are capable of producing fully coherent radiation in the short wavelength regions. In this paper, we introduce the pre-density modulation (PDM) scheme to enhance the performance of the echo-enabled harmonic generation (EEHG) scheme and to significantly extend the short-wavelength range. The PDM is used to enhance the microbunching and reduce the electron energy spread of seeded FEL schemes by gathering most of the electron into the phase range which makes a contribution to the microbunching.

• A. Gurinovich, V.G. Baryshevsky, N.A. Belous, V.A. Evdokimov, E.A. Gurnevich, P.V. Molchanov
  Belarussian State University, Scientific Research Institute of Nuclear Problems, Minsk

Volume Free Electron Laser (VFEL) is a peculiar kind of radiation generators using volume multi-wave distributed feedback*. Recent years applications of a “grid” photonic crystal (crystal-like artificial periodic structure) as a volume resonator for VFEL operation are intensively studied. Theoretical analysis** shows that a periodic metal grid does not absorb electromagnetic radiation and the ''grid'' photonic crystal, made of metal threads, is almost transparent for electromagnetic waves within the frequency range from GHz to THz. Operation of Volume Free Electron Laser with a photonic crystal formed by thin metallic threads periodically strained inside a waveguide*** confirmed the above conclusions. In the present paper operation of Volume Free Electron Laser with the photonic crystal built from brass foils strained inside a cylindrical waveguide is discussed. Dependence of radiation yield on the crystal length is studied in the range up to 8 GHz. Experimental results are compared with those obtained for the photonic crystal formed by threads.

* V.Baryshevsky, NIM A445 (2000) 281; LANL e-print archive physics/9806039.
** V.Baryshevsky, A.Gurinovich, NIM B252(2006)92.
*** V.Baryshevsky, N.Belous, A.Gurinovich et al,FEL'06,TUPPH012,p.331

• D.J. Dunning, N. Thompson
  STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire
• B.W.J. McNeil
  USTRAT/SUPA, Glasgow

The effects of pre-conditioned electron beams on free electron laser (FEL) behaviour are considered in simulations. Under consideration is modulation of the electron beam energy, using long-scale modulation period relative to the resonant FEL wavelength. Structure can be generated in the radiation field and electron beam with extent of significantly less than the FEL co-operation length, without applying spatio-temporal shifts between the radiation and electron beam*.

* N.R. Thompson and B.W.J. McNeil, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 203901 (2008).

• H. Tomizawa, H. Dewa, H. Hanaki, A. Mizuno, T. Taniuchi
  JASRI/SPring-8, Hyogo-ken

A laser-induced Schottky-effect-gated photocathode gun has been developed since 2006. This new type of gun utilizes a laser’s coherency to realize a compact laser source using Z-polarization of the IR laser on the cathode. This Z-polarization scheme reduces the laser pulse energy by reducing the cathode work function due to Schottky effect. A hollow laser incidence scheme is applied with a hollow convex lens that is focused after passing the beam through a radial polarizer. According to our calculations (convex lens: NA=0.15; 60-% hollow ratio), a Z-field of 1 GV/m needs 1.26 MW at peak power for the fundamental wavelength (792 nm). Therefore, we expect that this laser-induced Schottky emission requires just a compact femtosecond laser oscillator. We observed the first emission with a hollow laser incidence scheme (copper cathode illuminated by THG: 264 nm as a pilot experiment). The net charge of 21 pC with 100-fs laser pulse (pulse energy: 2.5 μJ; spot diameter: 200 μm). The maximum cathode surface field was 97 MV/m. This new scheme of gun will be investigated on several metal photocathode materials by comparing radial and azimuthal polarizations at 264, 396,792 nm.

• T. Denis, K.-J. Boller, P.J.M. van der Slot
  Mesa+, Enschede

Compact, slow-wave, low energy electron beam radiation sources, like Cerenkov free-electron lasers (FELs), emit high power microwaves. However, they seriously degrade in output power, when scaled towards the THz range (0.1-10 THz). This prevents industry from applying THz radiation, although it would allow many new applications, like chemical selective security surveillance. The photonic free-electron laser (pFEL) is a promising concept for a handheld, tunable and Watt-level THz laser. In a pFEL several electron beams stream through a photonic crystal (PhC) leading to the emission of coherent Cerenkov radiation. The beams emit phase-locked due to the transverse scattering inside the PhC, which allows increasing the output power by increasing the number of beams streaming through the PhC. Therefore, scaling the pFEL’s operating frequency towards THz frequencies can be done without loss in output power. Furthermore, compact, low energy electron sources (< 15 keV) can drive the laser, due to the strong deceleration of the light by PhC’s. As a proof of principle, we developed the setup for a pFEL operating at 20 GHz to study the interaction between a single electron beam and the PhC.