• S.L. Sheehy, K.J. Peach, H. Witte, T. Yokoi
  JAI, Oxford
• D.J. Kelliher, S. Machida
  STFC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon

PAMELA (Particle Accelerator for MEdicaL Applications) employs novel non-scaling Fixed Field Alternating Gradient (NS-FFAG) technology in the development of a proton and C⁶⁺ particle therapy facility. One of the challenges of this design is the acceleration of high energy C⁶⁺ in a lattice which enables high flexibility and reliability for treatments, yet remains minimal in size and complexity. Discussed here is the Carbon 6+ lattice solution in terms of both design and performance.

• K.J. Peach, J.H. Cobb, S.L. Sheehy, H. Witte, T. Yokoi
  JAI, Oxford
• M. Aslaninejad, M.J. Easton, J. Pasternak
  Imperial College of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, London
• R.J. Barlow, H.L. Owen, S.C. Tygier
  UMAN, Manchester
• C.D. Beard, P.A. McIntosh, S.M. Pattalwar, S.L. Smith, S.I. Tzenov
  STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire
• N. Bliss, T.J. Jones, J. Strachan
  STFC/DL, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire
• T.R. Edgecock, J.K. Pozimski
  STFC/RAL, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon
• R.J.L. Fenning, A. Khan
  Brunel University, Middlesex
• I.S.K. Gardner, D.J. Kelliher, S. Machida
  STFC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon
• M.A. Hill
  GIROB, Oxford
• C. Johnstone
  Fermilab, Batavia
• B. Jones, B. Vojnovic
  Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Oxford
• R. Seviour
  Cockcroft Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster

The status of PAMELA (Particle Accelerator for MEdicaL Applications) ' an accelerator for proton and light ion therapy using a non-scaling FFAG (ns-FFAG) accelerator ' is reviewed and discussed.

• D.J. Kelliher, S. Machida
  STFC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon
• S.L. Sheehy
  JAI, Oxford

A novel nonlinear, nonscaling FFAG ring has been designed for proton and ion acceleration [1]. It can be used for proton and carbon therapy as well as a proton driver for various facilities such as a high intensity neutrino factory. The machine has novel features including variable energy extraction and a high repetition rate of about 1 kHz. Taking as an example the PAMELA proton ring, under study at the John Adams Institute in Oxford, we present results of an error study. A calculation of alignment tolerance is made, in which the effects of translational misalignments of the triplet magnets are included. The effect of misalignments on the dynamic aperture of the machine is investigated.

[1] S. L. Sheehy, K. J. Peach, H. Witte, D. J. Kelliher and S. Machida, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams, 13 (2010) 040101

• S. Machida
  STFC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon

The lattice of a Fixed Field Alternating Gradient (FFAG) accelerator normally has high symmetry. The whole ring consists of many identical cells which have a simple FODO, double or triplet focusing unit. There is, however, no real reason for an FFAG lattice to have high symmetry, except for a linear nonscaling design which relies on high symmetry to avoid betatron resonances. We propose an FFAG lattice design with a superperiod that makes it possible to have long straight sections for injection, extraction and rf cavities. We discuss how to introduce a superperiod structure. The impact on dynamic aperture, dispersion function, longitudinal dynamics as well as the advantage of having long straight sections will be presented.

• J. Pasternak, L.J. Jenner, Y. Uchida
  Imperial College of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, London
• R.J. Barlow
  UMAN, Manchester
• K.M. Hock, B.D. Muratori
  Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire
• D.J. Kelliher, S. Machida, C.R. Prior
  STFC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon
• Y. Kuno, A. Sato
  Osaka University, Osaka
• A. Kurup
  Fermilab, Batavia
• J.-B. Lagrange, Y. Mori
  KURRI, Osaka
• M. Lancaster
  UCL, London
• S.A. Martin
  FZJ, Jülich
• C. Ohmori
  KEK/JAEA, Ibaraki-Ken
• J. Pasternak
  STFC/RAL, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon
• S.L. Smith
  STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire
• H. Witte, T. Yokoi
  JAI, Oxford

The next generation of lepton flavour violation experiments will use high intensity and high quality muon beams. Such beams can be produced by sending a short proton pulse to the pion production target, capturing pions and performing RF phase rotation on the resulting muon beam in an FFAG ring, which was proposed for the PRISM project. A PRISM task force was created to address the accelerator and detector issues that need to be solved in order to realise the PRISM experiment. The parameters of the initial proton beam required and the PRISM experiment are reviewed. Alternative designs of the PRISM FFAG ring are presented and compared with the reference design. The ring injection/extraction system, matching with the solenoid channel and progress on the ring's main hardware systems like RF and kicker magnet are discussed. The activity on the simulation of a high sensitivity experiment and the impact on physics reach is described. The progress and future directions of the study are presented in this paper.

• J. Pasternak, M. Aslaninejad
  Imperial College of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, London
• J.S. Berg
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
• D.J. Kelliher, S. Machida
  STFC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon
• J. Pasternak
  STFC/RAL, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon
• H. Witte
  JAI, Oxford

Nonscaling FFAG is required for the muon acceleration in the Neutrino Factory, which baseline design is under investigation in the International Design Study (IDS-NF). In order to inject/extract the muon beam with a very large emittance, several strong kickers with a very large aperture are required distributed in many lattice cells. Once the sufficient orbit separation is obtained by the kickers, the final degree of separation from the lattice is made by the septum, which needs to be superconducting. The geometry of the symmetric solutions allowing to inject/extract both signs of muons is presented. The preliminary design of the kicker and septum magnets is given.

• J.K. Pozimski, M. Aslaninejad, C. Bontoiu
  Imperial College of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, London
• J.S. Berg
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
• S.A. Bogacz
  JLAB, Newport News, Virginia
• S. Machida
  STFC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon

The IDS study showed that a Neutrino Factory seems to be the most promising candidate for the next phase of high precision neutrino oscillation experiments. A part of the increased precision is due to the fact that in a Neutrino Factory the decay of muons produces a neutrino beam with narrow energy distribution and divergence. The effect of beam loading on the energy distribution of the muon beam in the Neutrino Factory has been investigated numerically. The simulations have been performed using the baseline accelerator design including cavities for different number of bunch trains and bunch train timing. A detailed analysis of the beam energy distribution expected is given together with a discussion of the energy spread produced by the gutter acceleration in the FFAG and the implications for the neutrino oscillation experiments will be presented.

• F. Méot
  CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette
• J.S. Berg
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
• Y. Giboudot
  Brunel University, Middlesex
• D.J. Kelliher, S. Machida
  STFC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon
• B.J.A. Shepherd
  STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire
• S.C. Tygier
  UMAN, Manchester

The EMMA (Electron Model for Many Applications) FFAG experiment at Daresbury will involve on-line modeling (a ‘‘Virtual EMMA'') based on stepwise ray-tracing methods. Various aspects of the code of concern and of its interfacing to real world - machine and users - are addressed.

• D.J. Kelliher, S. Machida
  STFC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon
• S.L. Sheehy
  JAI, Oxford

EMMA - the Electron Model of Many Applications - is to be built at the STFC Daresbury Laboratory in the UK and will be the first non-scaling FFAG ever constructed. The purpose of EMMA is to study beam dynamics in such an accelerator. The EMMA orbit correction scheme must deal with two characteristics of a non-scaling FFAG: i.e. the lack of a well defined reference orbit and the variation with momentum of the phase advance between lattice elements. In this study we present a novel orbit correction scheme that avoids the former problem by instead aiming to maximise both the symmetry of the orbit and the physical aperture of the beam. The latter problem is dealt with by optimising the corrector strengths over the energy range.

• B.D. Muratori, J.K. Jones, A. Kalinin, A.J. Moss, Y.M. Saveliev, R.J. Smith, S.L. Smith, S.I. Tzenov, A.E. Wheelhouse
  STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire
• G. Cox
  STFC/DL, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire
• D.J. Holder
  Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire
• D.J. Kelliher, S. Machida
  STFC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon

The first results from commissioning EMMA - the Electron Model of Many Applications- are summarised in this paper. EMMA is a 10 to 20 MeV electron ring designed to test our understanding of beam dynamics in a relativistic linear non-scaling fixed field alternating gradient accelerator (FFAG). EMMA will be the world's first non-scaling FFAG and the paper will outline the characteristics of the beam injected in to the accelerator as well as summarising the results of the extensive EMMA systems commissioning. The paper will report on the results of simulations of this commissioning and on the progress made with beam commissioning.

• R.J.L. Fenning, A. Khan
  Brunel University, Middlesex
• T.R. Edgecock
  STFC/RAL, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon
• D.J. Kelliher, S. Machida
  STFC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon

A gantry is required for the PAMELA project using non-scaling Fixed Field Alternating Gradient (NS-FFAG) magnets. The NS-FFAG principle offers the possibility of a gantry much smaller, lighter and cheaper than conventional designs, with the added ability to accept a wide range of fast changing energies. This paper will build on previous work to investigate a design which could be used for the PAMELA project.

• T.R. Edgecock
  STFC/RAL, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon
• C.D. Beard, J.A. Clarke, S.A. Griffiths, C. Hill, S.P. Jamison, J.K. Jones, A. Kalinin, K.B. Marinov, N. Marks, P.A. McIntosh, B.D. Muratori, J.F. Orrett, Y.M. Saveliev, B.J.A. Shepherd, R.J. Smith, S.L. Smith, S.I. Tzenov, A.E. Wheelhouse
  STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire
• J.S. Berg
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
• N. Bliss, B.G. Martlew, C.J. White
  STFC/DL, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire
• M.K. Craddock
  UBC & TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia
• J.L. Crisp, C. Johnstone
  Fermilab, Batavia
• Y. Giboudot
  Brunel University, Middlesex
• E. Keil
  CERN, Geneva
• D.J. Kelliher, S. Machida
  STFC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon
• S.R. Koscielniak
  TRIUMF, Vancouver
• F. Méot
  CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette
• J. Pasternak
  Imperial College of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, London
• S.L. Sheehy, T. Yokoi
  JAI, Oxford

The Electron Model for Many Applications (EMMA) will be the World's first non-scaling FFAG and is under construction at the STFC Daresbury Laboratory in the UK. Construction is due for completion in March 2010 and will be followed by commissioning with beam and a detailed experimental programme to study the functioning of this type of accelerator. This paper will give an overview of the motivation for the project and describe the EMMA design and hardware. The first results from commissioning will be presented in a separate paper.