• Y.T. Yan, Y. Cai, F.-J. Decker, S. Ecklund, J. Irwin, J. Seeman, M.K. Sullivan, J.L. Turner, U. Wienands
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California

Through determination of all quadrupole strengths and sextupole feed-downs by fitting quantities derivable from precision orbit measurement, one can establish a virtual accelerator that matches the real accelerator optics. These quantities (the phase advances, the Green's functions, and the coupling eigen-plane ellipses tilt angles and axis ratios) are obtained by analyzing turn-by-turn Beam Position Monitor (BPM) data with a model-independent analysis (MIA). Instead of trying to identify magnet errors, a limited number of quadrupoles are chosen for optimized strength adjustment to improve the virtual accelerator optics and then applied to the real accelerator accordingly. These processes have been successfully applied to PEP-II rings for beta beating fixes, phase and working tune adjustments, and linear coupling reduction to improve PEP-II luminosity.

• A.S. Fisher, A. Novokhatski, J.L. Turner, U. Wienands, G. Yocky
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California
• R. Holtzapple
  Alfred University, Alfred, New York

We measured the lengths of colliding e⁺e^- bunches in the PEP-II B Factory at SLAC using various techniques. First, at several RF voltages and with both single-bunch and multibunch beams, a synchroscan streak camera measured synchrotron emission through a narrow blue filter. With 3.8 MV of RF, the length of a single positron bunch was 12 mm at low current, rising to 13 mm at 1.5 mA and 14.8 mm at 3 mA. The electrons measured 12.2 mm with little current dependence. Both are longer than the expected low-current value of 10 mm (e+) and 11 mm (e-), derived from the energy spread and the measured synchrotron tune. We also determined the length from measurements between 2 and 13 GHz of the bunch spectrum on a BPM button. After correcting for the frequency dependence of cable attenuation, we then fit the measured spectrum to that of a Gaussian bunch. With 3.8 MV, the positrons measurement gave 13.2 mm at 1.5 mA/bunch in a full ring, in agreement with the streak camera, but we found 11.4 mm for the electrons at 16.7 MV and 1 mA/bunch, lower than the streak measurement.

• M.K. Sullivan, M.H. Donald, S. Ecklund, A. Novokhatski, J. Seeman, U. Wienands
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California
• M.E. Biagini
  INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma)

The success of the two B-Factories (PEP-II and KEKB) has encouraged us to look at design parameters for a B-Factory with a 30-50 times increase in the luminosity of the present machines (L~1e36). In order to achieve this high luminosity, the beta y* values are reduced to 3-2 mm, the bunch spacing is minimized (0.6-0.3 m) and the bunch currents are increased. Total beam currents range from 5-25 A. The interaction region (IR) of these "SuperB" designs presents special challenges. Synchrotron radiation fans from local bending in shared magnets and from upstream sources pose difficulties due to the high power levels in these fans. High-order-mode(HOM)heating, effects that have been seen in the present B-factories, will become much more pronounced with the very short bunches and high beam currents. Masking the detector beam pipe from synchrotron radiation must take into account effects of HOM power generation. Backgrounds that are a function of the luminosity will become very important. We present an initial design of an IR with a crossing angle of ± 14 mrad and include a discussion of the constraints, requirements and concerns that go into designing an IR for these very high luminosity e⁺e^- machines.

• U. Wienands
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California

Traditionally, electron-positron colliders have been operating in a top-off-and-coast fashion with a cycle time depending on the beam life time, typically on the order of an hour. Each top-off involves ramping detector systems in addition to the actual filling time. The loss in accumulated luminosity is typically 20-50%. During the last year, both B-Factories have commissioned a continuous-injection mode of operation in which beam is injected without ramping the detector, thus raising luminosity integration by constant operation at peak luminosity. Constant beam currents reduce thermal drift and trips caused by change in beam loading. To achieve this level of operation, special efforts were made to reduce the injection losses and also to implement special gating procedures in the detectors, minimizing dead time. Bunch-injection control decides which bunch to inject into next while maintaining small charge variation between bunches. Beam collimation can reduce injection noise but also cause an increase in background rates. A challenge can be determining beam lifetime, important to maintain tuning of the beams. The paper will discuss the special features of continuous injection in both KEKB and PEP-II.

• J. Seeman, Y. Cai, S. Ecklund, J.D. Fox, S.A. Heifets, N. Li, P.A. McIntosh, A. Novokhatski, M.K. Sullivan, D. Teytelman, U. Wienands
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California
• M.E. Biagini
  INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma)

Submitted for the High Luminosity Study Group: Parameters are being studied for a high luminosity e⁺e^- collider operating at the Upsilon 4S that would deliver a luminosity in the range of 7 to 10 x 10³⁵/cm²/s. Particle physics studies dictate that a much higher luminosity collider is needed to answer new key physics questions. A Super-B-Factory with 20 to 100 times the performance of the present PEP-II accelerator would incorporate a higher frequency RF system, lower impedance vacuum chambers, higher power synchrotron radiation absorbers, and stronger bunch-by-bunch feedback systems. Parameter optimizations are discussed.

• J. Seeman, J. Browne, Y. Cai, S. Colocho, F.-J. Decker, M.H. Donald, S. Ecklund, R.A. Erickson, A.S. Fisher, J.D. Fox, S.A. Heifets, R.H. Iverson, A. Kulikov, N. Li, A. Novokhatski, M.C. Ross, P. Schuh, T.J. Smith, K.G. Sonnad, M. Stanek, M.K. Sullivan, P. Tenenbaum, D. Teytelman, J.L. Turner, D. Van Winkle, M. Weaver, U. Wienands, M. Woodley, Y.T. Yan, G. Yocky
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California
• M.E. Biagini
  INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma)
• W. Kozanecki
  CEA/DSM/DAPNIA, Gif-sur-Yvette
• C. Steier, A. Wolski
  LBNL, Berkeley, California
• G. Wormser
  IPN, Orsay

For the PEP-II Operation Staff: PEP-II is an asymmetric e⁺e^- collider operating at the Upsilon 4S and has recently set several performance records. The luminosity has reached 9.2 x 10³³/cm²/s. PEP-II has delivered an integrated luminosity of 710/pb in one day. It operates in continuous injection mode for both beams boosting the integrated luminosity. The peak positron current has reached 2.55 A in 1588 bunches. The total integrated luminosity since turn on in 1999 has reached 256/fb. This paper reviews the present performance issues of PEP-II and also the planned increase of luminosity in the near future to over 2 x 10³⁴/cm²/s. Upgrade details and plans are discussed.