The energy contained in the LHC's two beams must be safely absorbed in external beam dumps (TDE). High Luminosity (HL) is a future upgrade which will increase this stored energy to 700 MJ, compared to 150 MJ in Run 1. The TDE design has changed little since Run 1; it is a cylindrical stainless-steel vessel with a core made of graphite. During long shutdown 2 (LS2), upgrades were made to the TDEs to address issues found during Run 2 and to prepare for the higher intensity of Run 3. Further upgrades will be needed for HL, due to three key challenges, i.e., a) increased vessel vibration will lead to higher stresses; b) graphitic materials able to withstand energy densities up to 5.7 kJ/g (as determined by FLUKA Monte Carlo simulations) are required; c) a new TDE cooling system is necessary, so that temperature build up following consecutive dumps will not affect the LHC’s availability. This paper describes work completed to develop a conceptual design of the HL TDE and the planned future work. Results of Finite Element (FE) simulations of the TDE’s response to the beam energy deposition and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of the cooling system will be presented.

The heavy ion synchrotron SIS100 is the flagship accelerator of the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) currently under construction at GSI, Darmstadt. It will provide high intensity beams of particles ranging from protons to uranium ions at beam rigidities up to 100 Tm. Part of the machine protection system is an emergency beam dump that is partly inside the vacuum system and partly outside. Due to the beam dump’s tight integration with the beam extraction system, there is little flexibility for design of the dump or beam optics defining the shape of the impacting beam. High energy deposition densities and the wide range of accelerated ions pose unique challenges to the survival of the dump. In this paper we identify the most demanding beam impact scenarios for the different dump components that will consequently guide choices for materials and design.

The heavy ion synchrotron SIS100 is the flagship accelerator of the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) currently under construction at GSI, Darmstadt. It will provide high intensity beams of particles ranging from protons to uranium ions at beam rigidities up to 100 Tm. Part of the machine protection system is an emergency beam dump that is partly inside the vacuum system and partly outside. The wide range of particles means that all components of the dump system are potentially exposed to high energy deposition densities at short time scales. The resulting shock waves are challenging for the mechanical stability of the components, including the vacuum window between inner and outer part of the dump. In this paper we present the status of thermomechanical simulations regarding the response of dump components to the most challenging beam impact scenarios. A first adaption to the vacuum window is assessed regarding it’s potential to mitigate risks of failure.

The Isotope and Muon Production using Advanced Cyclotron and Target technology (IMPACT) project at the Paul Scherrer Institut aims to produce and fully exploit unprecedented quantities of muons and radionuclides for further progress in particle physics, material science and life science. The proposed Targeted Alpha Tumor Therapy and Other Oncological Solutions (TATTOOS) facility will provide, for research purposes, medically relevant radionuclides, especially α-emitters, via proton-induced spallation. This new 100 μA / 590 MeV proton beamline will deliver up to 40 kW to an oxygen-free copper beam dump. A hybrid analytical / numerical cooling model was developed to reduce the simulation time and the total amount of CFD simulations. This model consists of analytical surface temperatures applied as boundary conditions to an ANSYS thermal model. It was validated using CFD simulations and then used in the design process of the beam dump. Since the copper blocks are brazed together at temperatures beyond the recrystallization point, a temperature dependent multilinear isotropic hardening model was used to simulate the behavior of soft-ductile annealed copper. Irradiation induced hardening was also taken into account to ensure that no exhaustion of ductility would occur in the beam dump.

The proposed Targeted Alpha Tumor Therapy and Other Oncological Solutions (TATTOOS) facility at the Paul Scherrer Institute aims to produce radionuclides, especially alpha-emitters, via proton-induced spallation for potential clinical studies of advanced cancer treatments. This new 100 microA / 590 MeV proton beamline delivers in the best-case scenario 26 kW to the target. In this study, a numerical CFD model for the TATTOOS target was developed. The boundary condition to this model is the energy deposition calculated with the particle transport Monte Carlo method. Since the operation temperature of the target is up to 2900 degree Celsius, close to the melting point of Ta, to enable the diffusion of the radionuclides, the temperature distribution of the target has to be well predicted. As it is not possible to cool the target directly, the main cooling is by radiation. For this reason, it is important to optimize the geometry of the target by maximizing the surface area. The incoming Gaussian beam will induce an inhomogeneous temperature distribution on the spallation target, consisting of stacked discs. To ensure that the temperature of the target is within the acceptable limits, a twofold optimization strategy was selected. Firstly, the inner geometry of the target was optimized using a genetic algorithm, to ensure uniform power deposition. Secondly, a more spread “wobbled” beam and a large outer surface area will be used.