BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
CERN, Geneva
Lancaster University, Lancaster
KEK, Ibaraki
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire
LBNL, Berkeley, California
Fermilab, Batavia
Funding: This work was partially performed under the auspices of the US DOE and the European Community-Research Infrastructure, FP6 programme (CARE, contract number RII3-CT-2003-506395)}
The LHC crab cavity program is advancing rapidly towards a first prototype which is anticipated to be tested during the early stages of the LHC phase I upgrade and commissioning. Some aspects related to crab optics, collimation, aperture constraints, impedances, noise effects, beam transparency and machine protection critical for a safe and robust operation of LHC beams with crab cavities are addressed here.
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
IN2P3-LAPP, Annecy-le-Vieux
OXFORDphysics, Oxford, Oxon
CERN, Geneva
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
KEK, Ibaraki
Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886.
The Accelerator Test Facility (ATF2) at KEK is a scaled down version of the final focus design proposed for the future linear colliders (LC) and aims to experimentally verify the final focus (FF) technology needed to obtain very small, stable beam spots at a LC interaction point. Initially the ATF2 FF is made using conventional (warm) quadrupole and sextupole magnets; however, we propose to upgrade the FF by replacing some of the conventional magnets with new superconducting magnets constructed with the same technology as those of the International Linear Collider baseline FF magnets*. With the superconducting magnet upgrade we can look to achieve smaller interaction point beta-functions and to study superconducting magnet vibration stability in an accelerator environment. Therefore for the ATF2 R&D magnet we endeavor to incorporate cryostat design features that facilitate monitoring of the cold mass movement via interferometric techniques. The design status of the ATF2 superconducting upgrade magnets is reported in this paper.
*International Linear Collider Reference Design Report, ILC-REPORT-2007-001, August 2007.
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
Funding: This work was supported by DOE Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515 and used resources of NERSC supported by DOE Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231, and of NCCS supported by DOE Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725.
In this paper, we present a 800MHz crab cavity conceptual design for LHC upgrade, including the cell shape optimization, and LOM, SOM, HOM and input coupler design. The compact coax-to-coax coupler scheme is proposed to couple to the LOM and SOM modes which can provide strong coupling to the LOM and SOM modes. HOM coupler design uses a two-stub antenna with a notch filter to couple to the HOM modes in the horizontal plane and reject the operating mode at 800MHz. All the damping results for the LOM/SOM/HOM modes satisfy their damping requirements. The multipacting in cell and couplers is simulated as well. And the issue of the cross-coupling between the input coupler and LOM/SOM couplers due to cavity asymmetry is addressed. The power coming out of the LOM/SOM/HOM couplers are estimated. All the simulations are carried out using SLAC developed parallel EM simulation codes Omega3P, S3P and Track3P.
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
DESY, Hamburg
OXFORDphysics, Oxford, Oxon
ISU, Ames
CLASSE, Ithaca, New York
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
KEK, Ibaraki
Funding: Work supported in part by US DOE contract DE-AC02-76-SF00515.
The Interaction Region of the International Linear Collider* is based on two experimental detectors working in a push-pull mode. A time efficient implementation of this model sets specific requirements and challenges for many detector and machine systems, in particular the IR magnets, the cryogenics and the alignment system, the beamline shielding, the detector design and the overall integration. This paper attempts to separate the functional requirements of a push pull interaction region and machine detector interface from the conceptual and technical solutions being proposed by the ILC Beam Delivery Group and the three detector concepts**. As such, we hope that it provides a set of ground rules for interpreting and evaluation the MDI parts of the proposed detector concept’s Letters of Intent, due March 2009. The authors of the present paper are the leaders of the IR Integration Working Group within Global Design Effort Beam Delivery System and the representatives from each detector concept submitting the Letters Of Intent.
*ILC Reference Design Report, ILC-Report-2007-01.
**Materials of IR Engineering Design Workshop, 2007, http://www-conf.slac.stanford.edu/ireng07
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
CERN, Geneva
Funding: Work supported by the DOE under contract DE-AC02-76SF00515.
Plasma Wake-Field Acceleration (PWFA) has demonstrated acceleration gradients above 50 GeV/m. Simulations have shown drive/witness bunch configurations that yield small energy spreads in the accelerated witness bunch and high energy transfer efficiency from the drive bunch to the witness bunch, ranging from 30% for a Gaussian drive bunch to 95% for bunch with triangular shaped longitudinal profile. These results open the opportunity for a linear collider that could be compact, efficient and more cost effective than the present microwave technologies. A concept of a PWFA-based Linear Collider (PWFA-LC) has been developed by the PWFA collaboration. Here we will describe the conceptual design and optimization of the drive beam, which includes the drive beam linac and distribution system. We apply experience of the CLIC drive beam design and demonstration in the CLIC Test Facility (CTF3) to this study. We discuss parameter optimization of the drive beam linac structure and evaluate the drive linac efficiency in terms of the drive beam distribution scheme and the klystron / modulator requirements.
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
Funding: This work is supported by the Department of Energy contract DE-AC02-76SF00515.
FACET is a proposed facility at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory for beam driven plasma wakefield acceleration research. It is proposed to be built in the SLAC linac sector 20, where it will be separated from the LCLS located downstream and will gain the maximum beam energy from the upstream two kilometers of linac. FACET will also include an upgrade to linac sector 10, where a new e+ compressor chicane will be installed. The sector 20 will require a new optics consisting of two chicanes for e+ and e- bunch length compression, a final focus system and an extraction line. The two chicanes will allow the transport of e- and e+ bunches together, their simultaneous compression and proper positioning of e+ bunch behind e- at the plasma Interaction Point (IP). For a minimal cost, the new optics will mostly use the existing SLAC magnets. The desired beam parameters at the IP are: up to 23 GeV beam energy, 2·1010 charge per bunch, 10 micron round beam spot without dispersion and 25 micron bunch length. Details of the FACET optics design and results of particle tracking simulations are presented.
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
UCLA, Los Angeles, California
Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
USC, Los Angeles, California
Funding: Work supported by the DOE under contract DE-AC02-76SF00515.
Plasma Wake-Field Acceleration (PWFA) has demonstrated acceleration gradients above 50 GeV/m. Simulations have shown drive/witness bunch configurations that yield small energy spreads in the accelerated witness bunch and high energy transfer efficiency from the drive bunch to the witness bunch, ranging from 30% for a Gaussian drive bunch to 95% for shaped longitudinal profile. These results open the opportunity for a linear collider that could be compact, efficient and more cost effective that the present microwave technologies. A concept of a PWFA-based Linear Collider (PWFA-LC) has been developed and is described in this paper. The scheme of the drive beam generation and distribution, requirements on the plasma cells, and optimization of the interaction region parameters are described in detail. The research and development steps, necessary for further development of the concept, are also outlined.
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
Funding: Work supported by the DOE under contract DE-AC02-76SF00515.
Optimization of Interaction Region parameters of a TeV energy scale linear collider has to take into account constraints defined by phenomena such as beam-beam focusing forces, beamstrahlung radiation, and hour-glass effect. With those constraints, achieving a desired luminosity of about 2·1034 would require use of e+e- beams with about 10 MW average power. It is shown in this paper that application of the ‘‘travelling focus'' regime [V.Balakin, 1991] may allow reduction of required beam power by at least a factor of two, helping cost reduction of the collider, while keeping the beamstrahlung energy loss reasonably low. The technique is illustrated in application to 500 GeV CM parameters of the International Linear Collider. Application of this technique may also in principle allow recycling the e+e- beams and/or recuperation of their energy.
DESY, Hamburg
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
Funding: Work supported in part by the DOE under contract DE-AC02-76SF00515.
Different scenario of a start-up with international linear collider (ILC) are under discussion at the moment in the framework of the Global Design Effort (GDE). One of them assumes construction of the ILC in stages from some minimum CM energy up to final target of 500 GeV CM energy. Gamma-gamma collider with CM energy of 180GeV is considered as a candidate for the first stage of the facility. In this report we present conceptual design of a free electron laser as a source of primary photons for the first stage of ILC.
LLNL, Livermore, California
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
A high energy photon-photon collider can be created by the combination of electron linear accelerators with terawatt peak power lasers to create high energy photon beams through Commpton backscattering. The realization of this option requires of order 10kW of average laser power if each laser pulse is used once and discarded. Proposals for recirculating cavities to allow the laser light to be reused open the potential for laser systems with much lower required average power. We review the current status of laser technology and it's ability to realize a photon collider system.
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
UCLA, Los Angeles, California
Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
USC, Los Angeles, California
Funding: Work supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract number DE-AC02-76SF00515.
Recent progress in generating gradients in the 10's of GV/m range with beam driven plasmas has renewed interest in developing a linear collider based on this technology. This talk will explore possible configurations of such a machine, discuss the key demonstrations and the facilities needed to advance this effort and highlight possible alternative uses of this technology.
CERN, Geneva
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire
IN2P3-LAPP, Annecy-le-Vieux
DESY, Hamburg
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
The CLIC BDS is experiencing the careful revision from a large number of world wide experts. This was particularly enhanced by the successful CLIC'08 workshop held at CERN. Numerous new ideas, improvements and critical points are arising, establishing the path towards the Conceptual Design Report by 2010.
CERN, Geneva
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire
IHEP Beijing, Beijing
LAL, Orsay
KEK, Ibaraki
UMAN, Manchester
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
The CLIC Final Focus System has considerably larger chromaticity than those of ILC and its scaled test machine ATF2. We propose to reduce the IP betas of ATF2 to reach a CLIC-like chromaticity. This would also allow to study the FFS tuning difficulty as function of the IP beam spot size. Both the ILC and CLIC projects will largely benefit from the ATF2 experience at these ultra-low IP betas.
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
UCLA, Los Angeles, California
Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
USC, Los Angeles, California
Funding: Work supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract number DE-AC02-76SF00515.
An electron beam driven Plasma Wake-Field Accelerator (PWFA) has recently sustained accelerating gradients above 50GeV/m for almost a meter. Future experiments will transition from using a single bunch to both drive and sample the wakefield, to a two bunch configuration that will accelerate a discrete bunch of particles with a narrow energy spread and preserved emittance. The plasma works as an energy transformer to transform high-current, low-energy bunches into relatively lower-current higher-energy bunches. This method is expected to provide high energy transfer efficiency (from 30% up to 95%) from the drive bunch to the accelerated witness bunch. The PWFA has a wide variety of applications and also has the potential to greatly lower the cost of future accelerators. We discuss various possible uses of this technique such as: linac based light sources, injector systems for ring based synchrotron light sources, and for generation of electron beams for high energy electron-hadron colliders.
UCLA, Los Angeles, California
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
USC, Los Angeles, California
Funding: Work supported by DOE under contracts DE-FG03-92ER40727, DE-FG52-06NA26195, DE-FC02-07ER41500, DE-FG02-03ER54721.
Recent Plasma Wake-Field Acceleration (PWFA) experiments at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center has demonstrated electron acceleration from 42GeV to 84GeV in less than one meter long plasma section. The accelerating gradient is above 50GeV/m, which is three orders of magnitude higher than those in current state-of-art RF linac. Further experiments are also planned with the goal of achieving acceleration of a witness bunch with high efficiency and good quality. Such PWFA sections with 25 GeV energy gain will be the building blocks for a staged TeV electron-positron linear collider concept based on PWFA (PWFA-LC). We conduct Particle-In-Cell simulations of these PWFA sections at both the initial and final witness beam energies. Different design options, such as Gaussian and shaped bunch profiles, self-ionized and pre-ionized plasmas, optimal bunch separation and plasma density are explored. Theoretical analysis of the beam-loading* in the blow-out regime of PWFA and simulation results show that highly efficient PWFA stages are possible. The simulation needs, code developments and preliminary simulation results for future collider parameters will be discussed.
*M. Tzoufras et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. {10}1, 145002 (2008).
UCLA, Los Angeles, California
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
Funding: Work supported by DOE grant numbers: DE-FG03-92ER40727, DE-FG52-06NA26195, DE-FC02-07ER41500, DE-FG02-03ER54721
The fourth generation of light sources (such as LCLS and the XFEL) require high energy electron drivers (16-20GeV) of very high quality. We are exploring the possibility of using a high transformer ratio PWFA to meet these challenging requirements. This may have the potential to reduce the size of the electron drivers by a factor of 5 or more, therefore making these light source much smaller and more affordable. In our design, a high charge (5-10nC) low energy driver (1-3GeV) with an elongated current profile is used to drive a plasma wake in the blowout regime with a high transformer ratio (5 or more). A second ultra-short beam that has high quality and low charge beam (1nC) can be loaded into the wake at a proper phase and be accelerated to high energy (5-15GeV) in very short distances (10s of cms). The parameters can be optimized, such that high quality (0.1% energy spread and 1mm mrad normalized emittance) and high efficiency (60-80%) can be simultaneously achieved. The major obstacle for achieving the above goals is the electron hosing instabilities in the blowout regime. In this poster, we will use both theoretical analysis and PIC simulations to study this concept.
IN2P3-LAPP, Annecy-le-Vieux
KEK, Ibaraki
LAL, Orsay
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
Funding: Work supported by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche of the French Ministry of Research (Programme Blanc, Project ATF2-IN2P3-KEK, contract ANR-06-BLAN-0027).
CLIC is one of the current projects of linear colliders. Achieving a vertical beam size of 1 nm at the Interaction Point (IP) with several nanometers of fast ground motion imposes an active stabilization of final doublet magnets (FD) at a tenth of nm above 4Hz. ATF2 is a test facility for linear colliders whose first aim is to have a vertical beam size of 37nm. Relative motion tolerance between FD and the IP is of 7nm above 0.1Hz. Because ground motion is coherent between these two elements, they were fixed to the floor so that they move in a coherent way. Investigations are going on to have in 2011 a useful active stabilization for ATF2 in order to use it as a CLIC prototype. Parameters of a 2D ground motion generator were fitted on measurements to reproduce spatial and temporal spectra, so it can be used for ATF2 simulations. Thus, we evaluated the ideal response function that an active stabilization FD system would need to have to improve on the present ATF2 system. Because ground motion coherence is lost with upstream magnets, we simulated the integrated vibrations at the IP to evaluate the usefulness of their stabilization. These results were validated with measurements.
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire
JAI, Oxford
KEK, Ibaraki
IHEP Beijing, Beijing
LAL, Orsay
Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey
IN2P3-LAPP, Annecy-le-Vieux
OXFORDphysics, Oxford, Oxon
ATOMKI, Debrecen
CERN, Geneva
DESY, Hamburg
Fermilab, Batavia
Kyungpook National University, Daegu
PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk
Kyoto ICR, Uji, Kyoto
ICEPP, Tokyo
University of Tokyo, Tokyo
UCL, London
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
Tohoku University, Graduate School of Science, Sendai
UMAN, Manchester
Hiroshima University, Graduate School of Science, Higashi-Hiroshima
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire
ATF2 is a final-focus test beam line that attempts to focus the low-emittance beam from the ATF damping ring to a beam size of about 37 nm, and at the same time to demonstrate nm beam stability, using numerous advanced beam diagnostics and feedback tools. The construction is well advanced and beam commissioning of ATF2 has started in the second half of 2008. ATF2 is constructed and commissioned by ATF international collaborations with strong US, Asian and European participation.
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
Funding: Work supported by the DOE under contract DE-AC02-76SF00515.
Facilities for Accelerator Science and Experimental Test Beams (FACET) is a proposed facility at SLAC that would use the initial two-thirds of the linac to transport e+ and e- beams to an experimental region. A principal use of this facility is to identify the optimum method for accelerating positrons in a beam driven plasma wakefield accelerator. To study this, a positron bunch, followed ½ an rf cycle later by an electron bunch, will be accelerated to an asymmetric chicane designed to move the positrons behind the electrons, and then on to the plasma wakefield test stand. A major focus of study was the coupling of jitter of the positron bunch to the electron bunch via linac wakes. Lucretia is a Matlab toolbox for the simulation of electron beam transport systems, capable of multi-bunch tracking and wakefield calculations. With the exception of the lack of support for tracking of electrons and positrons within a single bunch train, it was well suited to the jitter coupling studies. This paper describes the jitter studies, including modifications made to Lucretia to correctly simulate tracking of mixed-species bunch trains through a lattice of magnetic elements and em wakes.