CERN, Geneva
The cryogenic system of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the largest in the world in terms of refrigeration capacity with about 140 kW at 4.5 K, distributed superfluid helium with 25 km of superconducting magnets below 2 K and cryogen inventory above 120 tons of helium. The challenges involved in the design, construction, installation, commissioning as well as the first operating experience will be addressed. Identified weak points and actions taken will be reported with observed impact on operation. Perspectives for LHC will be presented and general considerations for future large cryogenic systems will be briefly proposed.
KEK, Ibaraki
Linear accelerator systems with superconducting RF technology have become increasingly important to reach high-quality, high current beam conditions required by the high-energy physics and photon science communities. The International Linear Collider, for instance, calls for very challenging (beam conditions). Similarly, the XFEL requires (beam conditions) and future ERLS require (high average current). In this talk, we review the needs and challenges of SCRF linac beam physics and technology for present and future applications.