• K. Yokoyama, S. Fukuda, Y. Higashi, T. Higo, N. Kudoh, S. Matsumoto, Y. Watanabe
  KEK, Ibaraki

High-gradient RF breakdown studies have been in progress at Nextef (New X-band Test Facility at KEK) since 2006. To study the characteristics of different materials on high-field RF breakdown, we have performed high-gradient experiments by using narrow waveguides that has a field of around 140 MV/m at 50 MW power. Breakdown rates of stainless-steel and copper cases were measured and the results are described in this paper.

• Z. Li, A.E. Candel, L. Ge, K. Ko, C.-K. Ng, G.L. Schussman
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California
• S. Döbert, M. Gerbaux, A. Grudiev, W. Wuensch
  CERN, Geneva
• T. Higo, S. Matsumoto, K. Yokoyama
  KEK, Ibaraki

Funding: This work was supported by DOE Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515 and used resources of NERSC supported by DOE Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231, and of NCCS supported by DOE Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725.

Normal conducting accelerator structures such as the X-Band NLC structures and the CLIC structures have been found to suffer damage due to RF breakdown and/or dark current when processed to high gradients. Improved understanding of these issues is desirable for the development of structure designs and processing techniques that improve the structure high gradient performance. While vigorous experimental efforts have been put forward to explore the gradient parameter space via high power testing, comprehensive numerical multipacting and dark current simulations would complement measurements by providing an effective probe for observing interior quantities. In this paper, we present studies of multipacting, dark current, and the associated surface heating in high gradient accelerator structures using the parallel finite element simulation code Track3P. Comparisons with the high power test of the CLIC accelerator structures will be presented.

• Y. Funakoshi, T. Abe, K. Akai, Y. Cai, K. Ebihara, K. Egawa, A. Enomoto, J.W. Flanagan, H. Fukuma, K. Furukawa, T. Furuya, J. Haba, T. Ieiri, N. Iida, H. Ikeda, T. Kageyama, S. Kamada, T. Kamitani, S. Kato, M. Kikuchi, E. Kikutani, H. Koiso, M. Masuzawa, T. Mimashi, T. Miura, A. Morita, T.T. Nakamura, K. Nakanishi, M. Nishiwaki, Y. Ogawa, K. Ohmi, Y. Ohnishi, N. Ohuchi, K. Oide, M. Ono, Y. Seimiya, K. Shibata, M. Suetake, Y. Suetsugu, T. Sugimura, T. Suwada, M. Tawada, M. Tejima, M. Tobiyama, N. Tokuda, S. Uehara, S. Uno, Y. Yamamoto, Y. Yano, K. Yokoyama, M. Yoshida, S.I. Yoshimoto, D.M. Zhou
  KEK, Ibaraki

Crab cavities were installed at KEKB at the beginning of 2007. The beam operation with the crab cavities is in progress. In this paper, machine performance with crab crossing is described focusing on a specific luminosity and a beam lifetime issue related to the dynamic beam-beam effects.

• N. Iida, K. Furukawa, M. Ikeda, T. Kamitani, M. Kikuchi, E. Kikutani, Y. Kobayashi, T. Mimashi, T.M. Mitsuhashi, T. Miura, Y. Ogawa, Y. Ohnishi, S. Ohsawa, M. Satoh, M. Suetake, T. Suwada, M. Tawada, A. Ueda, Y. Yano, K. Yokoyama, M. Yoshida
  KEK, Ibaraki

The e+/e^- injector LINAC in KEK usually successively injects into four rings, which are Low Energy Ring (LER) of KEKB (3.5GeV/e+), High Energy Ring (HER) of KEKB (8.0GeV/e-), Photon Factory (PF) (2.5GeV/e-) and Advanced Ring for pulse X-rays (PF-AR) (3.0GeV/e-). While LINAC continuously injects into LER and HER alternatively every about five minutes, keeping both of KEKB rings almost their full operating currents. It takes about one minute to switch beam mode of LINAC. PF and PF-AR are injected a few times in a day. Time for PF or PF-AR including mode-switch had taken about 20 minutes for each other. For PF injection, the switching time was shortened in 2005 and the occupancy time is about 5 minutes. In 2008, we succeeded to make the switching time shorter, 2 seconds for HER/LER, and Pulse-to-pulse alternatively injection for PF/HER using an event system. Especially for KEKB, the short switching time is contributed to provide high currents and to improve luminosity at which beam lives are too short to keep the high currents. In 2009, we have a plan to inject also for LER/HER pulse-to-pulse alternatively.